Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-92).

Orientador: Luís Felipe de Toledo Ramos Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T14:12:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lambertini_Carolina_M.pdf: 6513639 bytes, checksum: 76f60b46e28d803521c2f06db67818b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os anfíbios são os animais mais ameaçados do planeta, tendo como fatores mais impactantes a perda de habitat e a quitridiomicose. Esta doença em anuros é causada pelo fungo Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), que já foi registrado em todos os continentes e no Brasil estende-se por toda a Mata Atlântica, e já foi encontrado no Cerrado e na Amazônia. Existem diversos fatores que podem influenciar a dinâmica de infecção na natureza, e como fatores intrínsecos ao Bd podemos citar a variação genotípica, morfológica, variação na virulência e taxas de crescimento. Com isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivos realizar a caracterização genotípica e fenotípica de cepas de Bd provenientes de um gradiente de elevação na Mata Atlântica, e verificar se existem associações entre o tamanho dos zoósporos e zoosporângios das cepas isoladas com dados de prevalência e intensidade de infecção e taxa de crescimento do Bd. Adicionalmente, foi analisado se as taxas de infecção aumentam conforme o aumento da elevação. Para tanto, foram isoladas e genotipadas cinco cepas de Bd. Foi realizado o diagnóstico e quantificação da doença, assim como a confecção de suas curvas de crescimento. Com base nos resultados foram desenvolvidos dois índices relacionados à variação em tamanho e dados de prevalência e intensidade de infecção. Todas as cepas isoladas pertencem à linhagem Bd-GPL2. Foi detectada variação fenotípica entre as cepas e associações entre tamanho das cepas com prevalência e intensidade de infecção, e não houve associação com as taxas de crescimento. A prevalência e intensidade de infecção não aumentaram com a altitude. Os índices de tamanho e infecção também foram associados. Com isso, a variação fenotípica pode ser considerada preditora da dinâmica de infecção do Bd na natureza. Isto poderá ser utilizado como eficiente ferramenta de baixo custo para estudos que busquem reconhecer áreas nas quais o fungo pode ser mais prevalente e apresentar maior intensidade de infecção. Estes fatores podem ser cruciais para determinar populações de anfíbios ameaçadas / Abstract: Amphibians are the most threatened animals of the world. Habitat loss and chytridiomicosys are considered the main causes for their declines. Chytridiomycosis is a disease caused in anurans by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), detected worldwide. In Brazil it was registered all over the Atlantic rainforest and in some localities of the Cerrado and Amazonia. Several factors influence this disease dynamics, such as intrinsic factors related to Bd: different lineages, morphology, virulence, and growth rate. Given these factors, the present study aimed to genotype and analyze Bd strain¿s size from an elevational range, and verify if these factors were correlated to Bd size, prevalence, infection load, growth rate, and elevation. We isolated and genotyped five strains, and quantified growth rates. We developed two indexes related to Bd size, prevalence, and infection load. The five strains were Bd-GPL2. We found size variation and correlations between Bd size, prevalence, and infection load, but not with growth rate. Prevalence and infection load did not increase with elevation. The size and infection indexes were correlated. The phenotypic variation can be considered as a predictor to disease dynamics on environment. It can be used in other studies as a tool to efficiently (cheap and fast) identify areas where the fungus can develop faster and be more deleterious to amphibian populations / Mestrado / Biodiversidade Animal / Mestra em Biologia Animal

Humans are modifying the global landscape at an unprecedented scale and pace. As a result, species are declining and going extinct at an alarming rate. Here, I investigate two main aspects of species’ declines: what factors are contributing to their declines and how effective our conservation efforts have been. I assessed one of the main mechanisms for protecting species by looking at the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in the United States. I examined three separate indicators of species declines for different groups of species: range contractions in Canadian imperilled species, declines in abundance in global amphibian populations and increases in temporal variability in abundance in North American breeding birds. I found that change in recovery status of ESA listed species was only very weakly related to the number of years listed, number of years with a recovery plan, and funding. These tools combined explained very little of the variation in recovery status among species. Either these tools are not very effective in promoting species’ recovery, or species recovery data are so poor that it is impossible to tell whether the tools are effective or not. I examined patterns of species’ declines in three different groups in relation to a number of anthropogenic variables. I found high losses of Canadian