Estudos tem salientado que a expansão urbana, fragmentação do habitat, desmatamento e sobreposição das áreas de vida das populações humanas e silvestres tem constribuido para o surgimento de doenças emergentes e reemergentes nas últimas décadas. A paisagem da floresta amazônica vem sofrendo constantemente a dominância antropica e como resultado suas populações silvestres encontram-se cada vez mais expostas ao contato com populações humanas e domesticas com um alto risco de transmissão de agentes infecciosos. A cidade de Manaus, localizada na Amazônia Brasileira, tem afrontado um crescimento desordenado e vertiginoso devido ao seu desenvolvimento industrial causando uma alteração constante em sua paisagem; representando um modelo potencialmente útil para entender os mecanismos de transmissão de doenças. Os primatas são as espécies evolutivamente mais próximas dos humanos e essa proximidade filogenética tem facilitado o compartilhamento de diversos agentes infecciosos. O presente estudo propõe utilizar subpopulações de sauim-de-coleira (Saguinus bicolor) que ocupam os fragmentos urbanos de Manaus como espécie sentinela, para avaliar a presença de agentes infecciosos na interface-humano primata. A pesquisa objetiva também determinar se a perturbação antrópica dos locais de estudo estaria favorecendo a transmissão desses agentes. Entre os anos 2011 e 2014 um total de 55 sauins de coleira foram capturados em 9 fragmentos florestais urbanos e 1 area controle. Análises moleculares foram realizados para detectar Rotavirus A, Hantavirus, Coronavirus, Flavivirus, Enterovirus, Influenza A, Adenovirus, Metapneumovirus, Virus Sincitial Respiratório Humano, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4, Virus do Oeste de Nilo e Plasmodium spp. Os resultados indicaram uma prevalência para Hantavírus de (4/48), Rotavírus (9/48). Pela primeira vez é detectada a presença de hantavírus em primatas neotropicais. Nossos dados indicaram que a presença de infeção estaria associada com a existência de algum tipo de impacto antrópico nos locais pesquisados. Nenhum indivíduo resultou infectado na area controle. / In past decades, numerous studies have highlighted how urban expansion, habitat fragmentation, deforestation, and superposition of human and wildlife population areas contribute to surges in emergent and reemergent diseases. As a result of continuing anthropogenic disturbance in the Amazon, wildlife populations find themselves increasingly exposed to human populations and their domestic animals, bringing higher risks of transmission of a variety of infectious agents. Manaus, located in the Brazilian Amazon, represents a potentially useful model to understand the mechanisms of disease transmission. The city has undergone a disorganized and precipitous growth with ongoing industrial development, causing constant landscape alteration. Because non-human primates are closely evolutionary related to humans they share a diversity of infectious agents. The present study proposes to use subpopulations of Pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) occupying urban forest fragments in Manaus as a flagship species to evaluate the presence of infectious agents at the human-nonhuman primate interface. It will also assess whether anthropogenic perturbation at sites favors transmission of agents within this human dominated matrix. During the period of 2011-2014 a total of 55 pied tamarins in 9 urban forest fragments and 1 control area. Molecular analyses were performed for the detection of Rotavirus, Hantavirus, Coronavirus, Flavivirus, Enterovirus, Influenza A, Adenovirus, Metapneumovirus, Sincytial Human Respiratory virus, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4, West Nile Virus and Plasmodium spp. The results indicate prevalence for Hantavirus (n =4/48) and Rotavirus (n =9/48). This is the first record of Hantavirus in neotropical primates. Data indicate that the presence of infection in the study sites could be associated with anthropogenic impact. The control area resulted uninfected.

Devido à importância dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos como bioindicadores da qualidade ambiental e às vantagens de seu emprego como tal, estes organismos foram utilizados para avaliar a possível existência de impacto antropogênico às nascentes localizadas no Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (São Paulo, SP). Para isso, selecionaram-se quatro nascentes, em cada uma das quais foram nas quais foram coletadas amostras de água em cada nascente para a análise de coliformes fecais e das concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo totais. A coleta de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foi realizada, com o auxílio de um delimitador Surber (área de 0,04m2, malha de 500 ?m), em poções e corredeiras da cada nascente. Este trabalho divide-se em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo trata da estrutura da comunidade de invertebrados bentônicos nas nascentes do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá e mostra uma diferenciação entre poções e corredeiras, sendo que as famílias Cyclopidae, Talitridae, Leptoceridae, Psychodidae e Stratiomyidae foram exclusivas de poções, enquanto Perlidae e Simuliidae foram exclusivas de corredeiras, sendo que abundância relativa de Chironomidae foi elevada em ambos os habitats. No segundo capítulo, foram testadas onze métricas para a análise da qualidade ambiental das nascentes do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (São Paulo, SP), das quais apenas quatro (diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, dominância, EPT/Total e IBFM) mostraram-se úteis para a diferenciação das nascentes não impactadas e impactadas. / Due to the importance of benthic macroinvertebrates to assess water quality and the advantages of their utilization as bioindicators, these organisms were employed to assess the possible antropogenic impact in four streams located in Jaraguá State Park (São Paulo, SP). In each stream the benthic macroinvertebrates were collected in 5 pools and 5 riffles with a Surber sampler (0,04m2, 500 ?m mesh size). This study is divided in two chapters. The first compares the benthic macroinvertebrate community structure between pools and riffles. The families Cyclopidae, Talitridae, Leptoceridae, Psychodidae and Stratiomyidae were present exclusively in pools, while Perlidae and Simuliidae were exclusive of riffles. In both habitats, Chironomidae relative abundance was high. In the second chapter, eleven metrics were tested for the analysis of environmental quality of streams. Four of them (Shannon-Wiener diversity, dominance, EPT/Total, and IBMF) showed differences related to the degree of impact anthropogenic on streams and were used to compose a multimetric index

Devido à importância dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos como bioindicadores da qualidade ambiental e às vantagens de seu emprego como tal, estes organismos foram utilizados para avaliar a possível existência de impacto antropogênico às nascentes localizadas no Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (São Paulo, SP). Para isso, selecionaram-se quatro nascentes, em cada uma das quais foram nas quais foram coletadas amostras de água em cada nascente para a análise de coliformes fecais e das concentrações de nitrogênio e fósforo totais. A coleta de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foi realizada, com o auxílio de um delimitador Surber (área de 0,04m2, malha de 500 ?m), em poções e corredeiras da cada nascente. Este trabalho divide-se em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo trata da estrutura da comunidade de invertebrados bentônicos nas nascentes do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá e mostra uma diferenciação entre poções e corredeiras, sendo que as famílias Cyclopidae, Talitridae, Leptoceridae, Psychodidae e Stratiomyidae foram exclusivas de poções, enquanto Perlidae e Simuliidae foram exclusivas de corredeiras, sendo que abundância relativa de Chironomidae foi elevada em ambos os habitats. No segundo capítulo, foram testadas onze métricas para a análise da qualidade ambiental das nascentes do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (São Paulo, SP), das quais apenas quatro (diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, dominância, EPT/Total e IBFM) mostraram-se úteis para a diferenciação das nascentes não impactadas e impactadas. / Due to the importance of benthic macroinvertebrates to assess water quality and the advantages of their utilization as bioindicators, these organisms were employed to assess the possible antropogenic impact in four streams located in Jaraguá State Park (São Paulo, SP). In each stream the benthic macroinvertebrates were collected in 5 pools and 5 riffles with a Surber sampler (0,04m2, 500 ?m mesh size). This study is divided in two chapters. The first compares the benthic macroinvertebrate community structure between pools and riffles. The families Cyclopidae, Talitridae, Leptoceridae, Psychodidae and Stratiomyidae were present exclusively in pools, while Perlidae and Simuliidae were exclusive of riffles. In both habitats, Chironomidae relative abundance was high. In the second chapter, eleven metrics were tested for the analysis of environmental quality of streams. Four of them (Shannon-Wiener diversity, dominance, EPT/Total, and IBMF) showed differences related to the degree of impact anthropogenic on streams and were used to compose a multimetric index

