Making CZTSe thin film of sputtering and Selenization.Sputtering Zn¡BSn precursor layers on Soda-lime glass¡Aand using evaporating to stack Cu layer.Let it annearing under Selenium atmosphere for less then one hour. We are looking forward a profit annealing process to grow CZTSe thin film.By changing temperature of Substrate¡Bannealing time and heating rate of Substrate. Using XRD and Raman to analysis composition and crystal structure. The morphology from SEM images.Taking analysis on optical and electronic property of the thin film.

In this study, the effect of synthesis conditions and annealing process on the sensitivity and stability of gas sensors made of flame-synthesized Zn-doped γ-Fe2O3 particles was investigated. Zn-doped γ-Fe2O3 particles were synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis using either H2/Air or H2/O2 coflow diffusion flames. The particles were then annealed at 325~350˚C in a tube furnace under air atmosphere. Both as-synthesized and annealed particles were used as gas sensing materials to construct gas sensors. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurement (BET), Williamson and Hall (WH) method were employed to characterize the particles. Gas sensors were fabricated by applying the as-synthesized and annealed particles on interdigitated electrodes. The response of the gas sensor to acetone vapor, H2 in dry synthetic air was measured before and after three days of aging. High-temperature flame (H2/O2) generated nanometer-sized particles; lower temperature flame (H2/Air) generated micrometer-sized particles. Fe2O3 particles doped with 15% Zn showed the highest sensitivity. The sensors made from as-synthesized particles showed a gas sensing sensitivity that was 20 times higher than the literature value. The sensors made of microparticles lost their sensing ability after three days of aging, but sensors made of nanoparticles did not show significant change after aging. Sensors made of annealed particles (either micro or nano) did not have significant gas sensing ability, but annealing process improved the stability of gas sensors. Analysis using the WH method showed that the microstrains decreased significantly in both H2/O2 and H2/Air flame particles after annealing. The results showed that sensors made of nanoparticles have higher gas sensing signal, and more resistant toward aging than sensors made of microparticles. In addition, annealing process affected on the stability favorably due to reduction of structural defects.

The area of advanced gate dielectrics has gained considerable attention recently because semiconductor technology roadmaps predict for less than 2 nm equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) for next 10 years, and there are significant leakage current and reliability concerns for oxy-nitride in this regime. So it¡¦s an important business to use alternate high-k dielectrics instead of oxy-nitride. Titanium silicon oxide shows a low leakage current with a high dielectric constant for dielectric applications. Besides, barium doping can create additional oxygen vacancies that can enhance dielectric constant. In this study, we prepared barium doped titanium silicon by liquid phase deposition which is a novel material considered to have intermediate properties of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. From several characteristic measurements, we found that barium doped titanium silicon oxide with exhibiting higher dielectric constant, low leakage current and well interface state which is very promising candidates to instead of titanium silicon oxide. The physical and chemical properties of barium doped titanium silicon oxide films by means of several measuring instruments, including Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), secondary ion spectrometer (SIMS), and X-Ray diffractometer (XRD). An Al / Ba doped titanium silicon oxide / Si metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor structure was used for the electrical measurements. The static dielectric constant of the O2-annealed barium doped titanium silicon oxide film can reach about 22.3. In addition, it has well leakage current density of 2.6 ¡Ñ 10-6 A/cm2 at 5 MV/cm with the equivalent oxide thickness 1.27 nm (optical thickness of 7.3 nm). It has high potential for dielectric applications.

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The numbers of atoms in a protein molecule are large, from 103 to 104. If we try to solve the positions of all atoms in a protein molecule, we usually can¡¦t get the result due to tremendous degrees of freedom. Here, we use the uniform cylinders to replace the helixes found in most protein molecules, and reduce the degrees of freedom dramatically. We also adapt Su¡¦s method to avoid the ¡§X-ray phase problem¡¨. In this thesis, we simulate the small angle X-ray diffraction data of atoms which uniformly confined in cylinders, and then using trying cylinders to simulate the real cylinders. Our study shows that we can find the cylinders¡¦ positions quite successfully and efficiently. Our approach provides a promising way to find out the helix structure of proteins.

Abstract In radiation therapy, the beam angles and weightings are usually determined by a treatment planning planner. A uniform dose distribution depends on optimal radiation incident beam angle and individual beam weighting. In this study, simulated annealing with wavelet theory is adopted for solving the optimal beams¡¦ angles and weightings to accomplish a uniform dose distribution inside tumor lesion. Our method can increase the efficiency in solving the optimal angles and weightings in the process of simulated annealing.

