Includes Organisational Culture Inventory (OCI) and 6 item subscales adapted from the OCI as appendices. Bibliography: leaves 240-255. Investigates the culture of isolated Australian Antarctic stations using qualitative and quantitative research methods. The research also investigated the assessment of person-culture fit within the context of Antarctic station life and culture. Five studies were undertaken on returned Australian Antarctic expeditioners and the results reflect a historical overview of Antarctic station culture from 1950 to 1999.

The relatively understudied intermediate waters of the world have been implicated as an important part of the global ocean circulation. This thesis discusses the intermediate waters of the Pacific over space and time. Initially, by using geochemical tracers to look at the present distribution, sources and mixing of the water masses. Secondly, by using oxygen and carbon isotopes from sediment cores to study changes in Antarctic Intermediate Waters (AAIW) over the late Quaternary in the north Tasman Sea. The sediment cores also provide sedimentological data on the hemipelagic sedimentation in the Capricorn Channel in the southern Great Barrier Reef as well information on changes in the East Australian surface current (EAC) over the last glacial-interglacial transition. [A more extended Abstract can be found in the files]

Includes Organisational Culture Inventory (OCI) and 6 item subscales adapted from the OCI as appendices. / Bibliography: leaves 240-255. / xv, 255 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Investigates the culture of isolated Australian Antarctic stations using qualitative and quantitative research methods. The research also investigated the assessment of person-culture fit within the context of Antarctic station life and culture. Five studies were undertaken on returned Australian Antarctic expeditioners and the results reflect a historical overview of Antarctic station culture from 1950 to 1999. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Psychology, 2002

Proteins are a highly diversified group of molecules, andfor their study, advanced analytical tools are required. Inparticular, a need for high-throughput techniques has emergedin order to enable the characterization of large sets ofproteins. In this thesis, improved techniques for proteinseparations as well as new tools for the mass spectrometricanalysis of proteins are described. In the work, presented in the first part of the thesis, arefined extract containing proteases from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) was separated and characterized bymeans of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and mass spectrometry(MS). Tailored CE separations of the krill extract revealed thepresence of approximately 50 components. In addition, adetailed CE and MS analysis of fractions, containing individualkrill proteases has been carried out. Trypsin-like proteasesfrom krill exhibited a 12-fold and a 60-fold higher digestionefficiency at 37 °C and 2 °C respectively compared todigests performed with bovine trypsin. Furthermore, thecleavage specificity of the trypsin-like proteases wasstudied. In the last part of the thesis, novel concepts forchip-based nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) and matrix-assisted laserdesorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry are described.First, a micromachined silicon chip with a two-dimensionalmatrix of out-ofplane nanoESI needles for high-throughputanalysis was fabricated. A two-fold improvement insignal-to-noise reproducibility was obtained. Second, achip-based target for MALDI was developed, which featured pairsof elevated 50×50 µm anchors in close proximity. Theanchors were individually addressable with sample solution. Theminiaturized sample preparations at close distance to eachother allowed a simultaneous ionization of a physicallyseparated sample and standard by one single laser pulse. Thisresulted in a twofold reduction of relative mass errors.Moreover, ion suppression of the analyte was significantlyreduced. The effective utilization of the sample resulted in adetection limit of ca 200 zeptomole of angiotensin I. Key words:Proteins, peptides, proteases, Antarctickrill,Euphausia superba, capillary electrophoresis,fluorosurfactants, mass spectrometry, nanoelectrospray, ESI,MALDI, chip, high-throughput, reproducibility, sensitivity andmass accuracy.

