Foram medidos os momentos magnéticos dos estados da banda rotacional do estado fundamental do ANTPOT 159 Tb, através da técnica da distribuição angular perturbada, utilizando-se o campo magnético transiente. Os estados do ANTPOT. 159 Tb foram populados via excitação coulombiana com feixe de ANTPOT. 35 Cl a 88 Me V, sendo os raios -y, emitidos na desexcitação dos estados, observados em coincidência com as partículas retroespalhadas do feixe. Os momentos magnéticos medidos neste trabalho, foram comparados com as previsões de modelos híbridos (rotor+partícula e rotor triaxial+quase-partícula), nos quais a hamiltoniana do núcleo é separada em uma parte fenomenológica que descreve o caroço e uma parte microscópica que leva em conta o movimento da partícula desemparelhada. Os resultados experimentais também foram interpretados com um cálculo puramente microscópico, baseado no modelo de camadas com projeção de momento angular. Os níveis de energia da banda do estado fundamental são bem descritos pelos modelos, embora o staggering em energia previsto pelo modelo rotor triaxial+quase-partícula apresente uma fase de oscilação oposta à observada. Os momentos magnéticos experimentais são bem reproduzidos pelos modelos, nos quais a inclusão de outras configurações sugere uma pequena oscilação, observada nos resultados experimentais. As probabilidades de transição magnéticas B(M1) não são bem descritas por nenhum dos modelos, nos quais a inclusão de várias configurações atenua os valores calculados. / Magnetic moments of the levels in the ground state rotational band of 159Tb were measured using the transient magnetic field perturbed angular distribution technique. The levels in 159Tb were populated by Coulomb excitation with an 88 MeV beam and the deexciting rays were observed in coincidence with backscattered projectiles. The magnetic moments measured in this work were compared with hybrid models (rotor+particle and triaxial rotor+quasiparticle) in which the Hamiltonian of the nucleus is separated in a phenomenological part describing the core and a rnicroscopic part which takes into acconnt the movement of the unpaired particle. The experimental results were also interpreted with a purely microscopic calculation based on the angular momentum projection shell model. The energy levels in the ground state band are well described by the models, although the energy staggering predicted in the triaxial rotor+quasi-particle calculation has a phase opposite to the observed one. The experimental magnetic moments are well reproduced by the models, with the band miring suggesting a slight oscillation as observed in the experimental data. The magnetic transition probabilities B(M1) are not well described by the models, in which the band mixing attenuates the calculated values.

La connaissance actuelle de la distribution angulaire de la fission induite par neutrons est limitée à une énergie maximum de 15~MeV, avec de grands écarts autour de 14~MeV. Seulement 238U et 232Th ont été étudiés jusqu'à 100 MeV et un seul jeu de données existe. Nous avons réalisé une expérience à n_TOF au CERN pour mesurer les distributions angulaires de fragments de fission jusqu'à 1~GeV pour les isotopes 232Th, 235U , 238U , 237Np.L'expérience a été réalisée à l'aide d'un dispositif expérimental à base de compteurs à avalanche à plaques parallèles (PPAC). La méthode basée sur la détection des 2 fragments en coïncidence permet d'identifier sans ambiguïté la fission des autres réactions, notamment dans le domaine de spallation. Au-dessous de 10 MeV nos résultats sont cohérents avec les données existantes. Par exemple, dans le cas de 232Th , en dessous de 10 MeV ils montrent clairement la variation d'anisotropie se produisant dans les résonances vibrationnelles (1.6 MeV) correspondant à des états de transition de J et K donnés (spin total et sa projection sur l'axe de fission), et après l'ouverture de la deuxième chance de fission (7 MeV). Ils apportent une meilleure précision autour de la troisième chance de fission (14 MeV). Aux énergies intermédiaires, au-dessus de 20 MeV nous avons constaté une anisotropie significative mais bien inférieure à l'unique résultat antérieur. Notre résultat est en accord avec la systématique en fissilité du système composite et avec un modèle incluant les phénomènes essentiels, en particulier le preéquilibre. Dans le cadre de cette comparaison l'anisotropie plus grande que pour la fission induite par protons s'explique parfaitement. J'ai par ailleurs exploré et simulé les expériences de criticité qui permettent de tester la précision des