No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the Internet as viewed 10 July 2008.

A crescente competição pelo uso da água entre diversos setores da sociedade e a escassez potencial dos recursos hídricos torna desejável o reuso de águas residuárias, principalmente no setor agrícola, o maior consumidor de água. A utilização de efluentes de esgoto tratado (EET) na irrigação tem sido uma alternativa popular e atrativa, com triplo propósito: tratamento complementar do efluente, fonte de água e fonte de nutrientes ao sistema solo-planta. Entretanto, no Brasil ainda há pouca tradição na utilização de EET na agricultura e carência de pesquisas relacionadas ao tema. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os EETs de duas estações de tratamento do município de Piracicaba-SP (ETE-Piracicamirim e ETE-Cecap), em diferentes épocas do ano (períodos seco e chuvoso). Também foi objetivo desse estudo identificar procedimentos eficientes de estabilização química das amostras, bem como estabelecer técnicas analíticas adequadas para cada espécie química de interesse. Os efluentes foram caracterizados quimicamente, empregando-se diferentes técnicas analíticas (AAS, Fia, IC, ICP-OES) para a determinação das seguintes espécies químicas: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-. A condutividade elétrica, o pH e a alcalinidade também foram avaliados. Ainda foi verificada a estabilidade das amostras em diferentes tempos de armazenagem, utilizando um conjunto de amostras coletadas especificamente para essa finalidade. Os procedimentos de preparação e armazenagem mostraram-se eficientes por até 12 meses, para os íons NH4+, Cl- e SO42- e por até seis meses para o NO3-, indicando que o procedimento pode ser adotado. Apesar de terem sido observadas diferenças nas características químicas dos efluentes entre as estações de tratamento, bem como entre as épocas do ano avaliadas, a constituição química encontrada em ambas encontra-se nas faixas de concentração adequadas para o uso como fertirrigação, proporcionando dessa forma, benefícios econômicos e ambientais. A escolha, tanto da técnica, como dos protocolos analíticos a serem empregados para caracterização química de EETs, deve considerar o custo analítico envolvido, a precisão e a exatidão requeridas para caracterização de cada espécie química / The increasing competition for the use of water among several sectors of the society and the potential shortage of hydric resources indicate a desirable reuse of residual waters mainly in the agricultural sector which is the largest water consumer. The use of effluents from treated sewage (EET) for irrigation has been a popular and attractive alternative, with triple purpose: complementary treatment of the effluent, source of water and source of nutrients to the soil-plant system. However, in Brazil there is still little tradition in the use of EET in the agriculture and lack of researches related to the theme. The main goal of the present study was to characterize EET\'s from two sewage treatment plants in the city of Piracicaba-SP (ETE-Piracicamirim and ETE-Cecap), in different periods of the year (dry and rainy seasons). Beyond that, to identify appropriate analytical technique procedures for each chemical species of interest and to establish efficient procedures for sample chemical stabilization was also objectives of this work. The effluents were chemically characterized using different analytical techniques (AAS, Fia, IC, ICP-OES) in order to determine the following chemical species: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-. The electrical conductivity, the pH and the alkalinity were also evaluated. The chemicals stability within the samples was also verified on different storage periods using samples samples collected specifically for this procedure. The employed procedures for sample preparation and the storage were adequate for NH4+ Cl- and SO42- up to 12 months and for NO3- up to 6 months therefore, being appropriate for this type of sample storage. Despite the chemical characteristics differences observed between the treatment plant for the effluents and the differences between the periods of the year for each treatment plant, the chemical characteristicas are within proper concentration range for agricultural irrigation for both stations thus providing economical and environmental benefits. The choice of both the technique and the analytical protocols to be used for chemical characterization of EETs should take under consideration the involved analytical cost, the precision and the accuracy required to characterize each chemical species

