This thesis describes an electrically thin surface used for electromagnetic applications in the microwave regime. The surface is free-standing and its primary purpose is to modify the phase distribution, or the phase and amplitude distribution of electromagnetic fields propagating through it: it is called phase shifting surface (PSS) in the first case, and phase and amplitude shifting surface (PASS) in the second case. For practical applications, the surface typically comprises three or four layers of metallic patterns spaced by dielectric layers. The patterns of the metallic layers are designed to locally alter the phase (and amplitude in the case of the PASS) of an incoming wave to a prescribed set of desired values for the outgoing wave. The PSS/PASS takes advantage of the reactive coupling by closely spacing of the metallic layers, which results in a larger phase shift range while keeping the structure significantly thin. The PSS concept is used to design components such as gratings and lens antennas which are presented in this document. The components are designed for an operating frequency of 30 GHz. The PSS phase grating gives high diffraction efficiency, even higher than a dielectric phase grating. Several types of lens antennas are also presented, which show comparable performance to that of a conventional dielectric plano-hyperbolic lens antenna with similar parameters. The PASS concept is used in a beam shaping application in which a flat-topped beam antenna is designed. This work demonstrates the potential for realising thin, lightweight and low-cost antennas at Ka band, in particular for substituting higher-gain antenna technologies such as conventional dielectric shaped lens antennas.

This thesis describes an electrically thin surface used for electromagnetic applications in the microwave regime. The surface is free-standing and its primary purpose is to modify the phase distribution, or the phase and amplitude distribution of electromagnetic fields propagating through it: it is called phase shifting surface (PSS) in the first case, and phase and amplitude shifting surface (PASS) in the second case. For practical applications, the surface typically comprises three or four layers of metallic patterns spaced by dielectric layers. The patterns of the metallic layers are designed to locally alter the phase (and amplitude in the case of the PASS) of an incoming wave to a prescribed set of desired values for the outgoing wave. The PSS/PASS takes advantage of the reactive coupling by closely spacing of the metallic layers, which results in a larger phase shift range while keeping the structure significantly thin. The PSS concept is used to design components such as gratings and lens antennas which are presented in this document. The components are designed for an operating frequency of 30 GHz. The PSS phase grating gives high diffraction efficiency, even higher than a dielectric phase grating. Several types of lens antennas are also presented, which show comparable performance to that of a conventional dielectric plano-hyperbolic lens antenna with similar parameters. The PASS concept is used in a beam shaping application in which a flat-topped beam antenna is designed. This work demonstrates the potential for realising thin, lightweight and low-cost antennas at Ka band, in particular for substituting higher-gain antenna technologies such as conventional dielectric shaped lens antennas.

This thesis describes an electrically thin surface used for electromagnetic applications in the microwave regime. The surface is free-standing and its primary purpose is to modify the phase distribution, or the phase and amplitude distribution of electromagnetic fields propagating through it: it is called phase shifting surface (PSS) in the first case, and phase and amplitude shifting surface (PASS) in the second case. For practical applications, the surface typically comprises three or four layers of metallic patterns spaced by dielectric layers. The patterns of the metallic layers are designed to locally alter the phase (and amplitude in the case of the PASS) of an incoming wave to a prescribed set of desired values for the outgoing wave. The PSS/PASS takes advantage of the reactive coupling by closely spacing of the metallic layers, which results in a larger phase shift range while keeping the structure significantly thin. The PSS concept is used to design components such as gratings and lens antennas which are presented in this document. The components are designed for an operating frequency of 30 GHz. The PSS phase grating gives high diffraction efficiency, even higher than a dielectric phase grating. Several types of lens antennas are also presented, which show comparable performance to that of a conventional dielectric plano-hyperbolic lens antenna with similar parameters. The PASS concept is used in a beam shaping application in which a flat-topped beam antenna is designed. This work demonstrates the potential for realising thin, lightweight and low-cost antennas at Ka band, in particular for substituting higher-gain antenna technologies such as conventional dielectric shaped lens antennas.