données nucléaires. La section efficace de fission de 237Np induite par neutrons avait été mesurée sur l'installation n_TOF au CERN. Par rapport aux résultats antérieurs la section efficace de fission n_TOF était apparue plus élevée de 6-7% au-delà du seuil de fission. Pour vérifier la pertinence des données de n_TOF, nous avons simulé une expérience de criticité effectuée à Los Alamos avec une sphère contenant 6 kg de 237Np. Cette sphère est entourée par de l'uranium hautement enrichi en 235U de façon à approcher la criticité avec des neutrons rapides. La simulation prédit un facteur de multiplication keff en meilleur accord avec l'expérience (l'écart de -0.75% est réduit à +0.25%) quand on remplace la section efficace de fission de 237Np des bibliothèques évaluées par celle de n_TOF. Nous avons également exploré d'autres effets pouvant expliquer l'écart qui existait entre la mesure de criticité et sa prédiction par les simulations, en particulier nous avons testé la section inélastique de 235U et la multiplicité de neutrons de fission de 237Np. Dans les 2 cas la modification requise pour réconcilier l'écart de criticité n'est pas en accord avec les mesures. Des mesures de taux de fission dans des flux de neutrons dont le spectre est connu indiquent également que la section de fission du 237Np pourrait être plus grande de 4 à 5% par rapport à ce qui était admis aujourd'hui. / The present knowledge of angular distributions of neutron-induced fission is limited to a maximal energy of 15 MeV, with large discrepancies around 14 MeV. Only 238U and 232Th have been investigated up to 100 MeV in a single experiment. The n_TOF Collaboration performed the fission cross section measurement of several actinides (232Th, 235U, 238U, 234U, 237Np) at the n_TOF facility using an experimental set-up made of Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPAC), extending the energy domain of the incident neutron above hundreds of MeV. The method based on the detection of the 2 fragments in coincidence allowed to clearly disentangle the fission reactions among other types of reactions occurring in the spallation domain. I will show the methods we used to reconstruct the full angular resolution by the tracking of fission fragments. Below 10 MeV our results are consistent with existing data. For example in the case of 232Th, below 10 MeV the results show clearly the variation occurring at the first (1 MeV) and second (7 MeV) chance fission, corresponding to transition states of given J and K (total spin and its projection on the fission axis), and a much more accurate energy dependence at the 3rd chance threshold (14 MeV) has been obtained. In the spallation domain, above 30 MeV we confirm the high anisotropy revealed in 232Th by the single existing data set. I'll discuss the implications of this finding, related to the low anisotropy exhibited in proton-induced fission. I also explore the critical experiments which is valuable checks of nuclear data. The 237Np neutron-induced fission cross section has recently been measured in a large energy range (from eV to GeV) at the n TOF facility at CERN. When compared to previous measurements, the n TOF fission cross section appears to be higher by 5-7 % beyond the fission threshold. To check the relevance of n TOF data, we simulate a criticality experiment performed at Los Alamos with a 6 kg sphere of 237Np. This sphere was surrounded by enriched uranium 235U so as to approach criticality with fast neutrons. The simulation predicts a multiplication factor keff in better agreement with the experiment (the deviation of 750 pcm is reduced to 250 pcm) when we replace the ENDF/B- VII.0 evaluation of the 237Np fission cross section by the n TOF data. We also explore the hypothesis of deficiencies of the inelastic cross section in 235U which has been invoked by some authors to explain the deviation of 750 pcm. The large distortion that should be applied to the inelastic cross sections in order to reconcile the critical experiment with its simulation is incompatible with existing measurements. Also we show that the nubar of 237Np can hardly be incriminated because of the high accuracy of the existing data. Fission rate ratios or averaged fission cross sections measured in several fast neutron fields seem to give contradictory results on the validation of the 237Np cross section but at least one of the benchmark experiments, where the active deposits have been well calibrated for the number of atoms, favors the n TOF data set. These outcomes support the hypothesis of a higher fission cross section of 237Np.

