nÃo hà / Avaliou-se os efeitos de diferentes lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo e doses de nitrogÃnio (N) sobre as caracterÃsticas morfogÃnicas e estruturais, produÃÃo e composiÃÃo quÃmicobromatolÃgica dos capins Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. O estudo foi conduzido no perÃodo de agosto a dezembro de 2007, na Unidade de ExecuÃÃo de Pesquisa da EMBRAPA Meio-Norte, localizada no municÃpio de ParnaÃba, PiauÃ. Os tratamentos consistiram em duas lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo (equivalente à reposiÃÃo de 50% e 80% da EvaporaÃÃo do Tanque Classe A - ECA) e quatro doses de nitrogÃnio (equivalente a 200, 400, 600 e 800 kg de N/ha x ano), em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com trÃs repetiÃÃes. As parcelas experimentais mediam 3 m x 8 m, sendo realizado um corte de uniformizaÃÃo (agosto) e quatro cortes para coleta de dados a cada 30 dias, a 20 cm do solo. Em geral, nos capins estudados, a reduÃÃo da lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo, proporcionou decrÃscimos nas taxas de alongamento da folha e do colmo, aparecimento de folha, comprimento final da folha e nÃmero de folhas vivas, enquanto que, taxa senescÃncia aumenta e duraÃÃo de vida de folhas à pouco afetada. A adubaÃÃo nitrogenada aumentou as taxas de alongamento da folha e do colmo, aparecimento de folha e comprimento final da folha. Contudo, tendeu a reduzir o nÃmero e a duraÃÃo de vida das folhas, e a ampliar a taxa senescÃncia. As lÃminas aplicadas apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes em relaÃÃo à produtividade de matÃria seca total e de folhas. Todavia, a lÃmina de 80% de ECA proporcionou as maiores alturas de plantas e menor relaÃÃo folha/colmo. A maior lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo promoveu aumentos da produÃÃo de colmo, porÃm nÃo afetou a produÃÃo de folhas. Em geral a adubaÃÃo nitrogenada influenciou positivamente a produtividade de matÃria seca total, de folhas e colmos, mas, diminuiu a eficiÃncia de utilizaÃÃo do nitrogÃnio e relaÃÃo folha/colmo. As lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo nÃo afetaram os teores de matÃria seca (MS) das folhas do capimandropogon. A maior lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo promoveu reduÃÃo expressiva dos teores de MS da folha do capim-marandu e colmo das duas gramÃneas. A adubaÃÃo nitrogenada nÃo afetou os teores de MS do capim-andropogon. No entanto, nas folhas do capimmarandu os teores de MS decresceram inversamente proporcional aos nÃveis de nitrogÃnio aplicado. Os teores de proteÃna das duas gramÃneas nÃo foram influenciados pelas lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo. A adubaÃÃo nitrogenada aumentou linearmente os teores de proteÃna das folhas e dos colmos. A utilizaÃÃo da maior lÃmina promoveu incrementos nos teores de FDN dos capins estudados. Os teores de FDN foram inversamente proporcionais aos nÃveis de adubaÃÃo. Os teores de FDA sofreram influÃncia negativa da maior lÃmina de irrigaÃÃo. Os nÃveis de adubaÃÃo nitrogenada promoveram decrÃscimos nos nÃveis de FDA. Em geral, a adubaÃÃo nitrogenada promoveu melhoria no valor nutritivo do capim-marandu. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation and doses of nitrogen on the morphogenetic and structural characteristics, forage production and bromatologic composition of Andropogon gayanus var. Planaltina and Brachiaria brizantha var. Marandu. The study was conducted from August to December 2007 on Unit Research of EMBRAPA Meio-Norte, located in city of ParnaÃba, PiauÃ, Brazil. The treatments consisted of two irrigation levels (with a equivalent level to replacement of 50% and 80% of evaporation of the Class A pan - ECA) and four doses of nitrogen (equivalent to 200, 400, 600 and 800 N/ha x year), in a completely randomized block design in a 2 x 4 factorial design with three replications. The plots measuring 3 m x 8 m, and made a cut of uniformity (in August) and four cuts to collect data every 30 days, at 20 cm the soil. In general, in grass Andropogon and Marandu, the reduction of the irrigation level, provides decreases in leaf elongation and stem elongation rate, leaf appearance and final leaf length, whereas, leaf senescence rate increases and duration of life of leaf little is affected. Leaf senescence rate of grass tended to increase ahead of the lesser water availability of the ground. The nitrogen fertilization increases the rates of elongation e leaf and stem, leaf appearance and final length of the leaf. However, it tends to reduce the number it and the duration of life of the leaf, and to extend rate senescence. The applied irrigation levels presented similar behaviors in relationship of productivity of total dry matter and of leaves. Though the level of 80% of ECA provided the largest heights of plants and smaller relation leaf/stem ratio. The