Building a rule-based classification system for a training data set is an important research topic in the area of data mining, knowledge discovery and expert systems. Recently, the GA-based fuzzy approach is shown to be an effective way to design an efficient evolutionary fuzzy system. In this thesis a three layers genetic algorithm with Simulated Annealing for selecting a small number of fuzzy if-then rules to building a compact fuzzy classification system will be proposed. The rule selection problem with three objectives: (1) maximize the number of correctly classified patterns, (2) minimize the number of fuzzy if-then rules, and (3) minimize the number of required features. Genetic algorithms are applied to solve this problem. A set of fuzzy if-then rules is coded into a binary string and treated as an in-dividual in genetic algorithms. The fitness of each individual is specified by three ob-jectives in the combinatorial optimization problem. Simulated annealing (SA) is op-tionally cooperated with three layers genetic algorithm to effectively select some layer control genes. The performance of the proposed method for training data and test data is ex-amined by computer simulations on the iris data set and spiral data set, and comparing the performance with the existing approaches. It is shown empirically that the pro-posed method outperforms the existing methods in the design of optimal fuzzy sys-tems.

With increasing integration density of very large scale integrated (VLSI) devices, multilevel metallization technology is becoming more important than it used to be. In advanced logic devices, the interlayer dielectrics have increased to four or five layers. Silicon oxide films are used as interlayer film. One candidate for making interlayer film with a low dielectric constant is F-doped Silicon oxide (SiOF). Such films have a low dielectric constant and that moisture absorption is the main drawback in using this material. For this reason, we intend to dehydrate the SiOF films by thermal annealing treatment. It could improve the electrical properties of oxide films and obtain a reliable film with lower dielectric constant. This is our purpose in this paper to explore the electrical and chemical properties of LPD-SiOF films with annealing treatment. The chemical and electrical properties can be controlled well within 250 ~ 450 ¢J annealing treatment. The LPD-SiOF film deposited at 40 ¢J with 0.8 M NH4OH incorporation and 350 ¢J annealing treatment obtain the best electrical results. The dielectric constant can drop to about 3.2, and the leakage current density can be improved to about 1¡Ñ10-7 A/cm2 under 1.5 MV/cm. Results of this study demonstrate that the SiOF films prepared by LPD with NH4OH incorporation followed by annealing treatment is suitable for IMD application.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 133 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-94).

Modern day wireless communication systems are constantly facing increasing bandwidth demands due to a growing consumer base. To cope up with it, they are required to have a better power vs performance from the RF devices. The amount of data being exchanged over wireless links has tremendously increased and simultaneously, there is a need to switch to portable RF devices and this has in turn forced the issue of low-power RF system design. Therefore, what we need is an RF transceiver that operates at high data rates and over adverse channels with a low power consumption. A major portion of the power is utilized by the RF front end of the wireless system. Many methods like controlled positive feedback, re-utilizing bias current, etc have been employed to reduce the power consumption of the RF front end. The most modern wireless systems adapt to the channel quality by adjusting the data transmission rates and by adjusting the output power of the RF Power Amplifier. However, each of these methods concentrates on working for the worst case channel and giving the highest data rate. What needs to be known is that the channel conditions are not always worst. Even for a normal channel, the system is going to utilize a lot of power and give the highest possible data rate which may or may not be necessary. And thus, for the most part, the system is going to use up more power than necessary. What we need instead, is a system which works nominally for a normal channel and exhaustively for a harsh channel condition. This requires the system to adapt to the channel conditions. Also another major factor causing fluctuations in the performance is the process variations. This calls for a channel-dependent dynamic transceiver with adequate power management and tuning. In our work, we try to devise a method to dynamically minimize the power considering the varying channel conditions and process variations. We first use companding to reduce the dynamic range of the signal so that it can be used on facilities with smaller dynamic range. This brings down the transmitted power. We also create multiple instances of the Power Amplifier to simulate process variations. After finding the optimum tuning knob settings for one instance of the PA, we try to use it to obtain the optimum settings for another instance. This requires the use of some heuristics and in our work, we have supplemented it with Simulated Annealing. Using SA, we can dynamically tune the power of a system for changing channel conditions and existing process variations. Towards the end, we have also proved that the slower the cooling rate of the experiment, the more elaborate the search space is and the more accurate the result is.