Laboratory incubation was conducted for 120 days to study the fate of phosphorus in poultry (PM), cattle (CM) and goat manures (GM). Phosphorus mineralized from manure was dependent on total P, Al and Fe content. Manures improved P availability in the order: PM > CM > GM; however, the highest amount of P was fixed or immobilized between 10 and 70 days of incubating with CM and GM. Fixation and immobilization of mineralized P from poultry manure was negligible probably due to the high total P and the low amount of Al and Fe. Generally, manure application reduced the ability of the soil to fix P. More than 90% of the manure P was either immobilized or fixed by the soil. The relationship between the amount of P released and time was cubic. Improvement of the C:P ratio of CM and GM would be an option to enhance their agronomic use as fertilizer P source.

This study was conducted to measure the reduction in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in oil sludge by co-composting the sludge with pig, cow, horse and poultry manures under laboratory conditions. Four kilograms of soil spiked with 800g of oil sludge was co-composted differently with each manure in a ratio of 2:1 (w/w) spiked soil: manure and wood-chips in a ratio of 2:1 (w/v) spiked soil: wood-chips. Control was set up similar as the one above but without manure. Mixtures were incubated for 10 months at room temperature. Compost piles were turned weekly and moisture level was maintained at between 50% and 70%. Moisture level, pH, temperature, CO2 evolution and oxygen consumption were measured monthly and the ash content at the end of experimentation. Bacteria capable of utilizing PAHs were isolated, purified and characterized by molecular techniques using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), amplification of the 16S rDNA gene using the specific primers (16S-P1 PCR and 16S-P2 PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced. Extent of reduction of PAHs was measured using automated soxhlet extractor with Dichloromethane as the extraction solvent coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Temperature did not exceed 27.5OC in all compost heaps, pH ranged from 5.5 to 7.8 and CO2 evolution was highest in poultry manure at 18.78μg/dwt/day. Microbial growth and activities were enhanced. Bacteria identified were Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Staphylococcus species. Results from PAH measurements showed reduction between 77 and 99%. The results from the control experiments may be because it was invaded by fungi. Co-composting of spiked soils with animal manures enhanced the reduction in PAHs. Interestingly, all bacteria isolated and identified in this study were present in all treatments, including the control. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T15:50:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGMS13DA014.pdf: 1591213 bytes, checksum: 9756da1f65906bd483f89f29dd67849b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Swine and poultry production consists one of the main activities with economic and social importance in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. The intensive animal production systems produce large quantities of manure requiring a proper disposal. The impact of these materials in the soil depends on the conditions of use and the amounts added. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of swine manure and poultry litter on the total organic carbon contents, its distribution in aggregate and granulometric size fractions and changes in physical properties and water storage on Rhodic Kandiudox, in Concordia, SC. The areas analyzed had different uses and times of application of swine manure and poultry litter, namely: maize for silage (M7 years), maize for silage (M20 years); ryegrass (P3 years); ryegrass ( P15 years); perennial pasture (PP20 years); mate (EM20 years); native forest (NF) and native pasture with no manure application (P0 years). Soil samples were collected at 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm, were evaluated for total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), organic carbon associated to minerals (OCam), organic carbon contained in aggregates size fractions (C-aggregates). In the layer 0-5 cm humic substances were analyzed. The soil physical properties evaluated were bulk density, total porosity, macro and microporosity, aggregate stability, degree of flocculation, penetration resistance and water storage through curves of water retention. We carried out the Proctor test to determine maximum compaction. Values of TOC and POC were higher in native forest in the mean of the three layers. The largest stock of TOC was observed in P3 compared with other areas receiving animal manures, in the sum of three layers. The highest OCam values were observed in MN and P3, which differed from other areas. NM had the highest levels of C-aggregate of all treatments in all three classes of aggregates evaluated and M7 had the lowest levels. The application of animal manure did not increase levels of soil organic carbon. The use of animal manures and different use systems adopted reduced degree of flocculation of the clays and