Xiao, Zigang. / "October 2010." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-66). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Microfluidic Technology --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Continuous Flow Microfluidic System --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Digital Microfluidic System --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Pin-Constrained Biochips --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Droplet-Trace-Based Array Partitioning Method --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Broadcast-addressing Method --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Cross-Referencing Method --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Electrode Interference in Cross-Referencing Biochips --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Computer-Aided Design Techniques for Biochip --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Placement Problem in Biochips --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Droplet Routing Problem in Cross-Referencing Biochips --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6 --- Our Contributions --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7 --- Thesis Organization --- p.15 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- Previous Works on Placement --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Basic Simulated Annealing --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Unified Synthesis Approach --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Droplet-Routing-Aware Unified Synthesis Approach --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Simulated Annealing Using T-tree Representation --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Previous Works on Routing --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Direct-Addressing Droplet Routing --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- A* Search Method --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Open Shortest Path First Method --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- A Two Phase Algorithm --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.1.4 --- Network-Flow Based Method --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1.5 --- Bypassibility and Concession Method --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Cross-Referencing Droplet Routing --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Graph Coloring Method --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Clique Partitioning Method --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Progressive-ILP Method --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusion --- p.32 / Chapter 3 --- CrossRouter for Cross-Referencing Biochip --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.34 / Chapter 3.3 --- Overview of Our Method --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4 --- Net Order Computation --- p.35 / Chapter 3.5 --- Propagation Stage --- p.36 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Fluidic Constraint Check --- p.38 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Electrode Constraint Check --- p.38 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Handling 3-pin net --- p.44 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Waste Reservoir --- p.45 / Chapter 3.6 --- Backtracking Stage --- p.45 / Chapter 3.7 --- Rip-up and Re-route Nets --- p.45 / Chapter 3.8 --- Experimental Results --- p.46 / Chapter 3.9 --- Conclusion --- p.47 / Chapter 4 --- Placement in Cross-Referencing Biochip --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.49 / Chapter 4.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- Overview of the method --- p.50 / Chapter 4.4 --- Dispenser and Reservoir Location Generation --- p.51 / Chapter 4.5 --- Solving Placement Problem Using ILP --- p.51 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Constraints --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Validity of modules --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Non-overlapping and separation of Modules --- p.53 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Droplet-Routing length constraint --- p.54 / Chapter 4.5.1.4 --- Optical detector resource constraint --- p.55 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Objective --- p.55 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Problem Partition --- p.56 / Chapter 4.6 --- Pin Assignment --- p.56 / Chapter 4.7 --- Experimental Results --- p.57 / Chapter 4.8 --- Conclusion --- p.59 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.60 / Bibliography --- p.62

A crescente competição pelo uso da água entre diversos setores da sociedade e a escassez potencial dos recursos hídricos torna desejável o reuso de águas residuárias, principalmente no setor agrícola, o maior consumidor de água. A utilização de efluentes de esgoto tratado (EET) na irrigação tem sido uma alternativa popular e atrativa, com triplo propósito: tratamento complementar do efluente, fonte de água e fonte de nutrientes ao sistema solo-planta. Entretanto, no Brasil ainda há pouca tradição na utilização de EET na agricultura e carência de pesquisas relacionadas ao tema. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os EETs de duas estações de tratamento do município de Piracicaba-SP (ETE-Piracicamirim e ETE-Cecap), em diferentes épocas do ano (períodos seco e chuvoso). Também foi objetivo desse estudo identificar procedimentos eficientes de estabilização química das amostras, bem como estabelecer técnicas analíticas adequadas para cada espécie química de interesse. Os efluentes foram caracterizados quimicamente, empregando-se diferentes técnicas analíticas (AAS, Fia, IC, ICP-OES) para a determinação das seguintes espécies químicas: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-. A condutividade elétrica, o pH e a alcalinidade também foram avaliados. Ainda foi verificada a estabilidade das amostras em diferentes tempos de armazenagem, utilizando um conjunto de amostras coletadas especificamente para essa finalidade. Os procedimentos de preparação e armazenagem mostraram-se eficientes por até 12 meses, para os íons NH4+, Cl- e SO42- e por até seis meses para o NO3-, indicando