<p>Proteins are a highly diversified group of molecules, andfor their study, advanced analytical tools are required. Inparticular, a need for high-throughput techniques has emergedin order to enable the characterization of large sets ofproteins. In this thesis, improved techniques for proteinseparations as well as new tools for the mass spectrometricanalysis of proteins are described.</p><p>In the work, presented in the first part of the thesis, arefined extract containing proteases from Antarctic krill (<i>Euphausia superba</i>) was separated and characterized bymeans of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and mass spectrometry(MS). Tailored CE separations of the krill extract revealed thepresence of approximately 50 components. In addition, adetailed CE and MS analysis of fractions, containing individualkrill proteases has been carried out. Trypsin-like proteasesfrom krill exhibited a 12-fold and a 60-fold higher digestionefficiency at 37 °C and 2 °C respectively compared todigests performed with bovine trypsin. Furthermore, thecleavage specificity of the trypsin-like proteases wasstudied.</p><p>In the last part of the thesis, novel concepts forchip-based nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) and matrix-assisted laserdesorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry are described.First, a micromachined silicon chip with a two-dimensionalmatrix of out-ofplane nanoESI needles for high-throughputanalysis was fabricated. A two-fold improvement insignal-to-noise reproducibility was obtained. Second, achip-based target for MALDI was developed, which featured pairsof elevated 50×50 µm anchors in close proximity. Theanchors were individually addressable with sample solution. Theminiaturized sample preparations at close distance to eachother allowed a simultaneous ionization of a physicallyseparated sample and standard by one single laser pulse. Thisresulted in a twofold reduction of relative mass errors.Moreover, ion suppression of the analyte was significantlyreduced. The effective utilization of the sample resulted in adetection limit of ca 200 zeptomole of angiotensin I.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Proteins, peptides, proteases, Antarctickrill,<i>Euphausia superba</i>, capillary electrophoresis,fluorosurfactants, mass spectrometry, nanoelectrospray, ESI,MALDI, chip, high-throughput, reproducibility, sensitivity andmass accuracy.</p>

This dissertation investigates the causes, development, and the partial resolution of the Antarctic sovereignty dispute that took place between Britain, Argentina, and Chile between 1939 and 1959. It has two interconnected arguments. The first argument is that the dispute had its roots in a clash between British imperialism and South American nationalism, and, as a consequence, ought to be seen as part of the wider history of European decolonization in the years during and after the Second World War. The second argument is that the history of the sovereignty dispute offers an excellent opportunity for "doing environmental history" due to the relative simplicity of human-nature-culture interactions in Antarctica. By putting these two arguments together, it becomes possible to write an "environmental history of decolonization." Within the context of the sovereignty dispute, this dissertation asks the question: what happened to British imperial claims to "dominion over nature" during the decolonization of the British Empire in the mid-twentieth century? Over the course of the sovereignty dispute, Argentina and Chile sought to challenge Britain's claims to "environmental authority" in Antarctica with their own "environmental nationalism." Rather than conceding to the South American challenge, Britain initially responded by redoubling its efforts to maintain Antarctic sovereignty. However, as the three countries learned more about the reality of the Antarctic environment, their political perceptions of the region changed. The British, in particular, became less attached to exclusive sovereignty and successfully negotiated a limited international regime that would retain their political influence without the need for formal control. The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 brought a partial end to the sovereignty dispute by "freezing" all sovereignty claims for its duration. / text

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Die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten Genomanalysen erweitern das Wissen um das genomische Potential der Roseobacter-Gruppe und zeigen mögliche Adaptionen an ökologische Nischen innerhalb mariner Lebensräume auf. In den polaren Meereisorganismen Octadecabacter arcticus 238 und O. antarcticus 307 konnten neue Eigenschaften identifiziert werden, welche bislang nicht in Vertretern der Roseobacter-Gruppe beschrieben wurden und wahrscheinlich Anpassungen an polare bzw. Meereis-assoziierte Lebensräume darstellen. Ein besonderes Highlight dieser Analysen ist die Charakterisierung einer neuen Untergruppe von Xanthorhodopsinen in den Octadecabacter-Vertretern. Diese neue Xantho¬rhodopsin-Unter¬gruppe unterscheidet sich von den bisher beschriebenen Xantho¬rhodopsinen nicht nur durch phylogenetische Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen, sondern auch in ihrer mangelnden Befähigung zur Keto-Carotenoid-Bindung und ihrer vorwiegenden Verbreitung in Organismen Eis-assoziierter Habitate. Für beide polare Octadecabacter-Vertreter wurde eine ungewöhnlich hohe Genom-plastizität festgestellt. Hierbei scheint es sich um eine Anpassung an das einzigartige Meereis¬habitat dieser Organismen zu handeln, welches als hot spot für horizontalen Gentransfer (HGT) gilt. Zudem bietet diese Genomplastizität eine Erklärung für die zahlreichen genomischen Unterschiede zwischen den Octadecabacter-Stämmen, welche in direktem Widerspruch zu der nahen Verwandtschaft dieser Organismen auf 16S rRNA-Gen¬sequenz¬ebene stehen. Trotz dieser Unterschiede weist die genetische Ausstattung von O. arcticus und O. antarcticus auffällige Übereinstimmungen auf, welche auf einen gemeinsamen exklusiven Genpool von Octadecabacter-Vertretern beider Polargebiete hindeuten. Dies wird durch 16S rRNA-basierte phylogenetische Analysen von Octadecabacter-Vertretern verschiedener Habitate unterstützt. Somit scheint zwischen Bakteriengemeinschaften beider Polarregionen eine direkte Verbindung zu existieren. Von den Polargebieten ausgehende Tiefenströmungen, welche sich über beide Hemisphären erstrecken, könnten diese Verbindung darstellen. Anhand der bislang verfügbaren Genomsequenzen wurden Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen sowie allgemeine Unterschiede zwischen Vertretern der Roseobacter-Gruppe auf vielfältigen Ebenen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analysen geben wertvolle Einblicke in unterschiedliche Nischenadaptionen zwischen nah verwandten Roseobacter-Vertretern und in die Bedeutung von horizontalem Gentransfer für diese Gruppe. Zudem bieten sie eine Grundlage für die vereinfachte Einteilung und Analyse zukünftiger Roseobacter-assoziierter Genom– und Metagenomsequenzen.

Il existe actuellement des différends frontaliers entre les États circumpolaires-Nord qui entravent la bonne gouvernance de la région. Afin d'identifier des pistes de solution pour améliorer la gouvernance en Arctique et faciliter la coopération, nous analysons le processus qui a mené, à l'autre pôle, à la création du Traité sur l’Antarctique de 1959. Nous utilisons une approche néolibérale institutionnelle comme cadre théorique ainsi qu’une méthodologie basée sur le traçage de processus. Nous avons identifié quatre variables (les intérêts des États, le contexte politique, le leadership, et l’Année géophysique internationale [AGI]) que nous avons étudiés au cours de trois périodes historiques et dont l’évolution a contribué à la formation du régime antarctique. Les étapes menant à l'élaboration d'un régime identifié dans la théorie institutionnaliste dynamique de Frischmann s'appliquent aux différentes périodes que nous avons déterminées. La première période historique correspond à l'identification du problème d'interdépendance. Les États ont d’abord tenté d’assouvir leurs intérêts particuliers envers le continent antarctique par l’intermédiaire de stratégies individuelles. Le statut imprécis du continent antarctique caractérisé par des revendications territoriales conflictuelles, la volonté des superpuissances d’effectuer d’éventuelles revendications territoriales et le leadership exercé par les États-Unis ont toutefois permis de faire évoluer les États vers des stratégies coopératives. La deuxième période historique correspond à l'étape de la négociation de l’entente. Le leadership d’un groupe de scientifiques et des États-Unis ainsi que le contexte politique de la Guerre froide ont favorisé la cohésion des États intéressés par les affaires antarctiques et leur investissement dans une coopération multilatérale souple dans le cadre d’un événement ponctuel, l’AGI. La troisième période correspond à la mise en oeuvre de l’entente, soit l’AGI. Lors de cet événement, une entente tacite, un engagement d’honneur, qui suspendait les considérations territoriales en Antarctique, a été respectée par les parties. La coopération dans le cadre de l’AGI s’est avérée un succès. Les États se sont montrés satisfaits des gains que comportait la coopération scientifique dans un environnement pacifique. L’AGI a permis aux États d’expérimenter la coopération multilatérale et d’observer le comportement des autres participants au sein de l’institution. En raison de la satisfaction des États vis-à-vis la coopération dans le cadre de l'entente souple, l'élaboration du traité de 1959 a été facilitée. Notre étude nous a permis d’identifier des éléments clefs qui ont favorisé la formation du régime antarctique et qui pourraient servir d’inspiration pour l'élaboration de futurs régimes. La présence d’un leadership tout au long du processus a permis de promouvoir les avantages de la coopération sous différentes formes et de renforcer les relations entre les États présents dans les affaires antarctiques. La réalisation d'une entente souple dans le cadre de l'AGI, centrée autour des intérêts communs aux parties, comprenant un engagement d’honneur, permettant de mettre de côté les points de discorde, ont aussi été des points centraux dans la réussite et la poursuite de la coopération au-delà de l’AGI. Cette approche graduelle allant du droit souple vers le droit contraignant est sans aucun doute l’élément le plus important ayant facilité le rapprochement des différentes parties et éventuellement la création du Traité sur l’Antarctique. / There are currently border disputes between North circumpolar states that impede the good governance of the region. In order to identify possible solutions for improving the governance in the Arctic and to facilitate cooperation, we analyze the process that, at the other pole, led to the creation of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty. We use a neoliberal institutional approach as a theoretical framework and a methodology based on the process tracing. We identified four variables (states' interests, the political context, leadership, and the International Geophysical Year [IGY]) that we studied through three historical periods and whose evolution has contributed to elaborating the Antarctic regime. The steps leading to the development of a regime, identified in Frischmann’s dynamic institutionalism theory, apply to the three periods that we have identified. The first historical period corresponds to identifying an interdependency problem. States first tried to satisfy their particular interests pertaining to the Antarctic continent through individual strategies. The unclear status of the Antarctic continent characterized by conflicting claims, the will of the superpowers to potentially make territorial claims, and the leadership of the United States, however, facilitate the states to move to more cooperative strategies. The second historical period corresponds to negotiating the agreement. The leadership of a group of scientists and the United States in addition to the political context of the Cold War facilitated the cohesion of states interested in Antarctic affairs and their investment in a soft multilateral cooperation, the IGY. The third period corresponds to implementing the agreement, that is IGY. During this event, the parties have respected a tacit agreement, a gentlemen’s agreement, which suspended territorial considerations in Antarctica. The cooperation during the IGY proved to be a success. States were satisfied with their gains from the scientific cooperation in a peaceful environment. The IGY has allowed states to experiment multilateral cooperation and to observe the behavior of other participants within the institution. Due to the satisfaction of the states vis-à-vis the cooperation, the development of the 1959 Treaty was facilitated. Through our study, we identified key elements that led to the creation of the Antarctic regime and could serve as an inspiration for the development of future regime. The continuous of leadership throughout the process helped to promote the benefits of cooperation and to strengthen relations between the states involved in Antarctic affairs. The accomplishment of a soft agreement, during the IGY, centered around the parties common interests, and of a gentlemen’s agreement, which put aside divisive issues were also central points in the success and the extension of the coopération after the IGY. This gradual approach from soft law to hard law is undoubtedly the most important element that facilitated the cohesion of parties and the creation of the Antarctic Treaty.

This thesis considers the use of two U-series nuclides – 231 Pa and 230 Th – as proxies for studying ocean circulation. A total of six water-column profiles of 231 Pa, 230 Th, and 232 Th have been measured from two regions of the southwestern Indian Ocean: the Madagascar and Mascarene Basins; and the southeastern continental margin of South Africa. Measurement by MC-ICP-MS of 10 litre water samples is possible for samples with as little as 4 and 2 fg of 231 Pa and 230 Th and yields typical uncertainties of 6% and 14% respectively. These profiles show that the scavenging and advection histories of water masses can affect their 231 Pa concentration, with distinct variations superimposed on a general increase in concentration with depth due to reversible scavenging. A 1D particle scavenging model is used to show that sedimentary (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 is most representative of the (231 Pa/230 Th) of the bottom most water mass at any one locality, although in turn this water mass (231 Pa/230 Th) will be dependent not only on its advection and scavenging history but also the 231 Pa and 230 Th concentrations of the overlying water masses during advection. Acknowledgment that sedimentary (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 is “set” by the bottommost water mass is important for interpretation of scenarios where changes in depth of circulation, as well as circulation strength, may have occurred. A record of sedimentary (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 has been recovered from a 6 m Kasten core from the Mascarene Basin covering the past 140 ka, in order to reconstruct flow of AABW into the basin. The (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 measured is below the production ration of 0.093 and shows no significant variation. This indicates that (231 Paxs /230 Thxs )0 is sensitive to changes in particle productivity and circulation at this location and that there has been little or no change in either environmental variable over the last full interglacial-glacial cycle. This finding is in contrast to other ocean basins, particularly the North Atlantic, where large changes in circulation are observed.