Antibiotics are added to animal feeds as prophylactic agents and to encourage weight gain in livestock. However, there is concern that the widespread use of antibiotics in animal agriculture encourages for the selection of resistance genes and has contributed to the rise of multiply antibiotic resistant strains of pathogenic bacteria. For this reason, there is interest in quantifying antibiotics in environmental samples. The determination of three antibiotics in swine waste, namely chlortetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline, using LC-MS with electrospray ionization is presented here in. Antibiotics from swine waste were quantified across the lifespan of the swine. Trends were present in each of the four life stages (gestation, farrowing, nursery, and finishing). The nursery stage of life presented the most dominate concentrations and the most consistent trend in antibiotic concentrations.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2010. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains v, 88 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:56:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_et_me_jabo.pdf: 1106497 bytes, checksum: 632f1e0639386b0c7af966336e547eed (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Para avaliar diferentes melhoradores de desempenho na alimentação de frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade, foram utilizados 2.240 pintos de corte (1.120 machos e 1.120 fêmeas), com um dia de idade, da linhagem “Cobb” 500, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (oito tratamento x dois sexos), sendo 16 tratamentos no total e quatro repetições de 35 aves, totalizando 140 aves por tratamento. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo procedimento GLM do SAS e em caso de significância estatística, as médias foram comparadas pelo Teste de Student-Newman-Keuls com nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os tratamentos experimentais correspondem a: Macho - controle; Macho - 10 ppm avilamicina; Macho - prebiótico TC (500g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Macho - prebiótico TC (1.000g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Macho - prebiótico TC (1.500g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Macho - prebiótico TC (2.000g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Macho - prebiótico TC (1.000g/t); prebiótico MOS (1.000g/t); Fêmea – controle; Fêmea - 10 ppm avilamicina; Fêmea - prebiótico TC (500g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Fêmea - prebiótico TC (1.000g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Fêmea - prebiótico TC (1.500g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Fêmea - prebiótico TC (2.000g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Fêmea - prebiótico TC (1.000g/t) e prebiótico MOS (1.000g/t). Avaliou-se o desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça e de cortes comerciais e a morfometria intestinal dos frangos de corte. Pode-se concluir que, a combinação do prebiótico com o probiótico (simbiótico) melhorou o desempenho das aves, a morfometria e a histologia da mucosa do duodeno e do jejuno, quando comparados ao tratamento controle e ao tratamento com antibiótico / To evaluate different performance enhancers, antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic in the diet of broilers on performance, dressing percentage, cuts, and intestinal morphology, were used 2240 broilers, with 1120 males and 1120 females, with one day old of lineage “Cobb” 550, distributed in a completely randomized design, in factorial (eigth treatments x two sexes) with 16 treatments with four replication of 35 birds each, totaling 1400 birds per treatments. The data obtained were analyzed by the method of analysis of variance with the GLM procedures of SAS and in case of statistical significance, the measurement were compared using the Student-Newman-Keuls test with the 5% level of probability. The experimental treatments were: Male - control; Male - 10 ppm avilamycin; Male - prebiotic TC (500g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Male - prebiotic TC (1,000g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Male - prebiotic TC (1,500g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Male - prebiotic TC (2,000g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Male - prebiotic TC (1,000g/t); Male - prebiotic MOS (1,000g/t); Female - control; Female - 10 ppm avilamycin; Female - prebiotic TC (500g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Female - prebiotic TC (1,000g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Female - prebiotic TC (1,500g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Female - prebiotic TC (2,000g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Female - prebiotic TC (1,000g/t); Female - prebiotic MOS (1,000g/t). The combination of prebiotics with probiotic improved bird’s performance, morphometric and histology of the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum, when compared to the control and treatment with antibiotics

Orientador: Otto Mack Junqueira / Coorientador: Valquíria Cação da Cruz / Banca: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni / Banca: Rosemeire da Silva Filardi / Resumo: Para avaliar diferentes melhoradores de desempenho na alimentação de frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade, foram utilizados 2.240 pintos de corte (1.120 machos e 1.120 fêmeas), com um dia de idade, da linhagem "Cobb" 500, os quais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (oito tratamento x dois sexos), sendo 16 tratamentos no total e quatro repetições de 35 aves, totalizando 140 aves por tratamento. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo procedimento GLM do SAS e em caso de significância estatística, as médias foram comparadas pelo Teste de Student-Newman-Keuls com nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os tratamentos experimentais correspondem a: Macho - controle; Macho - 10 ppm avilamicina; Macho - prebiótico TC (500g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Macho - prebiótico TC (1.000g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Macho - prebiótico TC (1.500g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Macho - prebiótico TC (2.000g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Macho - prebiótico TC (1.000g/t); prebiótico MOS (1.000g/t); Fêmea - controle; Fêmea - 10 ppm avilamicina; Fêmea - prebiótico TC (500g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Fêmea - prebiótico TC (1.000g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Fêmea - prebiótico TC (1.500g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Fêmea - prebiótico TC (2.000g/t) + probiótico (500g/t); Fêmea - prebiótico TC (1.000g/t) e prebiótico MOS (1.000g/t). Avaliou-se o desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça e de cortes comerciais e a morfometria intestinal dos frangos de corte. Pode-se concluir que, a combinação do prebiótico com o probiótico (simbiótico) melhorou o desempenho das aves, a morfometria e a histologia da mucosa do duodeno e do jejuno, quando comparados ao tratamento controle e ao tratamento com antibiótico / Abstract: To evaluate different performance enhancers, antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic and symbiotic in the diet of broilers on performance, dressing percentage, cuts, and intestinal morphology, were used 2240 broilers, with 1120 males and 1120 females, with one day old of lineage "Cobb" 550, distributed in a completely randomized design, in factorial (eigth treatments x two sexes) with 16 treatments with four replication of 35 birds each, totaling 1400 birds per treatments. The data obtained were analyzed by the method of analysis of variance with the GLM procedures of SAS and in case of statistical significance, the measurement were compared using the Student-Newman-Keuls test with the 5% level of probability. The experimental treatments were: Male - control; Male - 10 ppm avilamycin; Male - prebiotic TC (500g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Male - prebiotic TC (1,000g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Male - prebiotic TC (1,500g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Male - prebiotic TC (2,000g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Male - prebiotic TC (1,000g/t); Male - prebiotic MOS (1,000g/t); Female - control; Female - 10 ppm avilamycin; Female - prebiotic TC (500g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Female - prebiotic TC (1,000g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Female - prebiotic TC (1,500g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Female - prebiotic TC (2,000g/t) + probiotic (500g/t); Female - prebiotic TC (1,000g/t); Female - prebiotic MOS (1,000g/t). The combination of prebiotics with probiotic improved bird's performance, morphometric and histology of the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum, when compared to the control and treatment with antibiotics / Mestre