que o procedimento pode ser adotado. Apesar de terem sido observadas diferenças nas características químicas dos efluentes entre as estações de tratamento, bem como entre as épocas do ano avaliadas, a constituição química encontrada em ambas encontra-se nas faixas de concentração adequadas para o uso como fertirrigação, proporcionando dessa forma, benefícios econômicos e ambientais. A escolha, tanto da técnica, como dos protocolos analíticos a serem empregados para caracterização química de EETs, deve considerar o custo analítico envolvido, a precisão e a exatidão requeridas para caracterização de cada espécie química / The increasing competition for the use of water among several sectors of the society and the potential shortage of hydric resources indicate a desirable reuse of residual waters mainly in the agricultural sector which is the largest water consumer. The use of effluents from treated sewage (EET) for irrigation has been a popular and attractive alternative, with triple purpose: complementary treatment of the effluent, source of water and source of nutrients to the soil-plant system. However, in Brazil there is still little tradition in the use of EET in the agriculture and lack of researches related to the theme. The main goal of the present study was to characterize EET\'s from two sewage treatment plants in the city of Piracicaba-SP (ETE-Piracicamirim and ETE-Cecap), in different periods of the year (dry and rainy seasons). Beyond that, to identify appropriate analytical technique procedures for each chemical species of interest and to establish efficient procedures for sample chemical stabilization was also objectives of this work. The effluents were chemically characterized using different analytical techniques (AAS, Fia, IC, ICP-OES) in order to determine the following chemical species: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-. The electrical conductivity, the pH and the alkalinity were also evaluated. The chemicals stability within the samples was also verified on different storage periods using samples samples collected specifically for this procedure. The employed procedures for sample preparation and the storage were adequate for NH4+ Cl- and SO42- up to 12 months and for NO3- up to 6 months therefore, being appropriate for this type of sample storage. Despite the chemical characteristics differences observed between the treatment plant for the effluents and the differences between the periods of the year for each treatment plant, the chemical characteristicas are within proper concentration range for agricultural irrigation for both stations thus providing economical and environmental benefits. The choice of both the technique and the analytical protocols to be used for chemical characterization of EETs should take under consideration the involved analytical cost, the precision and the accuracy required to characterize each chemical species

Portland cement (PC) concrete has historically been the most commonly used construction material within the United Arab Emirates (UAE), however, as the demand increases to reduce CO2 emissions most of newly-built facilities make use of modern concrete formulations adopting various PC substitutes, and these ‘blended cements’ typically involve mineral admixtures such as ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF). The percentage of PC replaced in these concrete mixtures varies depending on the type of cement and design criteria as well as other related issues such as fire resistance. The use of PC replacements in ready-mixed concrete has been made obligatory in Dubai from 1st April 2015. This recent move towards using greener concretes has been implemented with little research on their heat resistant properties and as such an understanding of their behaviour on exposure to high temperatures in structural fires is limited. Furthermore, the applicability of forensic engineering techniques for the assessment of any deterioration in these concrete formulations is largely untested. For this reason, a range of analytical techniques have been investigated as part of this research in order to establish the chemical and physical changes taking place as well as the practical applicability of the techniques used. Three key areas were addressed as part of this research. Firstly, a review of urban fires in Dubai and a survey of fire investigation related issues within the region was undertaken. This formed a base from which the research questions could be refined. Secondly, nine concrete mixtures were assessed using 15 analytical techniques. The concrete mixtures were exposed to 4 temperatures (150°C, 300°C, 600°C, and 900°C) within a muffle furnace and the chemical, mineralogical, physical and mechanical changes were investigated using TGA, DSC, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, BET surface area, residual compressive strength, density loss, carbonation depth, visual colour change, rebound hammer, UPV, portable 3D laser scanning and micro CT scanning. Finally, a set of test concrete mixtures most closely linked to those used in construction in the UAE were exposed to a real fire and were analysed post fire using a reduced set of the analytical techniques. The techniques were assessed as to how well they could define the temperature range to which the concrete had been exposed as well as ascertaining the degree of concrete degradation based on the