Les réseaux réflecteurs sont une alternative prometteuse aux antennes à réflecteurs pour la réalisation de diagrammes de rayonnement directifs ou de couvertures formées, notamment dans le spatial ou dans l'aéronautique. Constitués d'un grand nombre de cellules unitaires dont il faut optimiser la géométrie individuellement, ils restent toutefois difficiles à concevoir. Cette thèse traite de la synthèse des antennes réseau à réflecteur. Aujourd'hui les méthodes utilisées pour les concevoir exploitent, pour la majorité, les logiciels de simulation électromagnétique. Elles sont très coûteuses en temps de calcul et requièrent au final des hypothèses simplificatrices. L'objectif de cette thèse est de répondre à la question suivante : est-il possible de synthétiser de manière purement·analytique un réseau réflecteur? Nous avons répondu à cette question en exploitant la méthode de modélisation multimodale. Elle consiste à représenter la cellule unitaire sous la forme d'un circuit équivalent. Ses propriétés remarquables permettent de prédire analytiquement la phase en réflexion en fonction des dimensions de la cellule unitaire. Un réflecteur composé de cellules unitaires à motif 1 D de;type ruban métallique a tout d'abord été étudié et évalué dans le cadre de la synthèse analytique d'une structure simple. Cette étude a permis de valider la méthode de modélisation en vue de son utilisation dans la synthèse analytique de réseaux réflecteurs. Trois réseaux réflecteurs composés de cellules unitaires 2D de types patch et grille ont ensuite·été synthétisés sur la base de trois spécifications différentes, ceci afin de tester la synthèse analytique dans des configurations de plus en plus contraignantes. Finalement il s'est révélé que la méthode de modélisation multimodale et prometteuse mais que sa précision doit encore être améliorée pour permettre une synthèse complète de réseau réflecteur. / Reflectarrays antennas are a promising alternative to reflector antennas in order to produce focused and contoured beams especially for aeronautics and space applications. A reflectarray antenna is made up of ah array of unit cell that provide a pre-adjusted phasing to form the desired beam.The synthesis of a reflectarray consists in fixing the geometrical dimensions of each unit cell to generate the desired phase law. This thesis focuses on the synthesis of reflectarray. The current methods are mostly based on full­wave analysis and so they are time consuming.The purpose of this thesis is to answer at the following question: a reflectarray can be fully analytically synthesized? We answer it by using the multimodal method. The unit cell is then represented by an equivalent circuit. Using its remarkable properties, the reflected phase can be analytically predicted according to the geometrical dimensions of the unit cell. We used it firstly to synthesize a reflector where the unit cell is composed or a metallic strip. This study has validated this method in order to synthesize reflectarray, Then three reflectarrays have been synthesized based on three specifications. Finally, the multimodal method is promising but the precision has to be improving in order to fully synthesize a reflectarray.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ivan Roberto Santana Casella / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2016. / Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de antenas planares multibanda de baixo custo para aplicações em sistemas de comunicações sem fio. As antenas propostas, baseadas nas topologias Quasi-Yagi e Vivaldi para sistemas SISO (Single Input Single Output) e Meandered Loop para sistemas MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), foram otimizadas para operar nas faixas de frequência das redes LTE (Long Term Evolution), WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) e WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access). Após os estudos preliminares de simulação e otimização para a definição final das topologias propostas, foram montados alguns protótipos para a realização de testes de medida e comprovação experimental das funcionalidades das antenas. / This work is aimed at developing low-cost multiband planar antennas for applications in wireless communications systems. Antennas proposals based on Quasi-Yagi topologies and Vivaldi for SISO systems (Single Input Single Output) and meandered Loop for MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) were optimized to operate in the frequency bands of the LTE (Long Term Evolution), WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) and WIMAX (Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access). After the preliminary studies simulation and optimization for the final definition of the proposed topologies, some prototypes were assembled to perform measurement tests and experimental verification of the functionalities of antennas.

Les dimensions d’une antenne sont inversement proportionnelles à leurs fréquences de fonctionnement. De plus, la miniaturisation d’une antenne entraîne la dégradation de ses performances électriques et de rayonnement. Par conséquent, il est important pour le concepteur de trouver un bon compromis entre le taux de miniaturisation et les performances souhaitées. L’objet de cette thèse est de proposer une antenne miniature possédant les meilleures caractéristiques possibles dans la bande UHF de la RFID (860MHz – 960MHz), facile à réaliser et à moindre coût d’industrialisation. Les travaux de cette thèse ont montré qu’un couplage magnétique d’une cellule de métamatériaux avec une demi-boucle permet d’obtenir des structures antennaires intéressantes de par leurs dimensions de l’ordre de λ0/10, leur efficacité et leur fonctionnement en multibande. Différentes techniques sont appliquées pour améliorer les performances des antennes développées à savoir le gain, la directivité et la polarisation circulaire et/ou elliptique. / Antenna dimensions are inversely proportional to their operating frequencies. Besides, the antenna miniaturization degrades its electrical and radiation performances. Therefore it is important for the antenna designer to find a good compromise between the miniaturization rate and the desired performances. The purpose of this thesis is to obtain a miniature antenna which has good characteristics in the UHF band of RFID (860MHz - 960MHz), easy to implement and with low industrialization cost. The works described in this thesis showed that a magnetic coupling of a metamaterial cell with a half loop provides interesting antennas in terms of dimensions of about λ0/10, efficiency and multiband behavior. Different techniques are applied to improve the performances of realized antennas as gain, directivity and circular and/or elliptical polarization.

No description available.

The thesis is focused on special corrugated reflectors for ultra-wideband antennas. Corrugated reflectors are divided into a type H and a type E. Both these types are mutually combined. All those reflectors are simulated and subsequently analyzed. The thesis also deals with different types of broadband dipoles, which are completed by investigated types of reflectors. Created reflector antennas are then compared. For antennas exhibiting the best parameters, we performed simulations of the transmission between two antennas. For the simulations, we used CST Microwave Studio. Selected antennas were manufactured and measured. Consequent simulations were aimed to detect differences between the simulated and measured results.

Les avions comportent plusieurs systèmes de navigation et de communication nécessitent des antennes VHF large bande. Réduire la taille de ses antennes est un enjeu majeur tout en gardant des bonnes performances. Cette thèse propose des nouvelles configurations d'antennes à profil bas utilisant des nouveaux matériaux nanocomposites non conducteurs constitués de nanoparticules magnétiques développés au Lab-STICC. Un monopole planaire large bande a été développé et optimisé avec un taux de miniaturisation de 60% grâce à l'utilisation d'un matériau magnéto-diélectrique de forte perméabilité et faible pertes couvrant seulement 5% de sa surface. Les résultats expérimentaux, en presque parfait accord avec les simulations, montrent que le diagramme de rayonnement est omnidirectionnel et que la polarisation est verticale, avec un bon niveau du gain. L'antenne monopole planaire insérée dans un MMD des dimensions limitées avec des pertes a été modélisée par un nouveau circuit équivalent multi résonant. Ce circuit est développé à partir de l'impédance d'entrée de l'antenne et des caractéristiques du MMD, et validé par les simulations avec un parfait accord entre les résultats. / Airplanes with multiple navigation and communication systems require broadband VHF antennas. Reduce the size of these antennas is a major challenge while keeping good performances. This thesis proposes new configurations of low profile antennas using new nanocomposite non-conductive materials consisting of magnetic nanoparticles developed at Lab-STICC. A broadband planar monopole has been developed and optimized with a 60% miniaturization rate thanks to the use of a high permeability and low loss magneto-dielectric material covering only 5% of its surface. The experimental results, in almost perfect agreement with the simulations, show that the radiation pattern is omnidirectional and that the polarization is vertical, with a good level of gain. The planar monopole antenna inserted in a MMD of limited dimensions with losses was modeled by a new multi-resonant equivalent circuit. This circuit is developed from the input impedance of the antenna and the characteristics of the MMD. and validated by the simulations with a perfect agreement between the results.

Reflectarray antennas uniquely combine the advantages of parabolic reflectors and phased array antennas. Comprised of planar structures similar to phased arrays and utilizing quasi-optical excitation similar to parabolic reflectors, reflectarray antennas provide beam steering without the need of complex and lossy feed networks. Chapter 1 discusses the basic theory of reflectarray and its design. A brief summary of previous work and current research status is also presented. The inherent advantages and drawbacks of the reflectarray are discussed. In chapter 2, a novel theoretical approach to extract the reflection coefficient of reflectarray unit cells is developed. The approach is applied to single-resonance unit cell elements under normal and waveguide incidences. The developed theory is also utilized to understand the difference between the TEM and TE10 mode of excitation. Using this theory, effects of different physical parameters on reflection properties of unit cells are studied without the need of full-wave simulations. Detailed analysis is performed for Ka-band reflectarray unit cells and verified by full-wave simulations. In addition, an approach to extract the Q factors using full-wave simulations is also presented. Lastly, a detailed study on the effects of inter-element spacing is discussed. Q factor theory discussed in chapter 2 is extended to account for the varying incidence angles and polarizations in chapter 3 utilizing Floquet modes. Emphasis is laid on elements located on planes where extremities in performance tend to occur. The antenna element properties are assessed in terms of maximum reflection loss and slope of the reflection phase. A thorough analysis is performed at Ka band and the results obtained are verified using full-wave simulations. Reflection coefficients over a 749-element reflectarray aperture for a broadside radiation pattern are presented for a couple of cases and the effects of coupling conditions in conjunction with incidence angles are demonstrated. The presented theory provides explicit physical intuition and guidelines for efficient and accurate reflectarray design. In chapter 4, tunable reflectarray elements capacitively loaded with Barium Strontium Titanate (BST) thin film are shown. The effects of substrate thickness, operating frequency and deposition pressure are shown utilizing coupling conditions and the performance is optimized. To ensure minimum affects from biasing, optimized biasing schemes are discussed. The proposed unit cells are fabricated and measured, demonstrating the reconfigurability by varying the applied E-field. To demonstrate the concept, a 45 element array is also designed and fabricated. Using anechoic chamber measurements, far-field patterns are obtained and a beam scan up to 25o is shown on the E-plane. Overall, novel theoretical approaches to analyze the reflection properties of the reflectarray elements using Q factors are developed. The proposed theoretical models provide valuable physical insight utilizing coupling conditions and aid in efficient reflectarray design. In addition, for the first time a continuously tunable reflectarray operating at Ka-band is presented using BST technology. Due to monolithic integration, the technique can be extended to higher frequencies such as V-band and above.

Dual-band antenna elements that support dual-polarization provide ideal performance for applications including space-based platforms, multifunction radar, wireless communications, and personal electronic devices. In many communications and radar applications, a dual-band, dual-polarization antenna array becomes a requirement in order to produce an electronically steerable, directional beam capable of supporting multiple functions. The multiple polarizations and frequency bands allow the array to generate multiple simultaneous beams to support true multifunction radar. Many of the applications in spaced-based systems and personal electronic devices have strict restraints on the size and weight of the antenna element, favoring a low-profile, lightweight device. The research performed in this dissertation focuses on the design of a dual-band, dual-polarized antenna element capable of operating as an isolated element or in an array environment. The element contains two concentric, dual-polarized radiators. The low band radiator is a shorted square ring antenna, and the high band radiator is a square ring slot. Each constituent element achieves circular polarization through the introduction of triangular perturbations into opposing corners of the radiating element. This technique has been shown to introduce two, near-degenerate modes in the structure that – when excited in phase quadrature – combine to form circular polarization. The perturbations allow circular polarized operation with only a single feed point. The sense of the circular polarization is determined by the location of the feed point with respect to the perturbations. Both senses of circular polarization are excited by the introduction of orthogonal feeds for each of the two radiating elements. Thus, dual-ban, dual-circular polarization is obtained. The element achieves a low-profile from its printed circuit board realization. The high band square ring slot is realized in stripline. The orthogonal feeding transmission lines are printed on opposing sides of an electrically thin dielectric layer to allow them to cross without physically intersecting. This thin feeding substrate is sandwiched between two dielectric layers of matched dielectric constant. A ground plane is located on the top and bottom of the sandwiched dielectric structure, and the top ground plane contains the square ring slot with perturbed corners. Slotted stripline structures have been shown in the literature to excite a parallel-plate mode that can degrade overall performance of the antenna. Plated through holes are introduced at the outer perimeter of the square ring slot to short out this parallel-plate mode. The plated through holes (also called vias) serve as the shorting mechanism for the low band microstrip shorted square ring radiator. This element also contains triangular perturbations at opposing corners to excite circular polarization with a single feed point. In this element, orthogonal probe feeds are present to excite both senses of circular polarization. A dual-band, dual-polarized antenna element was built, tested, and compared to simulations. The constructed element operated at two distinct industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands due to their popularity in low power communications. The antenna element was realized in a multilayer printed circuit layout. A complex design procedure was developed and submitted to a printed circuit board company who manufactured the antenna element. The s-parameters of the antenna were measured using a Network Analyzer, and the results show good agreement with simulations. The radiation and polarization characteristics were measured in a compact range facility. These results also agreed well with simulations. The measured results verify the simulation models that were used in the simulations and establish a confidence level in the feasibility of constructing this element. The dual-band, dual-polarization nature of this element was established through the construction and measurement of this element. A novel size reduction technique was developed that allows for significant reduction of the element's footprint. This size reduction facilitates the placement of this element within an array environment. The loading technique utilizes a structure analogous to a parallel-plate capacitor to drastically reduce the overall size of the low frequency shorted square ring. The loading structure uses a substrate that is separate from that of the radiating elements. This allows the load to use a high dielectric material to achieve a high capacitance without requiring the radiating elements to be printed on high dielectric material that is potentially expensive and lossy at microwave frequencies. The two frequency bands were selected to be in separate industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. These frequency bands are increasingly popular in low power communication devices because unlicensed operation is permitted. The 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz ISM bands are commonly used for applications including Bluetooth technology, multiple 801.11 protocol, cellular phone technology, and cordless phones. The ISM bands were chosen for this antenna element due to their popularity, but this antenna is not restricted to these bands. The frequency ratio can be altered by controlling the dielectric constant used in the printed circuit board design, the parameters of the capacitive loading structure, and the size of the constituent elements that are used. After the size reduction technique is applied, the dual-band, dual-polarized elements can be placed in an array environment resulting in an array capable of generating both senses of circular polarization in the two, distinct ISM bands. This provides an aperture capable of supporting multiple functions. Depending on the applications required, the frequency bands of the antenna element can be altered to suit the particular system needs. The array analysis performed in this dissertation used a unique hybrid calculation technique that utilizes nine active element patterns to represent the patterns of the individual elements within a large antenna array. A common first look at array performance is achieved by multiplying the element pattern of an isolated element by an array factor containing the contributions of the geometrical arrangement of the antenna elements. This technique neglects mutual coupling between elements in the array that can alter the impedance match and radiation characteristics of the elements in the array. The active element pattern defines the radiation pattern of a given element in an array when all other elements are terminated in a matched impedance load. The active element pattern is unique for each element in an array. When these patterns are summed, the exact array pattern is obtained. While this technique has the advantage of accuracy, it is not ideal because it requires the simulation, calculation, or measurement of the pattern for each element in the array environment. The technique developed in this dissertation uses only nine active element patterns. These elements are then assigned to represent the active element patterns for all elements in the array depending on the geometrical region where the given element resides. This technique provides a compromise between the speed of using a single element pattern and the accuracy of using the unique active element pattern for each element in the array. The application of these two concentric, coplanar radiators along with the capacitive loading technique provides a unique contribution to the field of antenna engineering. The majority of dual-band antenna elements in the literature operate with a single polarization in each band. The ones that operate with dual-polarization in each band are typically limited to dual-linear polarization. Circular polarization is preferable to linear in many applications because it allows flexible orientation between the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna in a communications system, while also mitigating multipath effects that lead to signal fading. The ability to operate with two, orthogonal senses of circular polarization allows a system to reuse frequencies and double system capacity without requiring additional bandwidth. The uniqueness of this element lies in its ability to provide dual-circular polarization in two separate frequency bands for an individual element or an antenna array environment. The arrangement of the two element geometries with the addition of the novel capacitive loading technique is also unique. The performance of this element is achieved while maintaining the light weight, low profile design that is critical for many wireless communications applications. This dissertation provides a detailed description of the operation of this dual-band, dual-polarized antenna element. The design of the constituent elements is discussed for several polarization configurations to establish an understanding of the building blocks for this element. The dual-band, dual-polarized element is presented in detail to show the impedance match, isolation, and axial ratio performance. The capacitive loading technique is applied to the dual-band, dual-polarized element, and the performance with the loading in place is compared to the performance of the unloaded element. Next, there is an in-depth description of the array calculation technique that was developed to incorporate mutual coupling effects into the array calculations. This technique is then applied to the dual-band, dual-polarized array to show the performance of several array sizes. / Ph. D.

An important aspect of wireless networks is their dynamic behavior. The conventional protocol stack is inflexible as various protocol layers communicate in a strict manner. In such a case the layers are designed to operate under the worst conditions as opposed to adapting to changing conditions. This leads to inefficient use of spectrum and energy. Adaptation represents the ability of network protocols and applications to observe and respond to channel conditions. Traditional simulation methodologies independently model the physical and higher layers. When multiple layer simulations are required, an abstraction of one layer is inserted into the other to provide the multiple layer simulation. However, recent advances in wireless communication technologies, such as adaptive modulation and adaptive antenna algorithms, demand a cross layer perspective to this problem in order to provide a sufficient level of fidelity. However, a full simulation of both layers often results in excessively burdensome simulation run-times. The benefits and possible parametric characterization issues arising due to the cross-layer integration of lower physical and higher network layers are investigated in this thesis. The primary objective of investigating cross-layer simulation techniques is to increase the fidelity of cross-layer network simulations while minimizing the simulation runtime penalties. As a study of cross-layer system design a medium access control (MAC) scheme is studied for a MANET wherein the nodes are equipped with smart antennas. Traditional MAC protocols assume the use of omnidirectional antennas. Nodes with directional antennas are capable of transmitting in certain directions only and significantly reduce the chances of collision and increase the effective network capacity. MANETs using omni-directional antennas severely limit system performance as the entire space around a node up to its radio range is seen as a single logical channel. In this research a MAC protocol is studied that exploits space division multiple access at the physical layer. This is a strong example where physical and MAC design must be carried out simultaneously for adequate system performance. Power control is a very important in the design of cellular CDMA systems which suffer from the near-far problem. Finally, the interaction between successive interference cancellation (SIC) receivers at the physical layer and power control, which is a layer 2 radio resource management issue, is studied. Traffic for future wireless networks is expected to be a mix of real-time traffic such as voice, multimedia teleconferencing, and games and data traffic such as web browsing, messaging, etc. All these applications will require very diverse quality of service guarantees. A power control algorithm is studied, which drives the average received powers to those required, based on the QoS requirements of the individual users for a cellular CDMA system using SIC receivers. / Master of Science

This thesis presents various integrated antenna solutions for different types of systems and applications, e.g. wireless sensors, broadband handsets, advanced base stations, MEMS-based reconfigurable front-ends, automotive anti-collision radars, and large area electronics. For wireless sensor applications, a T-matched dipole is proposed and integrated in an electrically small body-worn sensor node. Measurement techniques are developed to characterize the port impedance and radiation properties. Possibilities and limitations of the planar inverted cone antenna (PICA) for small handsets are studied experimentally. Printed slot-type and folded PICAs are demonstrated for UWB handheld terminals. Both monolithic and hybrid integration are applied for electrically steerable array antennas. Compact phase shifters within a traveling wave array antenna architecture, on single layer substrate, is investigated for the first time. Radio frequency MEMS switches are utilized to improve the performance of reconfigurable antennas at higher frequencies. Using monolithic integration, a 20 GHz switched beam antenna based on MEMS switches is implemented and evaluated. Compared to similar work published previously, complete experimental results are here for the first time reported. Moreover, a hybrid approach is used for a 24 GHz switched beam traveling wave array antenna. A MEMS router is fabricated on silicon substrate for switching two array antennas on a LTCC chip. A concept of nano-wire based substrate integrated waveguides (SIW) is proposed for millimeter-wave applications. Antenna prototypes based on this concept are successfully demonstrated for automotive radar applications. W-band body-worn nonlinear harmonic radar reflectors are proposed as a means to improve automotive radar functionality. Passive, semi-passive and active nonlinear reflectors consisting of array antennas and nonlinear circuitry on flex foils are investigated. A new stretchable RF electronics concept for large area electronics is demonstrated. It incorporates liquid metal into microstructured elastic channels. The prototypes exhibit high stretchability, foldability, and twistability, with maintained electrical properties. / wisenet