The betavoltaic battery is a type of micro nuclear battery that harvests beta emitting radioactive decay energy using semiconductors. The literature results suggest that a better model is needed to design a betavoltaic battery. This dissertation creates a comprehensive model that includes all of the important factors that impact betavoltaic battery output and efficiency. Recent advancements in micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) necessitate an onboard miniaturized power source. As these devices are highly functional, longevity of the power source is also preferred. Betavoltaic batteries are a very promising power source that can fulfill these requirements. They can be miniaturized to the size of a human hair. On the other hand, miniaturization of chemical batteries is restricted by low energy density. That is why betavoltaics are a viable option as a power source for sophisticated MEMS devices. They can also be used for implantable medical devices such as pacemakers; for remote applications such as spacecraft, undersea exploration, polar regions, mountains; military equipment; for sensor networks for environmental monitoring; and for sensors embedded in bridges due to their high energy density and long lifetime (up to 100 years). A betavoltaic battery simulation model was developed using Monte Carlo particle transport codes such as MCNP and PENELOPE whereas many researchers used simple empirical equations. These particle transport codes consider the comprehensive physics theory for electron transport in materials. They are used to estimate the energy deposition and the penetration depth of beta particles in the semiconductors. A full energy spectrum was used in the model to take into account the actual radioactive decay energy of the beta particles. These results were compared to the traditional betavoltaic battery design method of estimating energy deposition and penetration depth using monoenergetic beta average energy. Significant differences in results were observed that have a major impact on betavoltaic battery design. Furthermore, the angular distribution of the beta particles was incorporated in the model in order to take into account the effect of isotropic emission of beta decay. The backscattering of beta particles and loss of energy with angular dependence were analyzed. Then, the drift-diffusion semiconductor model was applied in order to estimate the power outputs for the battery, whereas many researchers used the simple collection probability model neglecting many design parameters. The results showed that an optimum junction depth can maximize the power output. The short circuit current and open circuit voltage of the battery varied with the semiconductor junction depth, angular distribution, and different activities. However, the analysis showed that the analytical results overpredicted the experimental results when self-absorption was not considered. Therefore, the percentage of self-absorption and the source thickness were estimated using a radioisotope source model. It was then validated with the thickness calculated from the specific activity of the radioisotope. As a result, the battery model was improved significantly. Furthermore, different tritiated metal sources were analyzed and the beta fluxes were compared. The optimum source thicknesses were designed to increase the source efficiencies. Both narrow and wide band gap semiconductors for beryllium tritide were analyzed. / PHD

Os núcleos, ímpar-ímpar ANTPOT. 132,134 La foram estudados através de técnicas de espectroscopia em linha de reações tipo (HI, xn). Foram usados feixes de ANTPOT. 10,11 B(40-48 MeV) e ANTPOT. 14 N (55 MeV) em alvos de ANTPOT. 128,128 Te e ANTPOT. 122 Sn no acelerador Pelletron. Foi observada uma banda rotacional, presumidamente sobre a configuração h IND. 11/2 e h IND. 11/2 em cada um dos isótopos, mostrando valores de \"signature splitting\" moderados. No ANTPOT. 132 La uma outra banda foi observada essencialmente sem \"signature splitting\". Os resultados são comparados com as previsões do \"Cranking Shell Model\" triaxial. A relação entre triaxialidade e \"signature splitting\" na região de transição A ~ 130 é discutida. / The odd-odd nuclei 132,134La were studied by means of in-beam -ray spectroscopy techniques, using (HI, xn) reactions with 10,11B (40-48 MeV), 14N (55 MeV) beams on 128,128Te and 122 Sn targets. A band, probably based on the h11/2 and h11/2 configuration, was observed in each La isotope showing moderate signature splitting. Another band was observed in 132La with essentially no signature splitting. The results are compared with the triaxial Cranking Shell Model predictions. The relation between triaxiality and signature splitting in the A ~ 130 transitional mass region is discussed.

