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Arborescent polymers are characterized by a tree-like architecture and a high branching functionality. This type of polymer can be synthesized by different techniques, but the ‘grafting onto’ method is attractive because it provides good control over the molecular weight of the graft polymer and the side-chains used as building blocks. This method was applied to the synthesis of arborescent polybutadiene, using cycles of epoxidation and anionic grafting reactions. The research focused on optimization of the grafting yield for the synthesis of the G0 polymers, obtained by grafting side-chains onto a linear epoxidized substrate, with the ultimate goal of synthesizing successive generations of graft polymers using these optimized conditions. Two additives potentially useful as reactivity modifiers, N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and lithium bromide (LiBr), were investigated to increase the grafting yield. The influence of solvent polarity was also examined, and the reaction time was varied from one day to one week while monitoring the grafting yield. Optimal results (with grafting yields reaching up to 85% in one week) were obtained in cyclohexane-tetrahydrofuran mixtures, in the presence of LiBr, with only small (2-3%) yield increases observed after 24 h of reaction. These optimal conditions, when applied to the synthesis of G1 and G2 polymers, led to grafting yields of 78-80% when using a 1:1 ratio of epoxide groups to living ends. The influence of excess substrate was also examined individually for each generation, and likewise led to small (2-4%) increases in grafting yield. The results obtained showed that the grafting reaction was successful on the basis of 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography analysis, and was sensitive to parameters such as the substitution level of the epoxidized substrate, the solvent composition, and the presence of additives.

Arborescent polymers are characterized by a tree-like architecture and a high branching functionality. This type of polymer can be synthesized by different techniques, but the ‘grafting onto’ method is attractive because it provides good control over the molecular weight of the graft polymer and the side-chains used as building blocks. This method was applied to the synthesis of arborescent polybutadiene, using cycles of epoxidation and anionic grafting reactions. The research focused on optimization of the grafting yield for the synthesis of the G0 polymers, obtained by grafting side-chains onto a linear epoxidized substrate, with the ultimate goal of synthesizing successive generations of graft polymers using these optimized conditions. Two additives potentially useful as reactivity modifiers, N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and lithium bromide (LiBr), were investigated to increase the grafting yield. The influence of solvent polarity was also examined, and the reaction time was varied from one day to one week while monitoring the grafting yield. Optimal results (with grafting yields reaching up to 85% in one week) were obtained in cyclohexane-tetrahydrofuran mixtures, in the presence of LiBr, with only small (2-3%) yield increases observed after 24 h of reaction. These optimal conditions, when applied to the synthesis of G1 and G2 polymers, led to grafting yields of 78-80% when using a 1:1 ratio of epoxide groups to living ends. The influence of excess substrate was also examined individually for each generation, and likewise led to small (2-4%) increases in grafting yield. The results obtained showed that the grafting reaction was successful on the basis of 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography analysis, and was sensitive to parameters such as the substitution level of the epoxidized substrate, the solvent composition, and the presence of additives.

Polylactides (PLA) are thermoplastic materials known for their biodegradability and biocompatibility, and therefore mostly utilized in biomedical applications. PLA-containing block copolymers further expand their application to include commodity materials and even advanced nanoporous materials. This research part of the thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of PLA-containing block copolymers, as well as their corresponding stereocomplexes formed by mixing block copolymers containing PLLA and PDLA segments. This work is divided into three parts. First, by using “living” anionic polymerization of styrene (St) and 2-vinylpyridine (2VP) followed by subsequent ethylene-oxide (EO) termination, well-defined hydroxyl-terminated polystyrene (PS) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) were synthesized. The resulting homopolymers were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The molecular weights were determined by SEC to be 6,200 and 5,500 g.mol-1 for PS and P2VP, respectively. In the second part, the two homopolymers, PS-OH and P2VP-OH were used as the macroinitiators for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of D- and L-lactides (D/L-LA) to obtain PS-b-PDLA and P2VP-b-PLLA, respectively. The targeted molecular weights of PLA blocks were varied to be 5,000, 7,000, and 10,000 g.mol-1 In the final part, quantitative stereocomplex formation was achieved by mixing PS-b-PDLA and P2VP-b-PLLA having equimolar PLAs segments. The physical and chemical properties of the diblockcopolymers and their corresponding stereocomplex, as well as the influence of varying the molecular weights of PLA blocks, were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.