confirmation of the chemical, mineralogical, physical and mechanical changes which had occurred. Findings indicate that the use of blended cement concrete improves the thermal resistance of the material when compared with PC concrete up to a certain temperature, usually below 600°C. Discolouration in heated concrete sections were visualised using simple digital photography. Changing the cement composition influenced the rate of carbon ingress into the concrete matrix, however this did not result in any significant colour change in heated mortar surfaces. By contrast, colour changes within the aggregates was observed at temperatures > 300°C and was strongly determined by the mineralogy of the material. The analytical data demonstrated that there were three temperature regions that provide measurable data and information to inform fire investigators of the thermal history experienced by the concrete matrix. Between 70°C-200°C the evaporation of non-chemically bound water and dissociation of ettringite, gypsum and gel-like calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) occur, and can be detected using a range of the techniques used. The heat flux required for these reactions to occur was greater in all mixtures containing GGBS. Observed chemical and physical transformations between 300°C and 500°C were mainly due to the oxidation of iron hydroxide and the dehydroxylation of portlandite. Further chemical changes at 650°C and above were identified as a direct result of the decarbonation of CaCO3. At elevated temperatures, the absence of certain minerals within the concrete formulations provided an indication of the temperature which would have been reached by the concrete matrix. It was also revealed that in some cases the minerals present rehydrated during cooling of the concrete and this was also detectable using a number of the analytical methods employed. For the test samples exposed to real fire conditions, the rebound hammer, UPV and compressive strength measurements all provided good indications of physical losses experienced by the concrete, however these methods were not good estimators of the exposure temperature. The results from TGA, DSC and FTIR in particular were more reliable but differed from the reference models in that water used in suppression and absorbed by the concrete affected some of the predicted features. XRD also revealed peaks which could be related to various phases of change within the concrete, which was helpful in revealing the thermal history of concrete. Discolouration of cross-sections of the concrete samples produced trends similar to the lab-heated specimens however this was hard to visualise on the surface of the concrete due to the soot layer resulting from the fire. The results characterised, for the first time, chemical and physical changes occurring within a range of concrete mixtures used in the UAE and linked these to specific temperature ranges to which the concrete were exposed. Furthermore, this work has demonstrated that a number of the analytical techniques used can be helpful in the determination of the thermal history of concrete which has been exposed to fire conditions.

Boundary value problems required for modelling plane wave propagation in electrically anisotropic and inhomogeneous media relevant to the surface impedance methods in electromagnetic geophysics are formally posed and treated. For a homogeneous TM-type wave propagating in a half space with both vertical and horizontal inhomogeneities where the TM-type wave is aligned with one of the elements of the conductivity tensor, it is shown using exact solutions that the shearing term in the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for inclined anisotropic media: [Equation 1], unequivocally vanishes and solutions need only be sought to the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for biaxial media: [Equation 2]. This implies that those problems posed with an inclined uniaxial conductivity tensor can be identically stated with a fundamental biaxial conductivity tensor, provided that the conductivity values are the reciprocal of the diagonal terms from the Euler rotated resistivity tensor: [Equation 3], [Equation 4], [Equation 5]. The applications of this consequence for numerical methods of solving arbitrary two-dimensional problems for a homogeneous TM-type wave is that they need only to approximate the homogeneous Helmholtz equation and neglect the corresponding shearing term. The self-consistent impedance method, a two-dimensional finite-difference approximation based on a network analogy, is demonstrated to accurately solve for problems with inclined uniaxial anisotropy using the fundamental biaxial anisotropy equivalence. The problem of a homogeneous plane wave at skew incidence upon an inclined anisotropic half space is then formally treated. In the half space, both TM- and TE-type waves are coupled and the linearly polarised incident TM- and TE-type waves reflect TE- and TM-type components. Equations for all elements of the impedance tensor are derived for both TM- and TE-type incidence. This offers potential as a method of predicting the direction of anisotropic strike from tensor impedance measurements in sedimentary environments.

This thesis presents an analysis of Copland's first major serial work, the Quartet for Piano and Strings (1950), using pitch-class set theory and tonal analytical techniques.