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Os núcleos, ímpar-ímpar ANTPOT. 132,134 La foram estudados através de técnicas de espectroscopia em linha de reações tipo (HI, xn). Foram usados feixes de ANTPOT. 10,11 B(40-48 MeV) e ANTPOT. 14 N (55 MeV) em alvos de ANTPOT. 128,128 Te e ANTPOT. 122 Sn no acelerador Pelletron. Foi observada uma banda rotacional, presumidamente sobre a configuração h IND. 11/2 e h IND. 11/2 em cada um dos isótopos, mostrando valores de \"signature splitting\" moderados. No ANTPOT. 132 La uma outra banda foi observada essencialmente sem \"signature splitting\". Os resultados são comparados com as previsões do \"Cranking Shell Model\" triaxial. A relação entre triaxialidade e \"signature splitting\" na região de transição A ~ 130 é discutida. / The odd-odd nuclei 132,134La were studied by means of in-beam -ray spectroscopy techniques, using (HI, xn) reactions with 10,11B (40-48 MeV), 14N (55 MeV) beams on 128,128Te and 122 Sn targets. A band, probably based on the h11/2 and h11/2 configuration, was observed in each La isotope showing moderate signature splitting. Another band was observed in 132La with essentially no signature splitting. The results are compared with the triaxial Cranking Shell Model predictions. The relation between triaxiality and signature splitting in the A ~ 130 transitional mass region is discussed.

Le noyau est un objet quantique complexe formé de protons et neutrons. Dans l'approche champ moyen, les nucléons sont considérés comme des particules indépendantes évoluant dans un potentiel moyen. Cependant dans certaines conditions, des nucléons peuvent se regrouper pour former des amas ou « clusters ».Pour comprendre ce phénomène de « clusters » dans les noyaux, nous avons étudié la structure dans l'état fondamental du 40Ca et de l'40Ar. En effet, des calculs théoriques tendent à montrer que les noyaux N = Z pourraient plus facilement adopter une structure en « clusters » que les noyaux N ≠ Z en raison d'un plus grand recouvrement des fonctions d'onde des neutrons et protons. Dans ce cas, l'émission de particules α par les noyaux N = Z sous l'effet du potentiel nucléaire attractif d'un noyau projectile, appelée « Towing-Mode » sera plus important que pour un noyau N ≠ Z. Dans ce but, nous avons réalisé une expérience au GANIL utilisant un faisceau d'40Ar à 35 MeV/A et une cible de 40Ca. Le spectromètre SPEG a permis d'identifier avec une très bonne résolution les ions lourds produits durant la réaction. Les détecteurs silicium MUST2 furent placés tout autour de la cible pour mesurer les particules α émises par la cible et le projectile et le prototype de calorimètre EXL fut utilisé pour la détection des photons de décroissance des noyaux résiduels d'36Ar et de 36S.Un modèle théorique basé sur la résolution de l'équation de Schrödinger dépendante du temps (TDSE) a été utilisé pour reproduire certains résultats expérimentaux comme les distributions angulaires. L'analyse des données a permis de reconstruire des spectres d'énergies d'excitation et des sections efficaces différentielles. De la comparaison entre ces distributions expérimentales et celles calculées par le modèle théorique, nous avons pu extraire des facteurs spectroscopiques Sα pour les deux noyaux d'intérêt. Les taux de « clusterisation » observés pour ces deux noyaux semblent indiquer que la structure en « clusters » n'est pas plus favorisée dans le 40Ca que dans l'40Ar. / Nuclei are complex self-bound systems formed by nucleons. Conjointly to a mean-field picture in which nucleons can be regarded as independent particles, few nucleons might self-organize into compact objects, called clusters, inside the nucleus. It is theoretically predicted that it should manifest itself most strikingly for N = Z nuclei close to the emission thresholds and has been studied extensively in this region. We propose to study α-clusterization in the ground state of the N = Z 40Ca nucleus and the N ≠ Z 40Ar nucleus. We have studied the nuclear break-up of 40Ca when the 40Ar projectile passes by. If α clusters are preformed in 40Ca, the probability of α-emission through nuclear break-up will be enhanced as compared to 40Ar N ≠ Z nuclei. The nuclear break-up of 40Ca was studied with an 40Ar beam produced at GANIL at 35 MeV/A. The SPEG spectrometer was used to detect the heavy projectile with accurate resolution. The MUST2 Silicon detectors were placed around the target to measure the emitted α and the EXL calorimeter prototype was used to identify the γ rays from the decay of the residual 36Ar and 36S.A theoretical approach based on Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation (TDSE) theory has been used to reproduce some experimental results like angular distributions.From the data analysis, we reconstructed excitation energy spectra and angular distributions which are compared to TDSE theory to extract some spectroscopic factors Sα. These factors show that there is no more clusterization state in the ground state of the 40Ca than in the ground state of 40Ar.

Com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento da estrutura dos núcleos duplamente ímpares da região de massa A = 130- 140, foram medidos os estados de spin elevado do ANTIPOT. 138 Pr, que se aproxima da camada fechada N = 82, através de técnicas de espectroscopia y em linha utilizando a reação ANTPOT. 128 Te (ANTIPOT. 14 N,4ny). Pela primeira vez, três bandas rotacionais foram observadas neste núcleo. Uma análise teórica da sistemática desta região foi feita com base nos modelos de \"Cranking Shell Model\" e \"Projected Shell Model\". De um modo geral, uma boa concordância foi obtida entre os resultados experimentais e teóricos. O primeiro modelo indica a coexistência de formas no ANTIPOT. 138 Pr (N=79}, enquanto o segundo sugere forma unicamente oblata. Por outro lado, os dois modelos prevêm uma transição de forma de prolato (N = 73) para oblato (N = 79) passando por uma região de triaxialidade em torno de N = 77. / With the view of extending the systematics of the odd-odd, A = 130 - 140 mass region nuclei towards the N =82 closed shell, high spin states in 138Pr nucleus have been investigated with the 128 Te(l4N,4n7) reaction, using on-line 7-ray spectroscopy techniques. For the first time three rotational bands were observed in this nucleus. A theoretical analysis of the mass region A = 130 - 140 was carried out with the Cranking Shell Model and the Projected Shell Model. Generally speaking, a good agreement was obtained between the experimental and the theoretical results. The first model indicates a shape coexistence in the 138 Pr (N =79) nucleus, while the second one shows an oblate shape. On the other hand, both models suggest a shape transition from prolate (N=73) to oblate (N=79) passing through a triaxial region around N=77.

Com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento da estrutura dos núcleos duplamente ímpares da região de massa A = 130- 140, foram medidos os estados de spin elevado do ANTIPOT. 138 Pr, que se aproxima da camada fechada N = 82, através de técnicas de espectroscopia y em linha utilizando a reação ANTPOT. 128 Te (ANTIPOT. 14 N,4ny). Pela primeira vez, três bandas rotacionais foram observadas neste núcleo. Uma análise teórica da sistemática desta região foi feita com base nos modelos de \"Cranking Shell Model\" e \"Projected Shell Model\". De um modo geral, uma boa concordância foi obtida entre os resultados experimentais e teóricos. O primeiro modelo indica a coexistência de formas no ANTIPOT. 138 Pr (N=79}, enquanto o segundo sugere forma unicamente oblata. Por outro lado, os dois modelos prevêm uma transição de forma de prolato (N = 73) para oblato (N = 79) passando por uma região de triaxialidade em torno de N = 77. / With the view of extending the systematics of the odd-odd, A = 130 - 140 mass region nuclei towards the N =82 closed shell, high spin states in 138Pr nucleus have been investigated with the 128 Te(l4N,4n7) reaction, using on-line 7-ray spectroscopy techniques. For the first time three rotational bands were observed in this nucleus. A theoretical analysis of the mass region A = 130 - 140 was carried out with the Cranking Shell Model and the Projected Shell Model. Generally speaking, a good agreement was obtained between the experimental and the theoretical results. The first model indicates a shape coexistence in the 138 Pr (N =79) nucleus, while the second one shows an oblate shape. On the other hand, both models suggest a shape transition from prolate (N=73) to oblate (N=79) passing through a triaxial region around N=77.