1895年清廷把臺灣割讓給日本，臺人以民族大義，組「臺灣民主國」扺抗，事敗後，不願被日本統治的臺人，紛紛返回祖國大陸的中國，此後終日本領臺的五十年間，一批又一批的臺人陸續踏上中國，有獲得傳統科舉功名者，有參與中國革命運動者，有參加中國抗日戰爭者。回到中國後，他們所從事的活動是臺灣抗日運動的延伸，也是中國近現代民族運動及反帝國主義運動不可或缺的一部份，在相當程度內，他們的活動與兩岸關係的歷史進程進行了聯結。 本文共分為七章： 第一章 回返中國的科舉士群。論述回返中國的進士及其對乙未割臺的反應。他們乃是懷抱民族大義，以依依不捨的心情回到中國的，但回到所謂的祖國後，卻受到始料未及的遭遇，各界猜忌，甚至有以為抗日是「抗旨」者，種種情形，不一而足。他們始終忘不了臺灣，念念不忘臺灣。他們或者為官，或者致力於中國的新式教育工作，也有人從事政治活動。為了稍解思念臺灣之情，回到中國的科舉士群彼此之間相互酬酢來往。 第二章臺灣人與辛亥革命。在中國辛亥革命的過程中，臺灣人始終參與其間。丘逢甲是清末立憲運動的一份子，之後他從擁護立憲轉而贊助革命。革命運動之中除了直接的行動，經費一項尤不可缺，臺灣人無論是捐獻革命經費或是參與起義，均不落人後，可以說是出錢又出力，在辛亥年三二九之役尤為顯著。 第三章奔向北伐。中國的北伐，是為打倒軍閥及其背後的帝國主義，臺灣人林祖密早就支持孫中山的護法大業，而國民黨一全大會後創辦的黃埔軍校與中山大學，都有臺灣人就讀，臺灣青年就讀黃埔軍校與中山大學之餘，還組織「廣東臺灣學生聯合會」與「廣東臺灣革命青年團」，孫中山去世，臺灣人極力哀悼，北伐大軍出動後，臺灣人更是直接參加。 第四章參與反帝國主義運動。「五卅運動」是中國人大規模反帝國主義運動的序幕，發生在上海的這次運動，臺灣人也參加了，在波瀾壯闊的五卅運動狂潮下，臺灣人捲入中國的國民革命運動和共產主義運動之中。臺共在上海創立，參與建立臺共的臺灣人，部份也加入了中共，更有一些臺共黨人被安排到莫斯科東方大學受訓。 第五章夾縫中的臺灣人：國民黨或中共。在國共兩黨的鬥爭與分合過程中，不僅中國人，連臺灣人也被捲入這個旋渦。丘念台在國共二次合作期間，前往延安考察，回到廣東後，取中共民眾組訓工作之優點，組成東區服務隊，其下有自臺灣專程回到中國的臺灣青年加入。李友邦組成臺灣義勇隊，其下更是集中了大批的臺灣菁英。專研日本政情的宋斐如創辦《戰時日本》，專門收集和分析日本情報，提供中國政府及各界參考。 第六章臺灣人的傾軋：臺灣革命同盟會與臺灣黨部的紛爭。在國民黨主導下成立的臺灣革命同盟會與國民黨臺灣黨部，對於團結臺灣人抗日有所貢獻，但兩者之間都有著人事上的紛爭，臺人互相攻擊和指控，首任臺灣黨部主任委員翁俊明最後也因為不明原因猝逝。 第七章在抗日烽火下。日本對中國的侵略戰爭給中國造成巨大的損失，其間，留在臺灣的臺灣人受日本的殖民統治，另一方面，回到中國大陸的臺灣人則是在在各個部門直接或間接參加了這次的戰爭。臺人有加入中共陣營的，有在國民黨領導下致力的，更有直接在戰場前線衝鋒陷陣的，國內戰場固不必論，連在國外的緬甸戰場上，也有臺灣人參加。 結論。由於中國大陸政局動蕩不安，五十年間內憂外患不斷，始終沒有積極的臺灣政策，臺灣人到中國大陸，都是自動前往，不是中國當局主動爭取，他們到了中國沒有保障，時有危險，卻又不能團結，彼此傾軋，其道路是充滿曲折的。 / In 1895, when the government of Qing Dynasty ceded Taiwan to Japan, the Taiwanese, out of the righteousness of a people, organized the “Republic of Taiwan” to resist Japanese. After the resistance failed, those Taiwanese unwilling to be governed by Japan went to mainland China, their homeland then. Through out the 50-year governing by Japan, groups after groups of Taiwanese arrived in China continually. Some of them won scholarly honor or official ranks by taking imperial examinations, some joined Chinese revolutionary movements, and some participated in the war against Japan. For those who later returned to Taiwan, the activities they engaged in are an extension of Taiwan’s anti-Japan movements, also a part indispensible to China’s contemporary national movements and anti-imperialism movements. To a certain extent, their activities are closely connected to the historical progress of the relations across Taiwan Straits. This article is divided into 7 chapters. Chapter 1 Intellectuals going to China for imperial examinations Those scholars going to China and their response to the cession of Taiwan in 1895 are discussed. Embracing a national righteousness, they returned to China quite grudgingly. Once arriving in so-called the fatherland, they unexpectedly encountered suspicion from all circles. Even their action against Japan was considered “disobedient” to the imperial government. In spite of various situation, however, they never forgot Taiwan. They became officials or devoted themselves to the modern education in China. Some went into politics. To relieve their missing of Taiwan, the intellectual Taiwanese in China had friendly interexchange among themselves. Chapter 2 Taiwanese and the Revolution in 1911 In the progress of the Chinese Revolution in 1911, Taiwanese took part in it from beginning to end. Qiu Feng-jia was one of the constitutionalists at the end of Qing Dynasty. Later he altered to support the revolution. The revolutionary movements require direct actions, but funds are also indispensible. The Taiwanese never hesitated to contribute to fund raising or participate in uprisings. They made a great contribution to the Revolution in both funds and actions, significantly above all in the uprising on March 29, 1911. Chapter 3 Running for the Northern Punitive Expedition The Northern Punitive Expedition in