imperiled bird, mammal, amphibian and reptile species in regions with high proportions of agricultural land cover. However, losses of imperiled species are significantly more strongly related to the proportion of the region treated with agricultural pesticides. This is consistent with the hypothesis that agricultural pesticide use, or something strongly collinear with it (perhaps intensive agriculture more generally), has contributed significantly to the decline of imperiled species in Canada. Global increases in UV radiation do not appear to be a major cause of amphibian population declines. At individual sites, temporal changes in amphibian abundance are not predictably related to changes in UV intensity. Variability in species’ abundance of North American breeding birds, after accounting for mean abundance, is not systematically higher in areas of high human-dominated land cover or climate change. Rather, it appears that areas with a high proportion of human-dominated cover come to have a higher proportion of highly abundant, and thus more variable, species.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF GRETCHEN ELIZABETH PADGETT-FLOHR for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Zoology, presented on March 5, 2009 at Southern Illinois University of Carbondale. TITLE: BATRACHOCHYTRIUM DENDROBATIDIS IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA AMPHIBIANS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Eric Schauber Amphibian chytridiomycosis has been identified as a disease responsible for the decline and extinction of many amphibian taxa world wide, but little research has been conducted on the disease in Mediterranean climates. To address this gap in the data I studied the amphibian assemblage present across a ~6,475 ha site in central California and investigated the occurrence of the etiological agent, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (BD) from organismal, community, landscape and historical perspectives. I initially tested the accuracy and reliability of a proposed diagnostic screening test for BD in four larval species that occur on the site. The screening test proposed by Fellers et al. (2001) and Vredenburg and Summers (2001) consisted of examining larval amphibian mouthparts for abnormalities and or defects, based on their hypothesis that mouthpart defects are clinical signs of BD infection. Sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic screening test were 76% and 58%, respectively, indicating that the proposed screening test was not a reliable diagnostic test for BD infection for the four species I examined. I conducted controlled laboratory experiments to examine the consequences of BD infection in the two threatened California species that occur on my study site: Rana draytonii and Ambystoma californiense. Both species were susceptible to infection, but all infected animals survived the 18-month study. Infected A. californiense sloughed skin at three times the rate of uninfected salamanders, a pattern that may have long-term energetic costs potentially leading to population-level consequences of sublethal infection by BD. I conducted a retrospective survey of the California Academy of Sciences' (San Francisco, California, USA) amphibian collection, testing for BD in four amphibian species collected from central California between 1897 and 2005 to assess whether the pathogen is novel versus endemic. The earliest detection of BD was in two Rana catesbeiana collected in 1961, and the data support the hypothesis that BD was a novel pathogen introduced into central California prior to 1961 that spread geographically and taxonomically from at least one point of introduction and is now endemic throughout most of central California. I analyzed how environmental factors, amphibian community composition, land use practices, and landscape structure affect the dynamics of the pathogen's distribution on my study site in central California. The distribution of BD in ponds within the landscape varied markedly between years and increases were associated with precipitation, mean minimum and maximum temperatures, and presence of particular species. Pseudacris regilla infection patterns were highly indicative of overall patterns of pond BD status. Fourteen ponds were identified as BD hotpots (BD-positive three of four years). Occurrences of the pathogen within the landscape were spatially autocorrelated and ponds in close proximity to BD hotspots were more likely to test positive. Local land use, (presence/absence of grazing or recreational activity and developed lands), apparently did not influence BD status of a pond. My studies show that BD was likely a novel pathogen introduced into California ca. 1961 that has since become established as an endemic pathogen throughout most of central California. The listed amphibian species that occur in central California can be infected with BD but appear to be resistant to manifesting amphibian chytridiomycosis, and the data from the studies herein could support one of two hypotheses: that natural selection acting over the past 48 years has selected for those individuals that were resistant to the disease; or that the species on my site have always been resistant to BD. The research I conducted further supports the hypothesis that BD is locally vectored by native amphibians (e.g. P. regilla) moving between ponds and that local ecological constraints likely limit vectoring of BD by non-native species. These findings contribute substantially to elucidating and understanding the responses of amphibian populations to disease/pathogen introduction and lay groundwork for future investigations into the host-pathogen-environment relationship as it relates to declining amphibian populations.