low macroporosity was observed in some of the evaluated areas. Nevertheless, we observed good physical condition related to soil structure, such as bulk density and penetration resistance. The soil use changed water retention curves in relation to MN. Areas with application of manure had higher water retention that MN, considering tensions between field capacity and wilting point. The amount of available water was lower than the ideal required by crops / Suinocultura e avicultura representam para Santa Catarina uma das principais atividades de importância econômica e social. Os sistemas intensivos originam grandes quantidades de estercos. O impacto no uso desses materiais no solo depende das condições de uso e das quantidades adicionadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de estercos de suínos e cama de aves no conteúdo de carbono orgânico total, sua distribuição nas frações granulométricas e em classes de agregados e nos atributos físicos e armazenamento de água de um Nitossolo Vermelho Eutrófico, em Concórdia, SC. As áreas analisadas abrangeram diferentes usos e tempos de aplicação de estercos de suínos e cama de aves, a saber: milho para silagem (M7 anos); milho para silagem (M20 anos); pastagem de azevém (P3 anos); pastagem de azevém (P15 anos); pastagem permanente (PP20 anos); erva mate (EM20 anos); mata nativa (MN) e pastagem nativa sem aplicação de estercos (P0 anos). As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas 0-5; 5-10 e 10-20 cm, sendo avaliados os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT), carbono orgânico particulado (COP), carbono orgânico associado aos minerais (COam) e carbono orgânico contido nos agregados (C-agregados). Na camada 0-5 cm foram analisadas as substâncias húmicas. Dentre os atributos físicos avaliou-se densidade, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, agregação, grau de floculação, resistência à penetração e armazenamento de água através das curvas características de retenção de água no solo. Realizou-se o ensaio de Proctor para determinar valores de densidade máxima de compactação. Os estoques de COT e COP foram maiores na área de mata nativa na média das três camadas. O estoque de COT foi maior em P3 em relação as demais áreas que receberam estercos de animais, na soma das três camadas. Os maiores valores de COam foram observados na MN e P3, que diferiram das demais áreas. A MN teve os maiores teores de C-agregados de todos os tratamentos nas três classes de agregados avaliados e M7 teve os menores teores. As áreas com aplicação de estercos não evidenciaram aumento nos teores de CO do solo. As áreas com uso de estercos e diferentes sistemas de uso tiveram menor grau de floculação das argilas e foi observada baixa macroporosidade em algumas áreas avaliadas. Apesar disso, observaram-se condições físicas satisfatórias ligadas à estrutura do solo, como densidade do solo e resistência à penetração. O uso do solo alterou as curvas de retenção de água do solo em relação a MN. As áreas com aplicação de estercos tiveram maior retenção de água que MN nas tensões entre capacidade de campo e ponto de murcha permanente. A quantidade de água disponível ficou abaixo do ideal requerido pelas culturas

This study was conducted to measure the reduction in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in oil sludge by co-composting the sludge with pig, cow, horse and poultry manures under laboratory conditions. Four kilograms of soil spiked with 800g of oil sludge was co-composted differently with each manure in a ratio of 2:1 (w/w) spiked soil: manure and wood-chips in a ratio of 2:1 (w/v) spiked soil: wood-chips. Control was set up similar as the one above but without manure. Mixtures were incubated for 10 months at room temperature. Compost piles were turned weekly and moisture level was maintained at between 50% and 70%. Moisture level, pH, temperature, CO2 evolution and oxygen consumption were measured monthly and the ash content at the end of experimentation. Bacteria capable of utilizing PAHs were isolated, purified and characterized by molecular techniques using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), amplification of the 16S rDNA gene using the specific primers (16S-P1 PCR and 16S-P2 PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced. Extent of reduction of PAHs was measured using automated soxhlet extractor with Dichloromethane as the extraction solvent coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Temperature did not exceed 27.5OC in all compost heaps, pH ranged from 5.5 to 7.8 and CO2 evolution was highest in poultry manure at 18.78μg/dwt/day. Microbial growth and activities were enhanced. Bacteria identified were Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Staphylococcus species. Results from PAH measurements showed reduction between 77 and 99%. The results from the control experiments may be because it was invaded by fungi. Co-composting of spiked soils with animal manures enhanced the reduction in PAHs. Interestingly, all bacteria isolated and identified in this study were present in all treatments, including the control. / Environmental Sciences / M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences)