Thesis (Higher Certificate in Librarianship)--University of Cape Town, 1962. / Includes index.

Thesis (Doctoral)--University of Utrecht, 1967. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Thesis--Witwatersrand, 1963. / Bibliography: p. 329-338.

Thesis (Higher Certificate in Librarianship)--University of Cape Town, 1962. / Includes index.

Thesis (Doctoral)--University of Utrecht, 1967. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Thesis--Witwatersrand, 1963. / Bibliography: p. 329-338.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht. / Pocket inside back cover contains 20 plates.

This work follows the direction set by Sewall Wright in applying path analysis, and other multivariate statistical techniques, to the study of anthropometric variation. Data on anthropometric variation of six Solomon Island populations is analyzed using statistical models which can distinguish between within-group and between-group genetic variation. The correlation structure of 27 anthropometric measurements is examined by cluster analysis and principal components analysis. The six populations show a common pattern (in both males and females) which echoes earlier studies. The correlation matrix of measurements is then partitioned into genetic and environmental components and the genetic correlation matrix is examined, once again by cluster analysis and principal components analysis. There is a fairly close agreement between the genetic correlation structure and the phenotypic correlation structure. The environmental correlation matrix is not examined further because it is very poorly estimated. The partitioning of phenotypic correlations into genetic and environmental components is based on a multivariate generalization of a path model for the heritability of a continuous trait proposed by C. C. Li. The parameters estimated in the single trait model include additive genetic heritability, common home environment, and genetic correlation between spouses. In order to fit this model observations are required on parent-offspring, spouse-spouse, and sib-sib correlations. Heritability values for the Solomons are markedly lower than those reported elsewhere. However, when total heritability (ignoring subpopulation structure) is estimated for the six Solomons populations, the values are higher and form a more familiar pattern. The striking differences between the two kinds of heritability in the Solomon Islands emphasizes the danger of using total heritability estimates obtained from several subpopulations or a national sample. The between-group component of heritability for each measurement is compared to the within-group heritability and to levels of between-group phenotypic variation. The results demonstrate that high within-group heritability for a given trait does not imply that between-group variation in that trait is genetic in origin.

L’hallux de l’humain (plus couramment appelé gros orteil) est aujourd’hui aligné avec les autres orteils ce qui rend son opposition aux autres orteils impossible. Il a été proposé que la perte de l’opposabilité de l’hallux, chez les premiers hominines, aurait mené à une augmentation des coûts liés à la maternité, due à l’obligation de transporter activement les juvéniles lors de longs trajets (Tanner & Zihlman 1976 ; Wall-Sheffler 2007 ; Watson et al. 2008). Cela suggère que l’Australopithecus afarensis devait transporter activement son juvénile car il ne pouvait pas se maintenir par lui-même lors des transports. Mon étude propose de vérifier cette hypothèse en déterminant si un primate juvénile a besoin de son hallux pour s’accrocher au poil de sa mère. Les deux hypothèses de ce travail sont donc les suivantes : L’abduction de l’hallux est nécessaire à la préhension du poil d’un porteur (généralement la mère) par les jeunes macaques et l’abduction de l’hallux n’est pas nécessaire à la préhension du poil d’un porteur (généralement la mère) par les jeunes macaques lors des transports. L’observation de vidéos de dyades mère/enfant de macaques rhésus vivant en liberté à Cayo Santiago (Costa Rica) filmées sur une période de cinq mois, tend à supporter mon hypothèse. En effet, les résultats de mon étude montrent que les macaques rhésus sont capables de s’accrocher, et se maintenir, par eux-mêmes à leur mère durant les transports sans se servir de leur hallux. Il serait cependant nécessaire de compléter cette étude par des recherches supplémentaires pour inférer avec plus de confiance ce type de comportement à l’A. afarensis. / The human hallux (more commonly called big toe) is now aligned with the other toes, which makes its opposition to other toes impossible. It has been proposed that the loss of opposability of the hallux in early hominins would have led to increase the energetic costs related to maternity, due to the obligation to carry juveniles actively (Tanner & Zihlman 1976; Wall-Sheffler 2007, Watson et al. 2008). This implies that Australopithecus afarensis juveniles had to be actively transported instead of grasping their mother's hair. My study proposes to test whether a juvenile primate needs its hallux to cling to the hair of its mother. The two hypotheses of this work are as follows: The abduction of the hallux is essential for the grasping of the hair of a carrier (usually the mother) by the young macaques and the abduction of the hallux is not necessary for the grasp of the hair of a carrier (usually the mother) by young macaques during transport. Videos of mother/child dyads of rhesus macaques are used in this study to evaluate the use of the hallux in juveniles being carried. The macaques are from a free-range colony in Cayo Santiago, Costa Rica, and they were filmed over a 5-month period. Results tend to support my hypothesis. Indeed, rhesus macaques are able to cling and maintain themselves on their mother during transport without using their hallux. It would, however, be necessary to supplement this study with further research in order to infer this type of behavior in A. afarensis.

The objective of this research is to establish the relationship between stress and bone loss, and to determine to what extent it can be mediated by changes in individual perceptions and behavior. It utilizes the results of a sixteen year longitudinal osteoporosis study and is augmented by extensive in-home interviews to assess pertinent psychosocial and health regime factors. The salience of the mind-body-spirit experience is applied to the topic of osteoporosis, a cogent and immediate concern for all women. As a chronic condition of aging, the impact of osteoporosis on the morbidity and mortality of women has long been a concern of health practitioners, anthropologists, and epidemiologists. It presents a formidable threat to quality of life for postmenopausal women. This paper has been developed to explore the possibility that life changes, adjustments and stressors, might have a deleterious effect on bone density in aging women. The attempt to analyze whether bone loss accelerated under stress could not be unequivocally determined. In the process of interview and qualitative analysis it was revealed that the personal strengths of the subjects including positive attitudes, hardiness, and coping styles may well have buffered such losses. In this population, bone loss clearly associated with aging was not as clearly amenable to interventions by the subjects in terms of health and lifestyle behaviors as it appeared to be when bone density changes were not significantly attached to age.