largest irrigation level promoted increases of the production of stem, even so it didn't affect the production of leaves. In general the nitrogen fertilization influenced the productivity of total dry matter positively, of leaves and stem, however, it decreased the efficiency of use of the nitrogen and relation leaf/stem ratio. Increasing doses of nitrogen reduces the dry matter at the same time as the irrigation level of 80% decreasing these values, both for the leaf and to stem fraction. The irrigation level of 80% decreases the crude protein 18 contents, both for the leaf and to stem at the same time it increases the levels of ADF both for the leaf and to stem. The irrigation levels didn't affect the content of dry matter of the Andropogon grass. The largest irrigation level (80% of ECA) it promoted expressive reduction of the level of DM of the leaf of the Marandu grass and the stem of both grasses. The fertilization nitrogen didn't affect the texts of DM of the Andropogon grass. Though, in the leaves of the Marandu grass the content of DM decreased inversely in way proportional at the levels of applied nitrogen. The contents protein of the researched grasses was not influenced by the applied irrigation levels. The fertilization nitrogen increased the contents of protein of the leaves lineally and stems, and the largest texts were obtained with the applications of 600 and 800 kg the N/ha x year. The interaction fertilization nitrogen x irrigation levels increased the contents of NDF of the leaves of the Andropogon grass. The use of the largest level (80% of ECA) it promoted increments in the contents of NDF of the studied grasses. Though, the contents of NDF went inversely proportional at the fertilization levels. The contents of ADF suffered it influences negative of the largest irrigation level. The doses of fertilization nitrogen promoted decreases in the levels of FDA. In general, the fertilization nitrogen improvement in the nutritious value of Marandu grass

MAGALHÃES, João Avelar. Características morfogênicas e estruturais, produção e composição bromatológica de gramíneas forrageiras sob irrigação e adubação. 2010. 138 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-08T18:36:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_jamagalhaes.pdf: 462159 bytes, checksum: 62c90234c05496576815b92ab7df214c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-25T21:35:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_jamagalhaes.pdf: 462159 bytes, checksum: 62c90234c05496576815b92ab7df214c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T21:35:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_jamagalhaes.pdf: 462159 bytes, checksum: 62c90234c05496576815b92ab7df214c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation and doses of nitrogen on the morphogenetic and structural characteristics, forage production and bromatologic composition of Andropogon gayanus var. Planaltina and Brachiaria brizantha var. Marandu. The study was conducted from August to December 2007 on Unit Research of EMBRAPA Meio-Norte, located in city of Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil. The treatments consisted of two irrigation levels (with a equivalent level to replacement of 50% and 80% of evaporation of the Class A pan - ECA) and four doses of nitrogen (equivalent to 200, 400, 600 and 800 N/ha x year), in a completely randomized block design in a 2 x 4 factorial design with three replications. The plots measuring 3 m x 8 m, and made a cut of uniformity (in August) and four cuts to collect data every 30 days, at 20 cm the soil. In general, in grass Andropogon and Marandu, the reduction of the irrigation level, provides decreases in leaf elongation and stem elongation rate, leaf appearance and final leaf length, whereas, leaf senescence rate increases and duration of life of leaf little is affected. Leaf senescence rate of grass tended to increase ahead of the lesser water availability of the ground. The nitrogen fertilization increases the rates of elongation e leaf and stem, leaf appearance and final length of the leaf. However, it tends to reduce the number it and the duration of life of the leaf, and to extend rate senescence. The applied irrigation levels presented similar behaviors in relationship of productivity of total dry matter and of leaves. Though the level of 80% of ECA provided the largest heights of plants and smaller relation leaf/stem ratio. The largest irrigation level promoted increases of the production of stem, even so it didn't affect the production of leaves. In general the nitrogen fertilization influenced the productivity of total dry matter positively, of leaves and stem, however, it decreased the efficiency of use of the nitrogen and relation leaf/stem ratio. Increasing doses of nitrogen reduces the dry matter at the same time as the irrigation level of 80% decreasing