China was to overthrow the warlords and the imperialism behind them. Quite early Lin Zu-mi, a Taiwanese, supported Sun Yat-sen’s great cause to protect the Provisional Constitution. Taiwanese students entered Huang-pu Military Academy and Zhong-shan University, both established after the First Plenary Assembly of Kuomintang (Nationalist Party). Taiwanese youth not only entered the Academy and the University established by Kuomintang, but also organized “Taiwan Student Union in Guangtong” and “Taiwan Revolutionary Youth Corps in Guangtong”. When Sun Yat-sen passed away, Taiwanese expressed great condolence over his death. After the Northern Punitive Expedition marched out, Taiwanese even participated in it directly. Chapter 4 Participating in anti-imperialism movements “May 30th Movement” is the overture for large-scale anti-imperialism movements by Chinese. In this Movement, which took place in Shanghai, Taiwanese also participated. Under the tidal waves of this grand Movement, Taiwanese were involved in national revolutionary movements and Communism movements in China. Communist Party of Taiwan was established in Shanghai. Some of the participants in establishing Communist Party of Taiwan also joined Communist Party of China, and some Taiwanese Communists were even sent to Moscow East University for training. Chapter 5 Taiwanese in a crack: Kuomintang or Chi-Comm? During the on-and-off process of clashes and collaborations between Kuomintang and Communist Party of China, not only Chinese but also Taiwanese were engulfed in the whirlpool. During the second collaboration period between Kuomintang and Chi-Comm, Qu Nian-tai went to Yan-an for a survey. After returning to Guangtong, by utilizing Chi-Comm’s merit in gathering and training people, he organized East Region Service Team, which was joined by some Taiwanese youth especially returning to China. Li You-bang organized Taiwan Volunteers, calling together lots of Taiwanese elites. Song Pei-ru, an expert on Japanese political situation, founded “War-time Japan”. He specialized in gathering and analyzing Japanese information to provide reference for Chinese government and others. Chapter 6 Internal strife among Taiwanese: The disputes between Taiwan Revolution Alliance and Kuomintang’s Taiwan Headquarters Taiwan Revolution Alliance and Kuomintang’s Taiwan Headquarters, both established under the guidance of Kuomintang, made a contribution to the unity of Taiwanese against Japanese. There existed, however, personnel disputes between them, with Taiwanese attacking and accusing one another. The first appointed commissioner of Taiwan Headquarters, Weng Jun-ming, died suddenly with the cause unaccounted for. Chapter 7 Waging warfare against Japanese The aggressive war by Japan caused tremendous damages to China. During the war, the Taiwanese remaining in Taiwan were ruled by the Japan’s colonial government. On the other hand, those returning to mainland China participated in the war directly or indirectly at various departments. Some of them joined the camp of Chi-Comm, while others endeavored under Kuomintang’s leadership. Even at the frontline of battlefields, brave Taiwanese fought vigorously. Needless to mention domestic battlefields, Taiwanese were found fighting even in remote Burmese jungles. Conclusion Due to the unstable political situation in mainland China, with internal revolts and foreign invasions unceasing for 50 years, there was no active Taiwan policy all along. Taiwanese went to China all voluntarily by themselves, not initiatively strived for by the Chinese authorities. There was neither guarantee nor safeguard when they arrived there. To the worse, they engaged in internal strive without unity. Their road was complicated with ups and downs.