Avec le développement de l’internet des objets et l’augmentation des applications sans fil, les antennes sont de plus en plus présentes au quotidien. Cependant, l’implantation de ces antennes est un challenge tant d’un point de vue technologique (intégration des antennes dans les dispositifs), que psychologique (acceptabilité des antennes par le grand public). Dans ce contexte, le développement d’antennes optiquement transparentes permet non seulement leur implantation sur de nouvelles surfaces (vitrages d’immeubles, écrans de smartphones ...), mais promeut aussi leur acceptabilité par le grand public grâce à leur faible impact visuel. Ce travail présente la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation d’antennes actives optiquement transparentes. Le matériau transparent et conducteur utilisé est un maillage métallique à pas micrométrique développé spécifiquement, alliant conductivité électrique et transparence optique élevées. Dans ce cadre, un premier prototype d’antenne transparente et miniature en bande FM utilisant un transistor MESFET de dimensions sub-millimétriques a été réalisé. Des antennes agiles en fréquence en bande X (~10 GHz) couplées, soit à une diode varicap localisée (agilité ~10%), soit à un matériau ferroélectrique (agilité ~2%), ont été développées et étudiées. Une antenne passive transparente a été conçue en bande V (~60 GHz). Enfin, une transition optique (1540 nm) / hyperfréquence (1,4 GHz) a été réalisée et caractérisée, basée sur la transmission optique d’un faisceau laser au travers du matériau constitutif de l’antenne. Pour l’ensemble des prototypes réalisés, une transparence optique supérieure à 80% dans le domaine du visible associée à une résistance par carré inférieure à 0,1 ohm/sq ont été utilisées. / Within the development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the increase of the wireless communications, antennas are even more present on everyday life. However, antenna implementation is a real challenge, from a technological point of view (antenna integration into the devices) and from a psychological point of view (acceptability by the general public). Within this framework, the development of optically transparent antennas on new surfaces (glass windows, smartphone screens . . . ) is of great interest to improve the network coverage and to assist the general public in acceptability thanks to the low visual impact of such printed antennas. The present work deals with the design, the fabrication and the characterization of optically transparent and active antennas. The transparent and conducting material used is a micrometric mesh metal film specifically developed, associating high electrical conductivity and high optical transparency. A first optically transparent and miniature FM antenna based on a MESFET transistor with micrometric size has been designed and fabricated. Frequency agile antennas operating in X-band (~10 GHz), based on a beam-lead varactor (agility ~10%) and on a ferroelectric material agility ~2%), have been developed and characterized. An optically transparent and passive antenna has been studied in V-band (~60 GHz). At last, optics (1540 nm) / microwave (1.4 GHz) transition has been performed based on the transmission of a laser beam through the transparent antenna. For all prototypes, an optical transparency level higher than 80% coupled with a sheet resistance value lower than 0.1 ohm/sq have been used.

No description available.

Avec l'apparition de nouveaux standards, les nouveaux systèmes de télécommunication doivent être en mesure de faire cohabiter différentes normes sur une même antenne, de diminuer les interférences avec d’autres utilisateurs, d'améliorer le débit des transmissions, d'éviter les phénomènes d'évanouissements, d'assurer une meilleure efficacité dans la réception du signal... Afin de s'adapter avec un tel environnement évolutif et variable avec un minimum d'encombrement et de complexité, les antennes agiles en fréquence, en diagrammes de rayonnement et en polarisation ont été déployées. Le développement des composants actifs tels que les diodes PIN, les diodes varicaps et les MEMS, utilisés pour produire l'agilité, a facilité l'évolution rapide de ces antennes.Les travaux menées dans le cadre de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans ce contexte. Nous nous sommes intéressé à l'étude et la conception de nouvelles topologies d'antennes agiles.Nous avons essayé tout d'abord de définir le concept d'antenne agile et d'identifier les différentes techniques de reconfigurabilité avant de proposer une classification des antennes agiles en fonction de la fonctionnalité proposée, à savoir l'agilité en fréquence, en diagrammes de rayonnement et en polarisation.Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire sont principalement axés sur l'étude de chacune de ces fonctionnalités. En effet, plusieurs topologies d'antennes ont été étudiées et expérimentalement caractérisés:- Une antenne carré multi bande avec fente fractale capable de commuter entre quinze bandes de fréquences de 0.5 à 6 GHz.- Une antenne elliptique ULB à rejet de bandes reconfigurable fonctionnant de 0.76 à 6 GHz.- Une antenne dipôle constitué de deux boucles circulaires identiques capables de piloter son diagramme de rayonnement dans trois directions différentes à 1.54 GHz.- Un dipôle avec réflecteurs et directeurs fonctionnant en trois modes, capable de rediriger son diagramme de rayonnement dans une direction privilégiée tout en modifiant l’angle d’ouverture du faisceau rayonné.- Une antenne à double boucles rectangulaires capable de commuter entre une polarisation linéaire à 1.54 GHz ou à 1.63 GHz, une polarisation circulaire droite et une polarisation circulaire gauche.Le choix de la technique de reconfigurabilité est les dicté par besoins de l’application visée. / With the emergence of new standards, new telecommunication systems must be able to cohabit different standards on the same antenna, to reduce interference with other users, improve the flow of communications, avoid the detrimental fading loss, ensure greater efficiency in the signal reception ... In order to adapt with such evolving and changing environment with minimal congestion and complexity, antennas with agile frequency, radiation patterns and polarization properties have been deployed. The development of active components such as PIN diodes, varactors diodes and MEMS switches used to produce agility, facilitated the rapid development of these antennas.Works carried out during this thesis fit into this context. We are interested in the study and design of new topologies of agile antennas.We tried at first to define the concept of agile antenna and identify the different techniques of agility before proposing a classification of agile antennas based on the proposed feature, namely agility in frequency, radiation patterns and polarization.Works presented in this thesis are mainly focused on the study of each of these features. Indeed, several topologies have been studied and experimentally characterized:- A square multiband antenna with fractal slot able to switch between fifteen frequency bands from 0.5 to 6 GHz.- An elliptical UWB antenna with reconfigurable rejection bands operating from 0.76 to 6 GHz.- A dipole antenna consists of two identical circular loops able to tilt its radiation pattern in three different directions at 1.54 GHz.- A dipole with reflectors and directors, working in three modes, able to steer its radiation pattern in a different direction while changing the opening angle of the radiated beam.- Rectangular bi-loop single-feed antenna able to toggle either between Linear Polarization (LP) and Circular Polarization (CP) or between two CP (Right Hand (RHCP) and Left Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP).The choice of used agility technique is dictated by needs of the targeted application.

The thesis is focused on the research of THz antenna arrays to be used for communications. Attention is turned to modeling metallic surfaces at THz frequencies, a proper characterization of gold conductivity, its relation to Drude model and corresponding measurements. Moreover, the best methods for modeling thin metallic layers (depending on the skin depth related to the metal thickness) are presented. An optimized element of a THz 2×2 antenna array designed for the application of communications is developed in a way that enables an expansion to a larger array. The expansion ability is demonstrated on a 4×4 antenna array which is presented in the thesis too. The designed antennas achieve parameters better than the state-of-art antennas. The presented antennas radiate circularly polarized wave at THz frequencies, operate in a wide bandwidth, have a high gain and are of a compact size. In the thesis, an 8×8 antenna array with a beam steering capability is presented. The main beam of the antenna array can be controlled in two dimensions. A high gain of the radiated circularly-polarized wave can be achieved that way. Different approaches to modeling antennas with thin metallic layers are compared and the best methods are recommended from the viewpoint of different requirements. The designed 2×2 and 4×4 antenna arrays are manufactured using a microfabrication technology. Each step of the fabrication is described in detail and discussed. The reflection coefficient at the input of antennas is measured and compared with simulations. Discrepancies in results are associated with surface roughness which is analyzed by a scanning probe microscope and a scanning electron microscope. By down-scaling the developed THz antenna, a low-profile high-gain antenna for Ka-band space applications is designed. The presented antenna achieves better results than state-of-art CubeSat antennas. The antenna performance is verified by a prototype to be operated at 9 GHz, and the radiation characteristics are experimentally confirmed.