As técnicas analíticas empregadas na determinação da qualidade da canade- açúcar são muito importantes para a indústria de processamento dessa matériaprima, uma vez que é a maneira mais eficiente de determinar a quantidade de sacarose, glicose, frutose e fibras que entra no processo. Aos fornecedores de cana-de-açúcar, é o momento da remuneração pela quantidade e qualidade de cana-de-açúcar que entrega ao processo. O Conselho dos Produtores de Cana-deaçúcar, Açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo - CONSECANA, determina a metodologia analítica de qualidade dessa matéria-prima e os cálculos para o pagamento da cana-de-açúcar ao fornecedor. Com a proibição da queima desde o ano de 2014 em áreas mecanizáveis, a cana-de-açúcar que entra na indústria tem características, como aumento no teor de amido relacionado a composição do ponteiro, que pode influenciar nos resultados analíticos e causar desvios de leituras pelos atuais equipamentos de polarimetria e refratometria. Assim como o amido, a presença de dextrana no caldo também pode causar desvios de leituras. Com esse cenário, e o interesse do Laboratório Hugot de Tecnologia em Sucroderivados da ESALQ-USP em fornecer estudos de metodologias para a determinação de sacarose, glicose e frutose, como parâmetros analíticos no sistema de avaliação da qualidade de matéria-prima (cana-de-açúcar), por técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas; esse projeto tem o objetivo de trazer contribuições complementares as usinas e destilarias do Estado de São Paulo. / The analytical techniques employee in sugarcane quality determination are very important to industrial process of that raw material, once it is de efficient thing to determinate the quantity of sucrose, glucose, fructose and fibers that come to process. For sugarcane suppliers it is time to receive the payment for the quantity and quality of sugarcane ship to process. The Sugarcane, Sugar and Alcohol Board Producers of São Paulo State - Portuguese initials: CONSECANA, determinate the analytical methods of raw material quality and the payment calculations for sugarcane suppliers. Whit the burn prohibition since 2014 in a mechanical areas the sugarcane in a industrial process has characteristics, how increase of starch associated to top leaves composition, that could to influence analytical results and cause reading deviations for currents equipments of polarimetry and refractometry. Thus starch, the presence of dextran in a sugarcane juice could also cause reading deviations. In this scenario and the interesting of Sucroderivatives Technology Hugot Laboratory at ESALQ-USP to provide studies and methods to determinate sucrose, glucose and fructose how analytical parameters in a evaluation system of raw material (sugarcane) quality to chromatography and spectroscopy techniques; this project aims to bring complementary contribution to sugarcane mills of São Paulo State.

As técnicas analíticas empregadas na determinação da qualidade da canade- açúcar são muito importantes para a indústria de processamento dessa matériaprima, uma vez que é a maneira mais eficiente de determinar a quantidade de sacarose, glicose, frutose e fibras que entra no processo. Aos fornecedores de cana-de-açúcar, é o momento da remuneração pela quantidade e qualidade de cana-de-açúcar que entrega ao processo. O Conselho dos Produtores de Cana-deaçúcar, Açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo - CONSECANA, determina a metodologia analítica de qualidade dessa matéria-prima e os cálculos para o pagamento da cana-de-açúcar ao fornecedor. Com a proibição da queima desde o ano de 2014 em áreas mecanizáveis, a cana-de-açúcar que entra na indústria tem características, como aumento no teor de amido relacionado a composição do ponteiro, que pode influenciar nos resultados analíticos e causar desvios de leituras pelos atuais equipamentos de polarimetria e refratometria. Assim como o amido, a presença de dextrana no caldo também pode causar desvios de leituras. Com esse cenário, e o interesse do Laboratório Hugot de Tecnologia em Sucroderivados da ESALQ-USP em fornecer estudos de metodologias para a determinação de sacarose, glicose e frutose, como parâmetros analíticos no sistema de avaliação da qualidade de matéria-prima (cana-de-açúcar), por técnicas cromatográficas e espectroscópicas; esse projeto tem o objetivo de trazer contribuições complementares as usinas e destilarias do Estado de São Paulo. / The analytical techniques employee in sugarcane quality determination are very important to industrial process of that raw material, once it is de efficient thing to determinate the quantity of sucrose, glucose, fructose and fibers that come to process. For sugarcane suppliers it is time to receive the payment for the quantity and quality of sugarcane ship to process. The Sugarcane, Sugar and Alcohol Board Producers of São Paulo State - Portuguese initials: CONSECANA, determinate the analytical methods of raw material quality and the payment calculations for sugarcane suppliers. Whit the burn prohibition since 2014 in a mechanical areas the sugarcane in a industrial process has characteristics, how increase of starch associated to top leaves composition, that could to influence analytical results and cause reading deviations for currents equipments of polarimetry and refractometry. Thus starch, the presence of dextran in a sugarcane juice could also cause reading deviations. In this scenario and the interesting of Sucroderivatives Technology Hugot Laboratory at ESALQ-USP to provide studies and methods to determinate sucrose, glucose and fructose how analytical parameters in a evaluation system of raw material (sugarcane) quality to chromatography and spectroscopy techniques; this project aims to bring complementary contribution to sugarcane mills of São Paulo State.