these values, both for the leaf and to stem fraction. The irrigation level of 80% decreases the crude protein 18 contents, both for the leaf and to stem at the same time it increases the levels of ADF both for the leaf and to stem. The irrigation levels didn't affect the content of dry matter of the Andropogon grass. The largest irrigation level (80% of ECA) it promoted expressive reduction of the level of DM of the leaf of the Marandu grass and the stem of both grasses. The fertilization nitrogen didn't affect the texts of DM of the Andropogon grass. Though, in the leaves of the Marandu grass the content of DM decreased inversely in way proportional at the levels of applied nitrogen. The contents protein of the researched grasses was not influenced by the applied irrigation levels. The fertilization nitrogen increased the contents of protein of the leaves lineally and stems, and the largest texts were obtained with the applications of 600 and 800 kg the N/ha x year. The interaction fertilization nitrogen x irrigation levels increased the contents of NDF of the leaves of the Andropogon grass. The use of the largest level (80% of ECA) it promoted increments in the contents of NDF of the studied grasses. Though, the contents of NDF went inversely proportional at the fertilization levels. The contents of ADF suffered it influences negative of the largest irrigation level. The doses of fertilization nitrogen promoted decreases in the levels of FDA. In general, the fertilization nitrogen improvement in the nutritious value of Marandu grass. / Avaliou-se os efeitos de diferentes lâminas de irrigação e doses de nitrogênio (N) sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais, produção e composição químicobromatológica dos capins Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. O estudo foi conduzido no período de agosto a dezembro de 2007, na Unidade de Execução de Pesquisa da EMBRAPA Meio-Norte, localizada no município de Parnaíba, Piauí. Os tratamentos consistiram em duas lâminas de irrigação (equivalente à reposição de 50% e 80% da Evaporação do Tanque Classe A - ECA) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (equivalente a 200, 400, 600 e 800 kg de N/ha x ano), em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com três repetições. As parcelas experimentais mediam 3 m x 8 m, sendo realizado um corte de uniformização (agosto) e quatro cortes para coleta de dados a cada 30 dias, a 20 cm do solo. Em geral, nos capins estudados, a redução da lâmina de irrigação, proporcionou decréscimos nas taxas de alongamento da folha e do colmo, aparecimento de folha, comprimento final da folha e número de folhas vivas, enquanto que, taxa senescência aumenta e duração de vida de folhas é pouco afetada. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou as taxas de alongamento da folha e do colmo, aparecimento de folha e comprimento final da folha. Contudo, tendeu a reduzir o número e a duração de vida das folhas, e a ampliar a taxa senescência. As lâminas aplicadas apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes em relação à produtividade de matéria seca total e de folhas. Todavia, a lâmina de 80% de ECA proporcionou as maiores alturas de plantas e menor relação folha/colmo. A maior lâmina de irrigação promoveu aumentos da produção de colmo, porém não afetou a produção de folhas. Em geral a adubação nitrogenada influenciou positivamente a produtividade de matéria seca total, de folhas e colmos, mas, diminuiu a eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio e relação folha/colmo. As lâminas de irrigação não afetaram os teores de matéria seca (MS) das folhas do capimandropogon. A maior lâmina de irrigação promoveu redução expressiva dos teores de MS da folha do capim-marandu e colmo das duas gramíneas. A adubação nitrogenada não afetou os teores de MS do capim-andropogon. No entanto, nas folhas do capimmarandu os teores de MS decresceram inversamente proporcional aos níveis de nitrogênio aplicado. Os teores de proteína das duas gramíneas não foram influenciados pelas lâminas de irrigação. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou linearmente os teores de proteína das folhas e dos colmos. A utilização da maior lâmina promoveu incrementos nos teores de FDN dos capins estudados. Os teores de FDN foram inversamente proporcionais aos níveis de adubação. Os teores de FDA sofreram influência negativa da maior lâmina de irrigação. Os níveis de adubação nitrogenada promoveram decréscimos nos níveis de FDA. Em geral, a adubação nitrogenada promoveu melhoria no valor nutritivo do capim-marandu.