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O σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής ήταν η σύνθεση νέων αστεροειδών τριπολυμερών, τύπου An(B-C)n διαφόρων μοριακών δομών, με την τεχνική του «ζωντανού» ανιονικού πολυμερισμού. Αναπτύχθηκε μια μεθοδολογία τεσσάρων διαδοχικών σταδίων σε αντίδραση διαλείποντος έργου η οποία δίνει προϊόντα καθορισμένης μοριακής αρχιτεκτονικής. Η μέθοδος αυτή είναι επέκταση της μεθόδου in-out που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την σύνθεση ετεροκλαδικών συμπολυμερών αστεροειδών τύπου ΑnBn. Τα νέα αστεροειδή τριπολυμερή Αn(B-C)n αποτελούνται από ένα πυρήνα διασταυρομένων μονομερών από τον οποίο εξέρχονται δύο ειδών κλάδοι θεωρητικά ίσου αριθμού, ήτοι κλάδοι ομοπολυμερούς Α και κλάδοι δι-συσταδικού συμπολυμερούς (B-C). Για το σκοπό αυτό χρησιμοποιήθηκε μια ποικιλία μονομερών και παραγόντων συνένωσης προκειμένου να επιτύχουμε το επιθυμητό αποτέλεσμα. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν διφορετικοί πυρήνες των αστεροειδών τόσο στη φύση (διβίνυλοβενζόλιο, διμεθακρυλικός αιθυλενο-γλυκολεστέρας) όσο και στις διαστάσεις (μίγμα διβίνυλοβενζολίου/στυρενίου) προκειμένου να μελετηθεί η επίδραση που φέρουν. Η μεθοδολογία που χρησιμοποιήθηκε δίνει τη δυνατότητα του σταδιακού χαρακτηρισμού των προϊόντων ο οποίος ήταν ουσιώδης για τον τελικό χαρακτηρισμό των τριπολυμερών. Για το μοριακό χαρακτηρισμό πρόδρομων και τελικών πολυμερών χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι τεχνικές της χρωματογραφίας αποκλεισμού μεγεθών, της στατικής σκέδασης φωτός και η φασματοσκοπία του πυρηνικού μαγνητικού συντονισμού (1H-NMR). Επιπλέον για λόγους σύγκρισης ιδιοτήτων μεταξύ γραμμικών και αστεροειδών, συντέθηκαν γραμμικά ABC τριπολυμερή χρησιμοποιώντας την μέθοδο της διαδοχικής προσθήκης. Τα τελικά πολυμερή καθαρίστηκαν από τυχόν προσμίξεις με την τεχνική της soxhlet και χρησιμοποιώντας ως διαλύτη κυκλοεξάνιο. Μελετήθηκαν οι μηχανικές ιδιότητες των ετεροκλαδικών αστεροειδών συμπολυμερών σε σύγκριση με τα αντίστοιχα γραμμικά τριπολυμερή, με σκοπό να διερευνηθεί η επίδραση της αρχιτεκτονικής στις ιδιότητες αυτές. Επιπλέον εξετάσθηκε και ο μικροφασικός διαχωρισμός τόσο των γραμμικών όσο και των αστεροειδών τριπολυμερών και ο ρόλος που παίζουν η αρχιτεκτονική και τα μοριακά χαρακτηριστικά των πολυμερών. Η πραγματοποίηση πειραμάτων δυναμικής μηχανικής ανάλυσης καθώς και διαφορικής θερμιδομετρίας σάρωσης σε αστεροειδή πολυμερή πολύστυρενίου, πολύ(μεθακρυλικού εξυλεστέρα) και πολύ(μεθακρυλικού μεθυλεστέρα) και στα αντίστοιχα γραμμικά τους πολυμερή οδήγησαν σε ενδιαφέρον συμπεράσματα. Έγινε σαφές πως η δομή και το μοριακό βάρος επηρεάζουν τις ιδιότητες των πολυμερών. / The subject of this research was the synthesis of star-shaped terpolymers An(B-C)n, using the anionic living polymerization. A 4-step methodology in patch reaction was developed which gives polymers of specific molecular structure. This method is expansion of the in-out method which is used to synthesize heteroarm-star copolymers AnBn. The new star terpolymers consist of a core from cross-linked monomers from which derive two kind of branches theoretically equal in number. One is branches of homopolymer A and the other is branches of diblock copolymer (B-C). For this aim a variety of monomers and cross-linking agents was used. Different cores were made on the nature (DVB,EGDMA) and the size (DVB/St) in order to investigate their effect. Through the synthetic methodology we were able to molecular characterize each step which was vital for the final polymer. The polymers were well characterized through specific techniques. In order to measure the molar mass (Mw and Mn) and the polydispersity, I (Mw/Mn), we used Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) technique. The number of the branches was calculated by the Static Light Scattering (SLS) technique. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1 H-NMR) was used to calculate the percentage of each homopolymer to the terpolymer. Moreover in order to compare the properties of star and linear terpolymers, ABC linear terpolymers were synthesized by sequential addition. The final polymers were purified through the soxhlet technique with cycloexane. The properties of heteroarm star-like terpolymers were studied comparing with that of the corresponding linear terpolymers (the block and arm lengths were equal) in order to understand the effect of the macromolecular architecture on these properties. Moreover the microphase separation was examined in order to study the effect of the architecture and the molecular characteristics on the terpolymers. The Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) experiments on linear and star terpolymers with polystyrene (PS), poly(hexylmethacrylate) (PHMA) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) result in interesting conclusions. These conclusions gave us a clear proof that the molecular characteristics and the architecture of the polymers infect their properties.

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