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-168). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-58). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Orientadores: Paulo Inacio de Knegt Lopez de Prado, Carlos Roberto Sorensen Dutra da Fonseca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T17:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Becker_CarlosGuilherme_M.pdf: 2929831 bytes, checksum: 6d4d242a4fbe6aac18c4546b538bce05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O nicho dos anfíbios muda drasticamente ao longo da ontogenia, forçando larvas e pós-metamórficos a ocuparem dois hábitats distintos. Em áreas desmatadas, sítios reprodutivos aquáticos e fragmentos florestais podem ser muito desconectados, isolando o hábitat dos girinos do hábitat dos adultos, em um padrão de fragmentação que chamamos de desconexão de hábitats. Neste estudo, avaliamos os impactos da desconexão de hábitats sobre os anfíbios (i) através de migrações reprodutivas e de padrões de abundância populacional dos anfíbios com larva aquática entre fragmentos com e sem riachos em uma paisagem fragmentada de Mata Atlântica; (ii) através do uso diferencial de hábitat por diferentes guildas nesta mesma paisagem; (iii) por meio de uma análise macroecológica avaliando o efeito da desconexão entre riachos e fragmentos florestais sobre anfíbios de serrapilheira ao longo de 13 pontos na Mata Atlântica. Em nível populacional, detectamos um forte padrão de migração dos anfíbios florestais com desenvolvimento larval aquático entre fragmentos sem riachos e os riachos da matriz de pastagem. Estas espécies foram dramaticamente mais abundantes em fragmentos com riachos do que sem riachos. A estrutura de comunidades variou consistentemente entre hábitats, sendo a guilda das espécies florestais de desenvolvimento larval aquático a mais prejudicada pela desconexão. Tratando-se de grande escala geográfica, a desconexão de hábitat foi o único atributo da paisagem afetando negativamente a riqueza de espécies com desenvolvimento larval aquático, enquanto que a perda de habitat teve influência negativa somente nas espécies com desenvolvimento direto. Estes resultados sugerem que paisagens com altas taxas de desconexão entre fragmentos florestais e sítios reprodutivos têm maior chance de sofrerem declínios populacionais, especialmente de anfíbios associados à floresta e com desenvolvimento larval aquático. Estratégias de conservação em qualquer país devem considerar o fortalecimento das leis, tendo em mente a importância das matas de galeria e a configuração de cada paisagem, minimizando a desconexão entre hábitats florestais e os sítios reprodutivos dos anfíbios / Abstract: The niche of amphibians changes drastically along the ontogeny, forcing larvae and post-metamorphics to occupy two distinct habitats. In deforested areas, aquatic breeding sites and forest fragments can be far apart, isolating the habitat of tadpoles from the habitat of adults, in a landscape pattern we call habitat-split. In this study, we evaluated the impacts of habitat-split on amphibians (i) through breeding migrations and abundance patterns of species with aquatic larvae between fragments with and without streams in a severely fragmented landscape of Brazilian Atlantic Forest; (ii) by the habitat use of different guilds in this landscape; (iii) through a macroecological analysis, evaluating the effect of habitat-split on litter-amphibians throughout 13 Atlantic Forest sites. At the population level, we detected a migration pattern for the stream-breeding forest amphibians between the fragments without streams and the streams of adjacent grass fields. These species were dramatically more abundant in fragments with streams than in fragments without streams. The community structure varied consistently across habitats, being the guild of forest-associated species with aquatic larvae the most affected by habitat-split. At a larger geographic scale, habitat-split was the only landscape attribute negatively affecting the richness of species with aquatic larval stage, whereas habitat loss had negative influences on direct development species only. These results suggest that landscapes with high mismatches between forest fragments and breeding sites are more prone to experience population declines, especially of forest-associated amphibians with aquatic larval stage. Conservation strategies in any country must regard the law reinforcement, considering the importance of riparian buffers and the configuration of each landscape, minimizing the mismatch between non-reproductive habitats and breeding sites for amphibians / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-82). Also available on the World Wide Web.

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