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Different substances were evaluated and compared to an antibiotic, in terms of their effect on nitrogen - and amino acid digestibilities. Two digestibility trials and one performance trial were conducted. Trials one and two apparent nitrogen (AND)- and amino acid (AAD) digestibilities were determined from digesta collected at the terminal ileum (ileal digestibility method). In Trial 3 the substances were evaluated in terms of their potential to improve production performance. Broilers were fed a maizesoya based diet throughout the three trails. In the first trial, garlic and a commercial prebiotic (Bio-Mos®), were tested and compared in terms of AND and AAD, to an antibiotic (doxycyclin, Doxyvete-SOS). A starter and finisher diet were fed as either mash or pellets. The garlic was included at 8g/kg, 13g/kg and 18g/kg to the starter and finisher diets. Bio-Mos® was added at 1g/kg, 2g/kg and 3g/kg to the starter diet, and 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg and 1.5g/kg to the finisher diet. The doxycyclin was added at 0.3 g/kg. None of the treatments had any beneficial effects in terms of AND. Feeding a pellet seem to have some negative effects in terms of AND. In general most of the treatments did not show any improvement in AAD at any determination period (day 21, 28 or 35). At day 21 and day 35, the mash diet supplemented with 18g/kg garlic had a negative effect on AAD, when compared to the negative and positive control. It doesn’t seem that feeding either a mash or a pellet had an influence on the effects exerted by the different treatments. In the second trial the influence of Bio-Mos®, a blend of organic acids, probiotics and electrolytes (Acid-Pak 4-way®) and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) were evaluated and compared in terms of AAD and AND, to the effect of an antibiotic, doxycyclin. The starter and finisher diets were fed as a mash. Bio-Mos® was included at 1g/kg, 2g/kg, and 3g/kg in the starter diet, and at 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg, 1.5g/kg in the finisher diet, respectively. Acid-Pak 4-way® was included at 0.4g/kg, 1g/kg and 1.6g/kg for both the starter and finisher diets. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) were allocated at 3g/kg, 3.6g/kg, 4.2g/kg for the starter diet, and 2.1g/kg, 2.7g/kg and 3.4g/kg for the finisher diet. An antibiotic, doxycyclin, was included at 0.3 g/kg. With AND, no treatment had any significant effect for the entire experimental period. At day 21, the treatment supplemented with MCT (3.4g/kg) had the most significant beneficial effect on AAD, when compared to the negative- and positive controls, as it increased AAD for the majority of the amino acids. The treatment with Acid-Pak 4-way® (1g/kg) had the most significant negative effect on AAD when compared to the positive control. At day 28, the treatments with Bio-Mos® (0.5g/kg and 1.5g/kg) and Acid-Pak 4-way® (0.4g/kg) had the most significant beneficial effect on AAD when compared to the positive control. It increased AAD for more than half of the 17 amino acids evaluated. The treatment supplemented with MCT (2.7g/kg) has shown the most significant negative effect on AAD, when compared to the positive control. In the third trial the effect of Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way® and MCT on production performance was evaluated, and compared to the effects of the presence or absence of doxycyclin. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. The starter and finisher diets were fed as a mash. Bio-Mos®, MCT and Acid-Pak 4-way® were included at 3.0g/kg, 4.2g/kg and 1.6g/kg, respectively in the starter and finisher diets. Birds were weighed (per pen) on arrival and on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35. Feed intake (FI) per pen was measured at days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35, and mortality was recorded daily. In terms of BWG, Acid-Pak 4-way® had a higher BWG, when compared to the negative control, Bio-Mos® and MCT. It can be concluded that Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way®, as well as MCT can be a possible alternatives to antibiotic supplementation. These three treatments did not necessary prove to be more effective than antibiotics, but are definitely competitive alternatives. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskillende behandelings is geëvalueer en vergelyk met ‘n antimikrobiese produk, in terme van hul uitwerking op stikstof - en aminosuur verteerbaarhede. Twee verteringstudies en produksieprestasie studie is uitgevoer. In die eerste twee studies is die skynbare stikstof (AND)- en aminosuur (AAD) verteringskoöeffisiënte bepaal deur gebruik te maak van digesta wat by die terminale ileum ingesamel is (ileale verteringsmetode). In die derde studie is die produksie prestasie van braaikuikens op ‘n gebalanseerde metaboliseerbare energie (AME) rantsoen, soos beïnvloed deur die verskillende behandelings, geëvalueer. In die eerste studie is knoffel en ‘n kommersiële prebiotikum (Bio-Mos®) geëvalueer en met ‘n antibiotikum (doksisiklien, Doxyveto-SOS) in terme van AND en AAD vergelyk. Beginner- en afrondingsrantsoene is as ‘n meel of pille gevoer. Die knoffel is teen 8g/kg, 13g/kg en 18g/kg in die rantsoen ingesluit. Bio-Mos® is teen 1g/kg, 2g/kg en 3g/kg in die beginner rantsoen en teen 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg en 1.5g/kg in die afrondingsrantsoen, ingesluit. Die antibiotikum is teen 0.3g/kg in beide rantsoene ingesluit. Geen van die behandelings het enige positiewe invloed op AND gehad nie. Deur ‘n verpilde rantsoen te voer het sekere negatiewe invloed op AND gehad. Oor die algemeen het geen behandelings enige positiewe invloed op AAD gehad nie. Op dag 21 en 35 het die insluiting van knoffel teen 18g/kg in ’n meel rantsoen ’n negatiewe invloed op AAD gehad, wanneer dit met die negatiewe- en positiewe kontroles vergelyk is. Dit blyk nie dat om ‘n pil of meel te voer enige invloed op die invloede van die verskillende behandelings gehad het nie. In die tweede studie is Bio-Mos®, ‘n organiese suur (Acid-Pak 4-way®) en ‘n medium-ketting trigliseried (MCT) geëvalueer en met ‘n antbiotikum, doksisiklien (Doxyveto-SOS) in terme van AND en AAD, vergelyk. Beginner- en afrondingsrantsoene is gevoer as ‘n meel. Bio-Mos® is teen 1g/kg, 2g/kg, and 3g/kg in die beginner rantsoen en teen 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg, 1.5g/kg in die afrondingsrantsoen, ingesluit. Acid-Pak 4-way® is teen 0.4g/kg, 1g/kg en 1.6g/kg vir die beginner –en afrondingsrantsoene ingesluit. Die MCT is teen 3g/kg, 3.6g/kg, 4.2g/kg in die beginner rantsoen en teen 2.1g/kg, 2.7g/kg en 3.4g/kg in die afrondingsrantsoen ingesluit. Die antibiotikum is ingesluit teen 0.3g/kg. Geen behandelings het enige betekenisvolle invloed in terme van AND gehad nie. Op dag 21 het MCT (3.4g/kg), in vergelyking met die negatiewe- en positiewe kontrole, die grootste positiewe invloed op AAD gehad. Acid-Pak 4-way® (1g/kg) het, in vergelyking met die positiewe kontrole, ‘n positiewe invloed gehad op AAD. Op dag 28, het Bio-Mos® (0.5g/kg en 1.5g/kg) en Acid-Pak 4-way® (0.4g/kg) die grootste positiewe invloed op AAD gehad. Die behandeling met MCT (2.7g/kg) het die mees negatiewe invloed op AAD gehad. In die derde studie is die insluiting van Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way® en MCT getoets om die invloed op braaikuiken produksie prestasie te evalueer, en te vergelyk met die invloed van die insluiting of afwesigheid van ‘n antibiotikum. Liggaamsmassa (BW), liggaamsmassa toename (BWG), voerinname (FI) en voeromsetverhouding (FCR) is gemeet. Beginner- en afrondings rantsoene is gevoer as ‘n meel. Bio-Mos®, MCT en Acid-Pak 4-way® is onderskeidelik teen 3.0g/kg, 4,2g/kg en 1.6g/kg in die rantsoen ingesluit. Die kuikens is met aankoms (per hok) geweeg, asook op dae 7, 14, 21, 28, 35. Voerinname per hok is gemeet op dae 7, 14, 21, 28 en 35. Mortaliteite is daagliks aangeteken. Die insluiting van Acid-Pak 4-way® het in vergelyking met die negatiewe kontrole, Bio-Mos® en MCT insluiting ‘n hoër BWG tot gevolg gehad. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak kan word is dat Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way® en MCT gebruik kan word as ‘n moontlike alternatief vir antibiotika insluiting. Hierdie drie behandelings was nie noodwending meer effektief as die antibiotika nie, maar het wel bewys dat dit kompeterende alternatiewe is.

