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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Profiling and Targeting Microenvironment-Induced Changes in the Cancer Epigenome

Skowronski, Karolina 26 June 2012 (has links)
The tumor microenvironment consists of multiple cells types, including endothelial cells that line the tumor vasculature. Tumor vasculature is often abnormal and results in development of tissue ischemia, another contributing factor to the tumor microenvironment. Previous studies have demonstrated that ischemia influences epigenetic programming, but the mechanisms remained unclear and required further investigation. First, we profiled DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression and activity in human colorectal cancer cells (HCT116) under hypoxia or hypoglycaemia (mimicking ischemia). We found that DNMT1 and DNMT3b were significantly downregulated by hypoxia and hypoglycaemia, and DNMT3a was downregulated by hypoglycaemia. However, DNMT1 downregulation was p53-dependent. To examine if the changes in DNMT expression and activity translated to changes in DNA methylation patterns, we used bisulfite sequencing and examined the promoter region of p16. Hypoglycaemia significantly demethylated this region in both p53 wild-type and p53-null cells. Next, we used a genome-wide approach to discover what additional genes are hypomethylated by ischemia. Methylated DNA was immunoprecipitated and analysed with an Affymetrix promoter array, in parallel with an expression array. Ingenuity pathway analysis software revealed that a significant proportion of genes which were hypomethylated and upregulated were involved in cellular movement, including PLAUR and CYR61. We believe that hypoxia and hypoglycaemia may be driving changes in DNA methylation through dysregulation of DNMTs, resulting in cells acquiring a more mobile phenotype in ischemic regions. DNMT and histone deacetylase inhibitors are commonly used in research and some cancer therapies. Modifying epigenetic patterning with these inhibitors has been widely studied in cancer cells, but only briefly explored in the tumor’s vascular endothelium. We profiled the effect of these inhibitors on endothelial cell (EC) behaviour, and tested if combining them with a targeted anti-angiogenic therapy would augment the inhibition of angiogenesis. When the DNMT inhibitor 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine was combined with sunitinib, inhibition of EC proliferation was enhanced compared to treatment with sunitinib alone. EC migration was also inhibited by the combination of these two inhibitors, but not in an additive manner. These studies have improved our understanding of how altering epigenetic patterning with ischemia and therapeutic inhibitors can influence colorectal cancer and endothelial cell behaviour. / Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute. The Cancer Research Society.
2

Les thérapies anti-angiogéniques : entre espoir et réalité. Vers l'identification de marqueurs prédictifs et de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans le traitement du cancer du rein / The anti-angiogenic therapy : between hope and reality. Toward the identification of predictive markers and new therapeutic targets in renal cancer

