A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts Masters (Clinical Psychology). September 2018 / South Africa has seen its crime levels continuously rise; hence, South Africans are exposed to more trauma incidences that may cause posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, South Africa has been described as an angry nation with retaliatory behaviours such as road rage and xenophobic attacks on the increase. This research study hypothesized that exposure to multiple trauma events is related to the anger and aggression witnessed in South Africa. In a sample of 388 students findings found that as trauma exposure increases so do the posttraumatic symptoms. In particular, gender differences showed that multiple trauma exposure affect males and females differently. Females in particular reported higher intrusion symptoms and more anger than their male counterparts. Conversely, males reported increased propensity for aggressive responding with increased trauma exposure. This study highlights the high trauma exposure rates that South Africans are exposed to with females being particularly vulnerable. / M T 2019

Lee Ting Yim, Margaret. / "Running head: Emotional responses to being harmed." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-50). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vii / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Emotional Responses to Harmful Events as being Functional --- p.2 / The Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Emotions --- p.3 / Responsibility and controllability --- p.4 / Justification (legitimacy) --- p.5 / Norm violation --- p.6 / Other Social Factors --- p.7 / Relationship closeness --- p.7 / Gender --- p.8 / Culture --- p.8 / Culture and emotion antecedent events --- p.9 / Culture and appraisals --- p.10 / The Present Study --- p.11 / Chapter 2. --- METHOD --- p.14 / Participants --- p.14 / Materials --- p.14 / Chapter 3. --- RESULTS --- p.16 / Factor Analyses & Reliabilities --- p.16 / Recalled emotional responses --- p.18 / Perceived norm violation --- p.18 / Responsibility and controllability of the harm-doer --- p.18 / Justification of the harm-doer's action --- p.19 / Relationship closeness with the harm-doer --- p.19 / Correlations --- p.19 / "Cognitive appraisals, social factors, and emotions" --- p.19 / ANOVAs on Intensities of Emotional Experiences among Cultural and Gender Groups --- p.20 / Multiple Regression: Predicting Depressive Emotions --- p.23 / Multiple Regression: Predicting Hostile Emotions --- p.26 / "ANOVAs on Cognitive Appraisals of Norm Violation, Responsibility & Controllability, Justification, and Relationship Closeness among Cultural Groups" --- p.27 / Norm violation --- p.27 / Responsibility and controllability --- p.27 / Justification --- p.28 / Relationship closeness --- p.28 / Structural Equation Model --- p.28 / Structural Equation Model: Multisample Analysis --- p.32 / Test for equivalence in factor loadings --- p.32 / Test for equivalence in factor structure --- p.32 / Chapter 4. --- DISCUSSION --- p.33 / A Two Factor Model of Emotions --- p.33 / Cognitive Appraisals and Relationship Closeness in Predicting Emotions --- p.34 / Relative Significance of Cognitive Appraisals in Predicting Depressive and Hostile Emotions --- p.36 / Gender Differences --- p.37 / Cultural Differences: Intensities of Experienced Emotions --- p.38 / Cultural Differences: Evaluation of the Event using Cognitive Appraisals --- p.38 / Culture: Universality --- p.40 / The Japanese: High Intensity of Hostile Emotions --- p.41 / Future Directions --- p.42 / Limitations --- p.43 / REFERENCES --- p.45 / APPENDIX --- p.51

Previous research supports the idea that individuals high in trait anger tend to experience more hostile attribution bias. According to the Integrative Cognitive Model, cognitive factors, such as rumination, may increase the risk of hostile attribution bias and any subsequent aggressive behaviors. Sex differences are apparent in rumination and anger expression. The present research explored the potential role trait rumination plays in hostile attribution bias as well as potential conditional effects of sex on this relationship. Participants were asked to complete a number of self-report measures and vignettes of ambiguously hostile situations adapted to improve reliability. Hypotheses were largely supported and trait anger rumination was significantly predictive of hostile attribution bias; however, conditional effects of sex were non-significant. The adapted hostile attribution bias measure had improved reliability and may have utility for a survey-based method to assessing hostile attribution bias. Findings may further our understanding of hostile interpretations and potential for subsequent aggressive behaviors in high trait ruminators in ambiguous situations as well as lead to potential areas of intervention to reduce anger and anger rumination.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2001. Graduate Programme in Psychology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-93). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ66390.

Thesis (M.A.)--Duquesne University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-49) and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2001. / Title from title page screen, viewed March 21, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Daniel Graybill (chair), Connie B. Horton, Karen S. Pfost, Mark E. Swerdlik. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-90) and abstract. Also available in print.

Previous research has found that the content of thoughts and rumination influences driving anger and aggressive driving; however, no research to date has observed how the specific thoughts and process of rumination may directly or indirectly influence aggressive driving behaviors. The present research explores the potential roles of thought content and rumination on aggressive driving to improve our understanding of factors that influence aggressiveness in driving situations. The current study recruited 262 Southeastern University students, who completed a number of questionnaires measuring anger rumination, thought content, driving anger, and aggressive driving behaviors tendencies. Results demonstrated that trait driving anger imposed partial indirect effects on aggressive driving behaviors through specific angry thoughts. In addition, this partial indirect effect was conditional to the degree of coping thoughts. These findings may help advance the understanding of the roles content of thoughts and rumination play in aggressive driving behaviors.

Past studies found many different types of factors can influence dangerous driving behaviors. Driver inattention, such as driving under the influence or using a cell phone while driving, was found to contribute to risky driving behaviors. Rumination is a cognitive process that may also contribute to risky driving behaviors due to its influence on attention and limited executive processes. The present study explores the potential role of rumination in dangerous driving behavior endorsement. It was hypothesized that trait rumination would be significantly related to dangerous driving behaviors and that this relationship would be conditional to the sex of the participant. Six-hundred and fifty-three Southeastern university students were recruited to participate and asked to complete multiple questionnaires measuring anger rumination, thought content, driving anger, and dangerous driving behaviors. It was demonstrated that self-reported risky driving behaviors significantly predicted dangerous driving behavior endorsement on the Dula Dangerous Driving Index. Trait rumination scores were found to predict self-reported dangerous driving, aggressive driving, and risky driving behaviors as well as trait driving anger scores. However, no conditional effects based on the sex of the participant were found. It appeared males and females were equally likely to report dangerous driving behaviors, driving anger thoughts, and trait anger rumination. Findings from the current study may assist in understanding how cognitive processes influence different driving behaviors and help develop methods to re-direct attention to safe driving behaviors, and conversely away from ruminative thoughts that increase the likelihood of dangerous driving.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the mediating role of anger proneness in explaining the relationship between masculine gender role stress (MGRS) and aggression. Additionally, the moderating effect of anger proneness was also examined. Both physical and verbal forms of aggression were examined in the current model. Participants were 163 male undergraduate students. The criteria proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) and Holmbeck (1997, 2002) were followed to test for mediational and moderational effects. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. Results indicate that anger proneness does mediate the relationship between MGRS and aggression, particularly physical aggression. Tests for moderated effects were not supported. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. / Master of Science

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