Estudos tem salientado que a expansão urbana, fragmentação do habitat, desmatamento e sobreposição das áreas de vida das populações humanas e silvestres tem constribuido para o surgimento de doenças emergentes e reemergentes nas últimas décadas. A paisagem da floresta amazônica vem sofrendo constantemente a dominância antropica e como resultado suas populações silvestres encontram-se cada vez mais expostas ao contato com populações humanas e domesticas com um alto risco de transmissão de agentes infecciosos. A cidade de Manaus, localizada na Amazônia Brasileira, tem afrontado um crescimento desordenado e vertiginoso devido ao seu desenvolvimento industrial causando uma alteração constante em sua paisagem; representando um modelo potencialmente útil para entender os mecanismos de transmissão de doenças. Os primatas são as espécies evolutivamente mais próximas dos humanos e essa proximidade filogenética tem facilitado o compartilhamento de diversos agentes infecciosos. O presente estudo propõe utilizar subpopulações de sauim-de-coleira (Saguinus bicolor) que ocupam os fragmentos urbanos de Manaus como espécie sentinela, para avaliar a presença de agentes infecciosos na interface-humano primata. A pesquisa objetiva também determinar se a perturbação antrópica dos locais de estudo estaria favorecendo a transmissão desses agentes. Entre os anos 2011 e 2014 um total de 55 sauins de coleira foram capturados em 9 fragmentos florestais urbanos e 1 area controle. Análises moleculares foram realizados para detectar Rotavirus A, Hantavirus, Coronavirus, Flavivirus, Enterovirus, Influenza A, Adenovirus, Metapneumovirus, Virus Sincitial Respiratório Humano, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4, Virus do Oeste de Nilo e Plasmodium spp. Os resultados indicaram uma prevalência para Hantavírus de (4/48), Rotavírus (9/48). Pela primeira vez é detectada a presença de hantavírus em primatas neotropicais. Nossos dados indicaram que a presença de infeção estaria associada com a existência de algum tipo de impacto antrópico nos locais pesquisados. Nenhum indivíduo resultou infectado na area controle. / In past decades, numerous studies have highlighted how urban expansion, habitat fragmentation, deforestation, and superposition of human and wildlife population areas contribute to surges in emergent and reemergent diseases. As a result of continuing anthropogenic disturbance in the Amazon, wildlife populations find themselves increasingly exposed to human populations and their domestic animals, bringing higher risks of transmission of a variety of infectious agents. Manaus, located in the Brazilian Amazon, represents a potentially useful model to understand the mechanisms of disease transmission. The city has undergone a disorganized and precipitous growth with ongoing industrial development, causing constant landscape alteration. Because non-human primates are closely evolutionary related to humans they share a diversity of infectious agents. The present study proposes to use subpopulations of Pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) occupying urban forest fragments in Manaus as a flagship species to evaluate the presence of infectious agents at the human-nonhuman primate interface. It will also assess whether anthropogenic perturbation at sites favors transmission of agents within this human dominated matrix. During the period of 2011-2014 a total of 55 pied tamarins in 9 urban forest fragments and 1 control area. Molecular analyses were performed for the detection of Rotavirus, Hantavirus, Coronavirus, Flavivirus, Enterovirus, Influenza A, Adenovirus, Metapneumovirus, Sincytial Human Respiratory virus, Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4, West Nile Virus and Plasmodium spp. The results indicate prevalence for Hantavirus (n =4/48) and Rotavirus (n =9/48). This is the first record of Hantavirus in neotropical primates. Data indicate that the presence of infection in the study sites could be associated with anthropogenic impact. The control area resulted uninfected.

No description available.

The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance is a major global health concern, jeopardizing the successful treatment of bacterial infections. Natural environments are potential hotspots for the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Among these potential hotspots, aquatic ecosystems are of particular concern, as they receive wastewater containing antibiotic-resistant bacteria and ARGs originating from both human and animal sources. Several key questions remain to be addressed. What is the fate of ARGs in receiving water bodies? What are implications of environmental ARGs for human health? How does wastewater discharge impacts aquatic microbial communities with regard to the overall ecosystem well-being? The objective of this work was to investigate the impact of wastewater, seasonal variations, and the riverine compartment on the prevalence of selected ARGs and the composition of natural microbial communities in a near-pristine river, and to specifically assess the effect of antibiotics on riverine microbial communities. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to monitor the abundance of three indicator ARGs (sul1 and sul2, conferring resistance against sulfonamide antibiotics, and intI1, a marker for anthropogenic pollution) upstream and downstream from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Furthermore, the impact of WWTP effluent on the riverine microbial community was examined through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Wastewater was the main source of all three target genes and significantly altered the microbial community in the river. The surface water compartment served as a dissemination route for ARGs, with increased prevalence even 13 km downstream of the WWTP, particularly during the summer season when the proportion of wastewater in the river was high. Notably, riverbed biofilms served as a local reservoir for ARGs only at the discharge point, with little abundance of target genes further downstream. The sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was persistent in both near-pristine and wastewater-impacted river water when introduced at a concentration of 12.5 µg/L, but had neglectable effects on the microbial community diversity. Interestingly, concentrations as high as 100 µg/L SMX induced a short-term increase in microbial activity in both surface water and biofilm compartment, as revealed by bulk and nanoscale measurements. Altogether, this work underscores the fundamental role of wastewater treatment in combating the environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistance.:Summary 1 Zusammenfassung 5 1 Introduction 9 1.1 Rundown of the global antibiotic resistance crisis 9 1.1.1 History of antibiotics 9 1.1.2 Emergence of antibiotic resistance 9 1.1.3 Integrons as vehicles for antibiotic resistance 10 1.1.4 Risks related to environmental antibiotic resistance 12 1.2 Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in the aquatic environment 14 1.2.1 Genetic indicators for antibiotic resistance 14 1.2.2 River surface water compartment as dissemination route for antibiotic resistance 15 1.2.3 River biofilm compartment as reservoir for antibiotic resistance 17 1.3 Impact of antibiotics on aquatic microbial communities 18 1.4 Fate and effect of sulfamethoxazole in surface waters 20 2 Scope of the thesis 22 3 Main findings and scientific implications 24 3.1 Fate of antibiotic resistance genes after wastewater discharge into a near-pristine river 24 3.1.1 Wastewater is the primary source for aquatic antibiotic resistance 24 3.1.2 Drought increases the antibiotic resistance prevalence in surface waters 25 3.1.3 Riverbed biofilms serve as local reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes 26 3.2 Anthropogenic pollution is the key driver for microbial community alteration 26 3.3 Sulfamethoxazole increases the microbial activity of aquatic microbial communities 27 4 Conclusions and future perspective 29 5 References 31 6 Publications 43 6.1 Publication 1 43 6.2 Publication 2 56 6.3 Publication 3 69   7 Appendix 94 7.1 Declaration of independent work 94 7.2 List of publications and conference contributions 95 7.2.1 Publications 95 7.2.2 Conference contributions 96 7.3 Contribution of Co-authors 97 7.4 Curriculum vitae 101 7.5 Acknowledgements 104 7.6 Supplementary Material 105 7.6.1 Supplementary Material for Publication 1 105 7.6.2 Supplementary Material for Publication 2 118 7.6.3 Supplementary Material for Publication 3 125

Wetlands are significant contributors to global biodiversity, supporting disproportionately high numbers of species relative to their area. Riparian areas associated with wetlands provide many services that are both ecologically and economically important, such as groundwater recharge, sediment capture and shoreline stabilization, flood mitigation, nutrient processing, increased water quality, carbon sequestration, and essential habitat for wildlife. Agricultural activity has resulted in the drainage or modification of between 40-70% of wetland basins within the Prairie Pothole Region of the northern Great Plains. The impacts of human activity on the remaining wetlands are difficult to estimate and there is no one optimal indicator or assessment method that is applicable to all regions or situations. Locally developed riparian health assessments, designed to evaluate wetland function under different grazing regimes, are cost-effective with the potential for broader use in wetland environmental assessment, monitoring, and management or restoration activities. In this study I investigated the hypothesis that riparian health assessments can distinguish between wetlands in five categories of land use that represent different levels of anthropogenic modification: ungrazed cultivated cropland, ungrazed native grassland, grazed native grassland, ungrazed tame perennial forage, and grazed tame perennial forage. Noting that current riparian health assessment protocols lack a community composition component other than the presence and distribution of invasive and disturbance species, I also sampled plant species frequency at each of my study sites. I found that wetlands in cultivated croplands had significantly lower riparian health scores than wetlands in both tame and native grasslands. Among tame and native sites, grazing status was more important than upland cover type in determining wetland health, with grazed wetlands receiving significantly lower scores than their ungrazed counterparts. Despite their functional similarity to wetlands within native grasslands, species composition of wetlands within ungrazed tame perennial forage more closely resembled that of wetlands in cultivated uplands. Although grazing negatively affected riparian ground cover and soil stability, it significantly reduced both the overall cover and distribution of invasive plant species along wetland reaches. These results suggest that upland revegetation and restoration of function to degraded wetlands is not necessarily followed by re-establishment of original riparian species composition. If biodiversity is a desired outcome of wetland restoration efforts, additional measures must be taken to enable the establishment and persistence of preferred plant species.