Guyot, Mélanie 19 July 2013 (has links)
L’ensemble de ce travail vise à étudier les mécanismes de résistance aux thérapies anti-angiogéniques dans le traitement du cancer du rein à cellules claires (ccRCC). Nous avons mis en évidence que le bévacizumab (BVZ), un anticorps monoclonal humanisé anti-VEGF utilisé en clinique, accélère la croissance de ccRCC humain chez la souris nude. Ce modèle mime la phase d’échappement souvent observée chez les patients. Le traitement BVZ induit de la lymphangiogenèse associée à une surexpression du VEGF-C. Les cellules tumorales après traitement possèdent également des capacités d’invasion accrues. Ainsi, le traitement BVZ pourrait faciliter la progression tumorale et la formation de métastases dans les ccRCC. Le traitement entraine également une diminution de l’expression d’une phosphatase membranaire, la phospho-tyrosine phosphatase récepteur kappa (PTPR)impliquée dans le contrôle de l’activité de récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase, comme le récepteur de l’EGF, du PDGF et de l’HGF. Ces récepteurs régulent la prolifération et la migration cellulaire. Le traitement BVZ faciliterait donc la croissance tumorale indépendante du VEGF. Enfin, le traitement induit une augmentation de la sécrétion de cytokines angiogéniques redondantes qui prennent le relais du VEGF, comme les cytokines CXCL7 et CXCL8, et facilitent le développement tumoral sous traitement BVZ. En particuliers, la cytokine CXCL7 et ses récepteurs CXCR1-2 ont un rôle central dans le développement des ccRCC. Cibler l’axe CXCL7/CXCR1-2 réduit efficacement la croissance tumorale. Les récepteurs cibles de PTPR, pour lesquels des inhibiteurs sont actuellement utilisés pour le traitement d’autres cancers, le VEGF-C et la cytokine CXCL7, pourraient donc constituer de nouveaux marqueurs prédictifs d’efficacité du BVZ et de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques dans le traitement des ccRCC. La résistance au BVZ pourrait également s’expliquer par l’existence de formes "bénéfiques" anti-angiogéniques du VEGF qui sont reconnues par le BVZ avec la même affinité que les formes pro-angiogéniques. Nous avons mis en évidence qu’une immunisation prophylactique à l’aide d’un peptide spécifique du VEGF pro-angiogénique limite la croissance tumorale de ccRCC syngéniques de souris. De la même façon, en traitement curatif, l’utilisation d’anticorps spécifiques du VEGF pro-angiogénique bloque la croissance de ccRCC chez la souris nude sans induire les différents mécanismes d’échappement observés avec le BVZ. Ces résultats suggèrent la pertinence du ciblage spécifique des formes pro-angiogéniques de VEGF dans le traitement des ccRCC. / The aim of my work is to study resistance mechanisms to anti-angiogenic treatments of Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma (ccRCC). We observed that bevacizumab (BVZ) -a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting VEGF and currently used in the clinic- promotes the growth of human ccRCC xenografts in nude mice. This model mimics the “escape phase” widely observed in patients. BVZ treatment induces lymphangiogenesis and over-expression of VEGF-C. Tumor cells exposed to the treatment acquire an increased spreading capacity. Hence, BVZ might promote tumor progression and metastasis formation of ccRCC. Furthermore, this treatment decreases the expression of the receptor phosphor tyrosine phosphatase kappa (PTRP). This phosphatase is involved in the regulation of tyrosine kinase receptors controlling growth and migration, among others EGF, PDGF and HGF receptors. Thus, BVZ might promote tumor growth independently of VEGF. Moreover, the treatment increases secretion of redundant cytokines like CXCL7 and CXCL8. By their ability to exert similar effect as VEGF, these cytokines promote tumor development under BVZ treatment. In particular, CXCL7 and its receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, play a central role in the development of ccRCC. Targeting this pathway efficiently reduces tumor growth. Target receptors of PTRP for which inhibitors are currently used for other cancers, VEGF-C and CXCL7 could therefore be regarded as new predictive markers for BVZ efficiency and may be considered as potential therapeutic targets. Resistance to BVZ could also be explained by the presence of "beneficial" forms of anti-angiogenic VEGF recognized by the BVZ with the same affinity as the pro-angiogenic forms. We have demonstrated that prophylactic immunization with a pro-angiogenic VEGF-specific peptide limits tumor growth of murine syngeneic ccRCC. Similarly, in curative therapy, antibodies specific for pro-angiogenic VEGF block growth of ccRCC in nude mice without inducing the escape mechanisms observed with BVZ. These results highlight the relevance of targeting such pro-angiogenic forms of VEGF for the treatment of ccRCC.
3

Modélisation, analyse mathématique de thérapies anti-cancéreuses pour les cancers métastatiques

Benzekry, Sébastien 10 November 2011 (has links)
Nous introduisons un modèle mathématique d'évolution d'une maladie cancéreuse à l'échelle de l'organisme, prenant en compte les métastases ainsi que leur taille et permettant de simuler l'action de plusieurs thérapies telles que la chirurgie, la chimiothérapie ou les traitements anti-angiogéniques. Le problème mathématique est une équation de renouvellement structurée en dimension deux. Son analyse mathématique ainsi que l'analyse fonctionnelle d'un espace de Sobolev sous-jacent sont effectuées. Existence, unicité, régularité et comportement asymptotique des solutions sont établis dans le cas autonome. Un schéma numérique lagrangien est introduit et analysé, permettant de prouver l'existence de solutions dans le cas non-autonome. L'effet de la concentration de la donnée au bord en une masse de Dirac est aussi envisagé.Le potentiel du modèle est ensuite illustré pour des problématiques cliniques telles que l'échec des anti-angiogéniques, les protocoles temporels d'administration pour la combinaison d'une chimiothérapie et d'un anti-angiogénique et les chimiothérapies métronomiques. Pour tenter d'apporter des réponses mathématiques à ces problèmes cliniques, un problème de contrôle optimal est formulé, analysé et simulé. / We introduce a mathematical model for the evolution of a cancer disease at the organism scale, taking into account for the metastases and their sizes as well as action of several therapies such as primary tumor surgery, chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy. The mathematical problem is a renewal equation with bi-dimensional structuring variable. Mathematical analysis and functional analysis of an underlying Sobolev space are performed. Existence, uniqueness, regularity and asymptotic behavior of the solutions are proven in the autonomous case. A lagrangian numerical scheme is introduced and analyzed. Convergence of this scheme proves existence in the non-autonomous case. The effect of concentration of the boundary data into a Dirac mass is also investigated.Possible applications of the model are numerically illustrated for clinical issues such as the failure of anti-angiogenic monotherapies, scheduling of combined cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic therapies and metronomic chemotherapies. In order to give mathematical answers to these clinical problems an optimal control problem is formulated, analyzed and simulated.

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