The novel hypothesis that antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) function by modulating the mammalian immune system was tested. Sampling methods to characterize the mucosa-associated microbiota of the murine intestine by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis indicated that direct plug extraction was superior to wash methods. Using T-RFLP analysis, non-therapeutic administration of chlortetracycline (CTC) and sulfamethazine to beef cattle did not affect the composition of bacterial communities associated with intestinal mucosa and in digesta, with exception of those associated with mucosa of the proximal jejunum. Similarly, oral administration of non-therapeutic concentrations of CTC did not affect the mucosa-associated microbiota of the murine intestine. Oral administration of nontherapeutic concentrations of CTC prevented weight loss, reduced pathologic changes, modulated transcription levels of inflammatory cytokines in C. rodentium-infected mice, and did not consistently affect the colonic microbiota. These findings support the hypothesis that AGP primarily function by modulating the intestinal immune system. / xiv, 160 leaves ; 29 cm

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

This research reported here was carried out to examine alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters as a result of their being banned in the animal feed industry. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of non-medicated feed additives as replacements for antibiotic growth promoters in broiler feeds. The additives used were enzymes (a new thermo-tolerant powder enzyme called TXAP, phytase, lipase and a new phytase enzyme derived from E. coli called phyzyme XP), organic acid (Acid Pak), prebiotic (Bio-Mos®) and probiotic (All-Lac XCL). Mashed maize-soya based feeds were used in all the experiments, which were conducted in litter-floor pens. The first experiment was a dose-response trial. Broilers in eight replicate pens of 50 males and 50 females were fed unsupplemented feeds and five additional feeds containing increasing levels of TXAP, from 0.5 to 2.5 g/kg to 42 d. The second experiment used enzyme TXAP with two different enzymes (phytase and lipase), individually or in combination. Six replicate pens of 50 males and 50 females were fed either unsupplemented feeds or one of six additional feeds treated with TXAP, lipase, phytase , a combination of TXAP and lipase, a combination of TXAP and phytase or a combination of all the three enzymes . This trial continued for 42 d. In the third experiment three types of TXAP (Lot 1, 2 and 3) were used, with fixed levels of xylanase and amylase but varying levels of protease activities (4000, 2000 and 1000 U/kg for Lot 1, 2 and 3, respectively) in combination with phyzyme XP for 35 d. The fourth experiment used mannan-oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos®), organic acid (Acid pak 2x), probiotic (All Lac XCL 5x), individually or in combination and an antibiotic growth promoter (Zinc bacitracin) for 42 d. The chickens in this experiment were challenged with Clostridium perfringens (CP) at 21, 22 and 23 d to determine the efficacy of these additives for replacing antibiotics in hindering the effects of CP on the villus surface area. The dose-response trial did not show any significant improvement in broiler performance with any level of inclusion of enzyme TXAP. The results from this study showed some beneficial effects with the use of enzyme TXAP when fed alone and at a young age. Its use when combined with other enzymes and at later stages of growth needs further investigation. Feed additives in experiment 4 prevented the negative effects of CP as the treated chickens did not have lesions on their villus surfaces. The conditions under which these trials were conducted appeared to be such that little benefit was derived from the use of any of the feed additives used. It is possible that under less-hygienic conditions such as those in commercial operations greater benefits from these additives may be realised. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

This dissertation addresses the history of antibiotic use in British and US food production between 1950 and 2013. Introduced to agriculture in the 1950s, antibiotics underpinned the 20th-century revolution in Western food production. However, from the late 1950s onwards, controversies over antibiotic resistance, residues and animal welfare began to tarnish antibiotics' image. By mapping both the enthusiasm and the controversies surrounding antibiotic use, this dissertation shows how distinct civic epistemologies of risk influenced consumers', producers' and officials' attitudes towards antibiotics. These differing risk perceptions did not emerge by chance: in Britain, popular animal welfare concerns fused with new scenarios of antibiotic resistance and drove reform. Following 1969, Britain pioneered antibiotic resistance regulation by banning certain feed antibiotics. However, subsequent reforms were only partially implemented, and total antibiotic consumption failed to sink. Meanwhile, scandals and public pressure forced the American FDA to install the first comprehensive monitoring program for antibiotic residues. However, differing public priorities and industrial opposition meant that the FDA failed to convince Congress of resistance-inspired bans. The transatlantic regulatory gap has since widened: following the BSE crisis, the EU phased out growth-promoting antibiotic feeds in 2006. The US proclaimed only a voluntary and partial ban of antibiotic feeds in December 2013. In the face of contemporary warnings about failing antibiotics, the dissertation shows how one group of substances acquired different meanings for different communities. It also reveals that the dilemma of antibiotic regulation is hardly new. Despite knowing about antibiotic allergies and resistance since the 1940s, no country has managed to solve the dilemma of preserving antibiotics' economic benefits whilst containing their medical risks. Historically, effective antibiotic regulation emerged only when differing perceptions of antibiotics were broken down either by sustained regulatory reform or large crises.