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T13:49:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GenildoFP_TESE.pdf: 914555 bytes, checksum: d228a0712f89f6d40a7d44bfd5b02841 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T14:40:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GenildoFP_TESE.pdf: 914555 bytes, checksum: d228a0712f89f6d40a7d44bfd5b02841 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T14:43:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 GenildoFP_TESE.pdf: 914555 bytes, checksum: d228a0712f89f6d40a7d44bfd5b02841 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T14:44:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GenildoFP_TESE.pdf: 914555 bytes, checksum: d228a0712f89f6d40a7d44bfd5b02841 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-17 / The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the performance of Andropogon grasses (Andropogon gayanus Kunth), Buffel (Cenchrus ciliary L.) cv. Grass and Massai (Panicum maximum x Panicum infestum) at ages 21, 35, 49 and 63 days. The experiments were carried out at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte - IFRN Campus Apodi, in the period from June to December 2014. The evaluations were carried out in two stages, which yielded three scientific papers. In the first stage, information was addressed regarding the forage species, which were emphasized morphogenetic and structural characteristics and the production and chemical composition of corn in different regrowth ages. In the second stage, it was shown the evaluation of animal performance using hay of the three studied forages, which analyzed the nutrient intake, feeding behavior and sheep performance. For morphogenic and structural evaluation the andropogon presented late vegetative development, contrary to the development presented by buffel grass. Grasses Andropogon, Buffel and Massai increase the production of dry matter with advancing age of regrowth, the andropogon showed higher growth rates of dry matter (469.41%). It occurred only difference between the grasses and Andropogon Massai, from 49 days of regrowth. The crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and lignin components were more varied with increasing regrowth period in all forage species. In assessing the performance of animals fed with hay, it was observed that the regrowth ages influenced rumination, reducing its efficiency with advancing age. The daily weight gain of the animals fed the massaigrass hay and grass Andropogon hay did not differ, but differed from the buffel grass hay. The daily weight gain was not influenced by the age of grasses. Overall analysis showed that the thesis information interrelation helped to determine the best way to choose the forage species to the region, reaching the conclusion that in the conditions, the Massai and Andropogon grasses stood by vegetative best performance and best responses to animals. / O objetivo desta Tese foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo dos capins Andropogon (Andropogon gayanus Kunth), Buffel (Cenchrus ciliares L.) cv. Grass e Massai (Panicum maximum x Panicum infestum) nas idades de 21, 35, 49 e 63 dias. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte – IFRN, Campus Apodi, no período de junho a dezembro de 2014. As avaliações foram realizadas em duas etapas, que geraram três artigos científicos. Na primeira etapa, foram abordadas informações referentes às espécies forrageiras, onde foram enfatizadas as características morfogênicas e estruturais e a produção e composição química das gramíneas nas diferentes idades de rebrota. Na segunda etapa, foi evidenciada a avaliação do desempenho animal utilizando o feno das três forrageiras estudadas, onde foi analisado o consumo de nutrientes, comportamento ingestivo e o desempenho de ovinos. Para avaliação morfogênica e estrutural o capim-andropogon apresentou desenvolvimento vegetativo tardio, contrário ao desenvolvimento apresentado pelo capim-buffel. Os capins Andropogon, Buffel e Massai aumentam a produção de matéria seca com o avanço da idade de rebrota, o capim-andropogon apresentou maiores crescimentos de matéria seca (469,41%). Ocorreu diferença apenas entre os capins Massai e Andropogon, a partir dos 49 dias de rebrota. A proteína bruta, a fibra em detergente neutro e a lignina foram os componentes que mais variaram com o aumento do período de rebrota em todas as espécies forrageiras estudadas. Na avaliação de desempenho dos animais, alimentados com feno, foi observado que as idades de rebrota influenciaram a ruminação, diminuindo sua eficiência com o avanço da idade. O ganho de peso diário dos animais alimentados com o feno de capim-massai e feno de capim-andropogon não diferiram entre si, mas diferiram do feno de capim buffel. O ganho de peso diário não foi influenciado pela idade dos capins. Em análise geral, observou-se que a inter-relação de informações da Tese contribuiu para determinar a melhor forma de eleger a espécie forrageira para a região, chegando-se a conclusão que, nas condições apresentadas, os capins Massai e Andropogon se destacaram pelo melhor desempenho vegetativo e melhores respostas aos animais / 2017-04-13