De nos jours, la croissance du trafic d’informations entraine un développement technologique spectaculaire dans le domaine des télécommunications, qu'il s'agisse de réseau cellulaire, télévision, satellite, WIFI ou autres applications. Cette révolution a engendré d'énormes besoins et suscite une évolution technologique prodigieuse dans le domaine de la conception des antennes. Ces dernières se doivent de répondre aux différentes exigences, telles que la diminution de l’encombrement et des interférences électromagnétiques, la robustesse à l’environnement proche, l'augmentation du gain, l'élargissement de la bande passante, l’intelligence, etc. Les travaux menés dans cette thèse s’orientent surtout vers la conception de nouvelles topologies d’antennes simples, à faible encombrement, intelligentes, insensibles à l’environnement, large et ultra large bande… Notre intérêt s’est porté sur les antennes à résonateurs diélectriques (ARD). Dans le domaine de l’internet des objets, nous avons conçu et réalisé une antenne filtre, à base d’une jonction fente-résonateur diélectrique de forme rectangulaire en vue d’une intégration dans les dispositifs dédiés à ces applications. Pour des applications liées à la télémétrie, et plus précisément les compteurs intelligents, nous avons conçu et réalisé une antenne à base d’un résonateur diélectrique de forme cylindrique. Ces antennes intégrées dans des dispositifs où les sources de perturbations sont très présentes, ont montré une grande robustesse et une insensibilité à leur proche environnement. Par ailleurs, nous avons proposé deux nouvelles topologies d’antennes larges et ultra larges bandes. La première est un anneau cylindrique, constitué de quatre quartiers avec deux permittivités différentes. Un gap d’air a été introduit séparant le résonateur en deux. Cette structure innovante, confère à notre antenne une large bande et des caractéristiques de rayonnement stables. Cette antenne a servi comme élément de base pour proposer une antenne réseau agile en diagramme de rayonnement. La seconde, est dans la continuité de la première structure pour laquelle nous avons adopté une nouvelle technique d’alimentation ainsi qu’une diminution des dimensions du plan de masse. L’antenne obtenue propose alors des caractéristiques adaptées à des applications ultra large bande. / Nowadays, the constant increase of information traffic leads to a spectacular technological development in the field of telecommunications, whether it is cellular network, television, satellite, WIFI or other applications. This revolution is creating new needs and is inspiring a phenomenal technological evolution in the field of antenna design. Modern antennas in fact must meet increasingly harder requirements in terms of compactness, electromagnetic interference reduction, robustness to environment, increased gain, broadband bandwidth, intelligence, etc. The work carried out in this thesis mainly focuses on the design of new simple antenna topologies of small size, intelligent, insensitive to environment, broad and ultra-wide band. In particular, our interest focused on antennas based on Dielectric Resonators (DRs). In the field of the Internet of Things (IoT), we designed and realized a high-Q filter antenna based on a slot loaded rectangular dielectric resonator suitable for integration in compact IoT devices. We also designed and characterized an antenna based on a cylindrical shaped dielectric resonator (CDR). This antenna, which has been proposed to be integrated in smart meter devices, where interference sources are very present, has shown a great robustness to the surrounding environment. In addition, we proposed two new broadband and ultra-wideband antenna topologies. The first one is based on a cylindrical ring resonator, divided in four quarters characterized by two different permittivities. An air gap was inserted separating the resonator in two parts. This innovative structure gives our antenna a wide band behavior and stability in terms of radiation pattern. This structure has been used in an array configuration to achieve a reconfigurable radiation pattern. Starting from this work, the second antenna achieves an ultra-wideband behavior by adopting a new feeding technique as well as a reduced ground plane.

A simple and novel dual-CP printed antenna is modelled and measured. The patch antennais small and achieves a low axial ratio without quadrature feeding. The measured pattern showsaxial ratio pattern squinting over frequency. Possible methods of improving the individual element are discussed, as well as an array technique for improving the axial ratio bandwidth. Three endfire printed antenna structures are designed, analyzed, and compared. The comparison includes an analysis of costs of production for the antenna structures in addition to their performance parameters. This analysis concludes that cost of materials primarily reduces the size of antennas for a given gain and bandwidth. An antenna stucture with an annular beam pattern for down-looking navigational radar is proposed. The antenna uses sub-wavelength grating techniques from optics to achieve a highly directive planar reflector which is used as a ground plane for a monopole. A fan-beam array element is fabricated for use in a digitally steered receive array for obstacle avoidance radar. The steered beam pattern is observed. The element-dependent phase shifts for a homodyned signal in particular are explored as to their impact on beam steering.

No description available.