Ce travail de recherche a mis en œuvre une approche géoarchéologique multi-indicateurs pour analyser les impacts et les forçages anthropo-climatiques des paysages du plateau de Corent et de ses marges de la fin du Néolithique à la période romaine. Une cartographie géomorphologique détaillée du secteur d’étude a été réalisée en s’appuyant sur l’analyse de données LiDAR et la prospection de terrain. Deux secteurs ont été sélectionnés pour conduire des prospections géoarchéologiques approfondies : i) le Lac du Puy, un petit bassin à proximité immédiate du site archéologique sur le plateau volcanique de Corent, et ii) la Narse de la Sauvetat, un grand bassin hydromorphe dans la basse-plaine marno-calcaire située au pied du versant sud-ouest du plateau.Des sondages géoarchéologiques ont été réalisés dans la cuvette du Lac du Puy, conduisant à la découverte d’une batterie d’un millier de silos de stockage du premier âge du Fer. Les résultats de cette campagne de terrain ont également permis de reconstruire le cadre chrono-stratigraphique et les grands traits de l’évolution hydro-morpho-sédimentaire et pédologique de la cuvette. L’analyse géoarchéologique multi-proxys de plusieurs carottes sédimentaires a fourni davantage de précisions sur l’évolution environnementale du Lac du Puy. L’impact anthropique y est nettement perceptible au long de cinq millénaires et apparaît depuis le Néolithique comme le principal facteur de contrôle de l’évolution paléoenvironnementale du bassin jusqu’à son anthropisation complète.En contrebas de ce site de plateau, dans le bassin de la Narse de la Sauvetat, l’étude géomorphologique a révélé que la cuvette hydromorphe dérive de la fermeture par un glissement de terrain d’une paléo-vallée qui était située au pied du versant sud-ouest du puy de Corent. Cet évènement s’est probablement produit au début du Subboréal. Les grandes phases de l’évolution de la cuvette ont pu être reconstruites, d’un fonctionnement alluvial au Pléistocène Supérieur jusqu’à des dynamiques hydromorphes et palustres, sous l’effet du contrôle aval exercé par le barrage de la vallée à partir du Néolithique Final, mettant en évidence le fort potentiel paléoenvironnemental de la cuvette. L’analyse géoarchéologique multi-proxys de trois carottes sédimentaires, combinée aux résultats d’analyses malacologiques externes à cette thèse, a permis de retracer l’évolution environnementale de l’ensemble de la partie basse de la cuvette hydromorphe entre le Néolithique Final et le début du Moyen-âge.Les résultats obtenus dans le Lac du Puy et la Narse de la Sauvetat ont été intégrés dans le système morpho-sédimentaire plus large de l’ensemble du plateau et de ses marges entre 3000 BC et 0 AD, puis mis en perspective géographique et temporelle à l’échelle de l’Europe occidentale nord-alpine. L’évolution du système socio-environnemental de Corent et de Limagne méridionale au premier millénaire BC a été analysée en détail, en discutant le rôle des phénomènes de proto-urbanisation dans le forçage des systèmes morpho-sédimentaires qui marque l’entrée dans l’anthropocène. / This thesis presents the results of a multi-proxy geoarchaeological study of how anthropogenic forces and climate have shaped the evolution of the landscapes of the plateau of Corent (Auvergne, France) from the Neolithic to Roman period. A detailed geomorphological map of the study area was constructed based on LiDAR data and fieldwork. Two areas were selected for geoarchaeological analysis: i) the Lac du Puy, a small pond located within the archaeological site of the plateau of Corent, and ii) la Narse de la Sauvetat, a larger hydromorphic basin in the calcareous lowlands, at the foot of the southwestern slopes of the plateau.Geoarchaeological survey in the Lac du Puy revealed an expansive group of over one thousand storage pits, dating from the Hallstatt period. The results of fieldwork permitted the construction of a chrono-stratigraphic framework and allowed a reconstruction of the main phases of the hydro-morpho-sedimentary and pedological evolution of the basin. Multi-proxy geoarchaeological analysis of sedimentary cores provided additional information concerning palaeoenvironmental evolution of the Lac du Puy. Anthropogenic impact is clearly discernable throughout five millennia starting in the Neolithic, and is identified as the main driver of the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the basin until its final destruction by human activity.In the lowlands, geomorphological analysis of la Narse de la Sauvetat revealed that the hydromorphic basin is the result of the closure of a palaeovalley by a massive landslide issuing from the southwestern slopes of the Puy de Corent. Geomorphological and stratigraphic evidence indicates that the isolation of the basin likely occurred at the beginning of the Subboreal. Lithostratigraphic analysis was used to reconstruct the main phases of the evolution of the basin from its initial alluvial phase in the late Pleistocene, through to its hydromorphic and palustrine dynamics from the late Neolithic, highlighting the strong palaeoenvironmental potential of its sedimentary record. Multi-proxy geoarchaeological analysis of three sedimentary cores from the basin, combined with results of external malacological analysis, allowed a reconstruction of the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the basin from the late Neolithic to the early Middle Ages.Results obtained from the Lac du Puy and La Narse de la Sauvetat were integrated into the broader morpho-sedimentary system of the plateau and its margins for the period between 3000 BC and 1 AD. The geographic and temporal perspective was then further enlarged through comparison with temperate Western Europe data. The evolution of the socio-environmental system of Corent and southern Limagne was analysed in detail for the first millennium BC. Finally the role of proto-urbanization processes in the forcing of morpho-sedimentary systems is examined, marking their entry into the anthropocene.