Au Burkina Faso, l’un des soucis majeurs demeure la gestion des eaux usées et excréta. Dans l’optique de trouver une alternative à l’assainissement autonome (assainissement non collectif), des technologies biologiques rustiques par cultures fixées sur supports fins, destinées aux petites et moyennes collectivités ont été expérimentées. Le premier volet du travail expérimental à consister à évaluer les performances comparées du sable et des fibres de coco en traitement d’eaux résiduaires urbaines après un processus anaérobie par lagunage. Dans une deuxième étape, ont été évaluées les performances épuratoires de filtres plantés de Andropogon gayanus Kunth et Chrysopogon nigritana (Benth) Veldkamp deux poaceae des zones tropicales. Les abattements moyens d’élimination de la pollution biodégradable sont respectivement de 99% et 98% à la sortie du filtre à sable et de celui de substrat de coco. Cependant, il y a une DCO ajoutée due à l’extraction de composés phénoliques du substrat de coco qui occulte les performances réelles de ce support de culture. Toutefois, en l’absence d’une bonne nitrification au sein du massif de substrat de coco, contrairement au sable, nous avons relevé une élimination de l’azote sous forme d’ammonium avec un rendement de 75%. Par ailleurs, ce matériau végétal par sa structure très poreuse a montré une plus grande capacité à éliminer les sels minéraux comparativement au sable. Quant aux filtres plantés de Andropogon gayanus et Chrysopogon nigritana, si les deux pilotes ont assuré des abattements de plus de 97% de la DBO5, le premier a assuré un prélèvement plus important des nutriments (N et P). / In Burkina Faso, wastewater and excreta management in the urban and rural areas remains a big concern. In order to find an alternative to on-site sanitation by the exclusive use of excreta collecting system without treatment, extensive biological processes of wastewater treatment have been experimented. At first, the comparative performances of two materials (sand and coconut fibers) were evaluated in wastewater treatment. An anaerobic pond served as the primary treatment. Then in a second step, Andropogon gayanus Kunth and Chrysopogon nigritana (Benth) Veldkamp, two tropical Poaceae, were used to treat municipal wastewater by constructed wetlands. As results, average yields of eliminating biodegradable pollution were respectively 99% and 98% for the sand filter and the coconut fibers. However, there is an added COD due to the extraction of phenolic compounds contained in the coconut fibers. This masks the real performance of this material on the COD removal. Moreover, without good nitrification in coconut substrate, a removal of nitrogen in ammonium form with a yield of 75% was founded. Thanks to its very porous structure, coconut fibers showed a greater ability to remove minerals compared to sand. The two constructed wetlands have shown good removal efficiencies of organic pollution with values above 97% of BOD5. This was enhanced by the alternating phases of feeding and resting. For nutrients, the filter planted with Andropogon gayanus provided an important removal of N and P. Chrysopogon nigritana showed the drought resistance to evapotranspiration.

Au Burkina Faso, l'un des soucis majeurs demeure la gestion des eaux usées et excréta. Dans l'optique de trouver une alternative à l'assainissement autonome (assainissement non collectif), des technologies biologiques rustiques par cultures fixées sur supports fins, destinées aux petites et moyennes collectivités ont été expérimentées. Le premier volet du travail expérimental à consister à évaluer les performances comparées du sable et des fibres de coco en traitement d'eaux résiduaires urbaines après un processus anaérobie par lagunage. Dans une deuxième étape, ont été évaluées les performances épuratoires de filtres plantés de Andropogon gayanus Kunth et Chrysopogon nigritana (Benth) Veldkamp deux poaceae des zones tropicales. Les abattements moyens d'élimination de la pollution biodégradable sont respectivement de 99% et 98% à la sortie du filtre à sable et de celui de substrat de coco. Cependant, il y a une DCO ajoutée due à l'extraction de composés phénoliques du substrat de coco qui occulte les performances réelles de ce support de culture. Toutefois, en l'absence d'une bonne nitrification au sein du massif de substrat de coco, contrairement au sable, nous avons relevé une élimination de l'azote sous forme d'ammonium avec un rendement de 75%. Par ailleurs, ce matériau végétal par sa structure très poreuse a montré une plus grande capacité à éliminer les sels minéraux comparativement au sable. Quant aux filtres plantés de Andropogon gayanus et Chrysopogon nigritana, si les deux pilotes ont assuré des abattements de plus de 97% de la DBO5, le premier a assuré un prélèvement plus important des nutriments (N et P).