Tese(doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2005. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-10-11T14:35:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana.pdf: 2390598 bytes, checksum: de111a9f52b7b4847e9447d50f43891d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sabrina Andrade (sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br) on 2013-10-17T17:43:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana.pdf: 2390598 bytes, checksum: de111a9f52b7b4847e9447d50f43891d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-17T17:43:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana.pdf: 2390598 bytes, checksum: de111a9f52b7b4847e9447d50f43891d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a estrutura e dinâmica de curto prazo da associação de macroinvertebrados bentônicos estuarinos da Lagoa dos Patos frente a perturbações antrópicas e naturais, bem como avaliar os mecanismos de persistência e resiliência da população de algumas espécies estuarinas. No capítulo I, através de um experimento de campo, foi avaliado o efeito de duas redes de arrasto de pesca artesanal de camarão (Rede de Coca e Rede de Berimbau) sobre a associação de macroinvertebrados bentônicos de fundos moles. O experimento, realizado com dois tratamentos (arrastos com Rede de Coca e Berimbau) e um Controle, onde não foram efetuados arrastos, foi desenvolvido em 7 etapas, nas quais amostras da macrofauna bentônica (seis réplicas por tratamento), foram tomadas em diferentes intervalos de tempo após os arrastos com as redes (cinco arrastos em cada etapa). Os resultados das diferentes análises estatísticas empregadas não foram conclusivos devido à dificuldade em se identificar efeitos diretos das redes sobre a macrofauna. Durante o período de estudo, aproximadamente 3 meses, foi possível a identificação de mudanças temporais na estrutura das associações bentônicas, as quais foram melhor analisadas no Capítulo 2. Este capítulo objetivou acompanhar a dinâmica de curto-prazo das associações de invertebrados bentônicos durante o período de verão-outono (quando ocorrem os principais processos de recrutamento da macrofauna bentônica na região), relacionando-os às variações de curto prazo da salinidade, precipitação pluviométrica, profundidade da coluna d’água, intensidade e direção do vento e variações na granulometria e matéria orgânica do sedimento. A variabilidade temporal de curto prazo da macrofauna bentônica foi acompanhada: 1) durante um período no verão de 2002; 2) durante dois períodos entre o verão e início do outono de 2004; e 3) entre estes três períodos realizados em anos distintos (período amostral de 2002 e os dois períodos amostrais de 2004). O acompanhamento temporal de curto prazo, em cada um dos períodos, foi realizado em 7 etapas, através de amostragens em intervalos de 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 e 32 dias após a amostragem inicial (dia 0 = Etapa 1). Seis amostras da macrofauna bentônica foram tomadas em cada uma das etapas nos três períodos de amostragem Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas na estrutura dessas associações a partir de um período de 15 dias e que as variáveis ambientais medidas, reflexo de fatores meteorológicos, são de grande importância na determinação das variações temporais das associações. No Capítulo 3, objetivou-se reunir as informações publicadas e inéditas sobre as estratégias de adaptação de algumas espécies de macroinvertebrados bentônicos residentes na região estuarina da Lagoa dos Patos, relacionando-as aos seus mecanismos de persistência e resiliência frente a perturbações naturais e antrópicas. Informações sobre as estratégias de adaptação de Erodona mactroides (molusco bivalvo), Heleobia australis (molusco gastrópode), Laeonereis acuta (poliqueta), Kalliapseudes schubartii (crustáceo tanaidáceo) e Melita mangrovi (crustáceo anfípode) indicaram evidentes mecanismos de persistência e resiliência destes organismos, tais como proteção à desova, recrutamentos massivos, várias coortes ao ano, ocupação e assentamento em uma diversidade de hábitats que ofereçam alimento e abrigo contra a ação de predadores e mecanismos de escape frente à situações desfavoráveis. / The present study aims to analyze the short-term dynamics of the Patos Lagoon estuarine soft-bottom macrobenthic community subjected to natural and anthropogenic disturbances, as well as to assess the mechanisms of persistence and resilience of some estuarine species. Chapter 1 aims at evaluating the effects of two different shrimp artisanal trawling nets (Coca and Berimbau nets) upon the soft-bottom macrobenthic associations, through a field experiment conducted in the estuarine region of Patos Lagoon. The experiment, performed with two treatments (Coca and Berimbau net trawling) and a control, where no trawling was performed, was conducted in seven stages, where benthic samples (six replicates in each treatment) were taken in different times after trawling. The results of the distinct statistical analysis used were not conclusive due the difficulty in showing clear effects on the soft bottom community. During the study period, about 3 months, were identified temporal changes on the structure of benthic associations, which were better analyzed in the Chapter 2. This chapter aimed to assess short-term macrobenthic dynamics during summer-fall period (when the main benthic recruitment processes occur), relating it to the short-term changes in: salinity, precipitation, water column depth, wind intensity, direction and changes in sediment granulometry and organic matter. The short-term benthic macrofauna variability was studied: 1) during summer of 2002; 2) during two periods between summer and beginning of fall of 2004; and 3) between these three periods carried out in different years. Short-term variability, in each period, was carried out in seven stages, through samples in different time scales (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days) after the initial sampling (day 0 = stage 1). Six macrobenthic samples were taken in each stage and sampling periods. The results showed significant differences in the benthic macrofauna structure starting from 15 days, and the environmental variables measured, reflecting meteorological factors, are of great importance for determining temporal benthic fauna fluctuations. The Chapter 3 aimed at joining published and unpublished information about adaptation strategies of some macrobenthic estuarine resident species from Patos Lagoon, assessing the relationships between its persistence and resilience mechanisms and natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Data about Erodona mactroides (bivalvia), Heleobia australis (gastropoda), Laeonereis acuta (polychaeta), Kalliapseudes schubartii (tanaid) and Melita mangrovi (amphipod) adaptation strategies showed evident persistence and resilience mechanisms, such as spawn protection, massive recruitments, many cohorts a year, settlement in many habitats which offer food and shelter against predators, escape mechanisms in unfavorable situations, among others.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nowadays, the water resource degradation may be verified at any Brazilian cities just by observing its stream flow. Accordingly, the conditions of the stream flows in the Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM (southern Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul State) follow the degradation. Therefore, the present research intends to analyze a methodology for evaluation of the environment impacts in order to collaborate to water resources management, according to smaller watersheds. This analysis allows that pollution sources identify their environment problems and control the pollution to adjust its conditions to the Federal and Spatial Legislation. Thus, the purposed methodology evaluates the three major parameters: i) surface water resources; ii) groundwater resources; iii) liquid effluents. The surface water resource is evaluated by the quali quantitative monitoring of several parameters of water quality. This control is carried out in two monitoring stations located at the UFSM. These stations are: Gráfica gutter where the upstream subwatershed loads are monitored and Pains gutter where the downstream subwatershed loads are monitored. This division allows finding the pollutant load generated by the respective subwatershed separately (Load Balance), as well as the effluent liquid volume generated by the subwatersheds. The purposed methodology for the evaluation of liquid effluents supplied by UFSM considers the identification of the main point pollution sources and also the quali quantitative monitoring of these effluents. To evaluate the pollution vulnerability of the groundwater it was used the G.O.D method. In this method, some weights are defined in order to represent the geological characteristics and the groundwater level. The qualitative groundwater pollutant risk was determined by crossing the vulnerability data and the liquid effluent data. Hence, by means of inquiry applications, the sanitary - environment characterization of the UFSM external area was achieved, according to the watershed in analysis. The analysis of the outcomes demonstrates that if the pollutant loads were considered, so the water quality of the downstream watershed become highly dependent of the pollutant load deposited in the upstream watershed. Accordingly, it was concluded that the methodology of Load Balance allows verifying the influence of the anthropogenic impacts connected to the degradation of surface water quality. Besides, the methodology presents the pollution supplied to the different basin areas (downstream and upstream), which becomes an appropriate system to support the water quality control in smaller watersheds. The identification, specialization and evaluation of the point pollution sources, together with the evaluation of the pollution vulnerability of the groundwater, permit to hierarch the places extremely affected by the pollution. This fact demonstrates that a simple combination of those methods is a useful tool for the decision makers. The data from water quality of the some well sources in UFSM call attention to discordance between the limits established by the actual legislation and the achieved outcomes, concerning some water quality parameters. To conclude, it is possible to consider that the UFSM groundwater must be suffering the interference of the mankind actions related to the pollutant risk in the watershed. / Atualmente, a degradação dos recursos hídricos pode ser observada em qualquer cidade brasileira apenas pela visualização de seus córregos. Essa realidade não é diferente no Campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa visa ensaiar uma metodologia de avaliação de impacto ambiental que contribua para a gestão dos recursos hídricos em pequenas bacias hidrográficas e possibilite que instituições potencialmente poluidoras caracterizem seus problemas ambientais e controlem seus poluentes adequando-se à legislação Federal e Estadual vigentes. A metodologia utilizada consiste na avaliação de três variáveis principais: i) recursos hídricos superficiais; ii) recursos hídricos subterrâneos; e iii) efluentes líquidos. A avaliação dos recursos hídricos superficiais consiste no monitoramento quali-quantitativo de diversos parâmetros de qualidade da água, realizado em duas estações de monitoramento localizadas no Campus da UFSM: Calha da Gráfica, onde são monitoradas as cargas da sub-bacia de montante (área externa ao Campus e semi-urbanizada), e Calha do Pains, onde são monitoradas as cargas da sub-bacia de jusante (área predominantemente do Campus, com poucas habitações particulares). Esta divisão possibilita a atribuição da carga poluente gerada pelas respectivas sub-bacias individualmente (balanço de cargas), assim como o volume de efluentes líquidos gerado por elas. A metodologia utilizada para a avaliação dos efluentes líquidos gerados pela UFSM considera a identificação das principais fontes pontuais de emissão desses efluentes e seu posterior monitoramento quali-quantitativo. Para a avaliação da vulnerabilidade à poluição dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos utilizou-se o método G.O.D. que consiste na atribuição de valores que representam as características geológicas e o nível da água subterrânea da área de estudo. O risco qualitativo de poluição da água subterrânea foi determinado pelo cruzamento dos dados de vulnerabilidade com os dados referentes aos efluentes líquidos. Ainda, por meio da aplicação de questionários, realizou-se a caracterização sanitária-ambiental da área externa ao Campus da bacia hidrográfica em questão. Os resultados observados evidenciam que, se considerarmos as cargas poluentes específicas a qualidade da água da bacia de jusante torna-se fortemente dependente das contribuições das cargas despejadas na bacia de montante. Constatou-se que a metodologia do balanço de cargas permite a verificação da influência dos impactos das atividades antrópicas ligadas à degradação da qualidade da água superficial, atribuindo a poluição gerada às diferentes áreas da bacia (montante e jusante), tornando-se um sistema adequado de suporte para o controle da qualidade da água em pequenas bacias hidrográficas. A identificação, espacialização e avaliação das fontes pontuais de emissão de efluentes líquidos integrada com a avaliação da vulnerabilidade à poluição da água subterrânea possibilitaram realizar a hierarquização dos locais mais afetados pela poluição, o que demonstra que, embora simples, a combinação dos métodos apresenta-se útil para os gestores. Os valores da avaliação qualitativa da água subterrânea de alguns poços de abastecimento do Campus evidenciam que existe discordância entre os limites estabelecidos pela legislação vigente, de alguns parâmetros de qualidade da água, e os valores obtidos, ou seja, é possível considerar que a água subterrânea já deve estar sofrendo a interferência das ações humanas desenvolvidas na bacia, relativas aos riscos de poluição.