Magister Scientiae - MSc / Extracts from the root bark, stem bark, and leaves of R. natalensis were screened for antibacterial activity against standard bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureas, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aureginosa, and fungi; Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes or Microsporum gyseum. Chromatographic techniques were utilized to isolate pure compounds. This study validates and documents, in a systematic way, the antimicrobial properties of the R. natalensis used for many years by many people of the world. It also provides valuable information for further phytochemical isolation and characterization studies of active compounds, necessary for the development of new drugs. The extractions were carried out using broad spectrum of solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol). Fractionation was done using standard chromatographic techniques. A total of seven (7) compounds were isolated from R. natalensis. Three of the isolates were characterized and their structures were unambiguously established by detailed spectroscopic analysis that involved high resolution mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D-NMR spectral data experiments 1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HMBC, and NOESY. These compounds are: 3-(1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,3-bis(4- hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-7-methoxy- 4H-chromone-4-one (39), Rhuschromone, a novel compound isolated for the first time, 2’,4’-dihydroxychalcone-(4-O-5’’’)-4’’,2’’’,4’’’- trihydroxychalcone (40) and 3-((Z)-heptadec-13-enyl) benzene- 1,2-diol (41), an urushiol. Compound 39 recorded the highest activity zone of inhibition (21mm) against S. aureas, which was found to be 50% as active the chloramphenicol standard used. The traditional use of the extracts in infections and inflammatory conditions is rationalized based on the content of theisolated compounds, and it has been proposed that the total crude extract, with its contents of so many bioactive compounds, could be formulated for use in many infections, microbial or fungal. Furthermore, not all of the species studied to date have been fully characterized for potential bioactivities. Thus, there remains a significant research gap spanning the range from lead chemical discovery through process development and optimization in order to better understand the full bioactive potential of many of these plants. / South Africa

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Bachelor project. / Haves kun i elektronisk udg.

Orientador: Miriam Dupas Hubinger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T05:48:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oriani_VivianBoesso_M.pdf: 12741078 bytes, checksum: 5f41652e5d2d38885c526edf6c2e0cf7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Coberturas comestíveis foram desenvolvidas e caracterizadas pela combinação de fécula de mandioca (2 e 3% p/v) com óleos essenciais de casca de canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) (0,05 a 0,30% v / v) ou de erva doce (Foeniculum vulgare L.) (0,05-0,30 % v / v). A adição do óleo teve como propósito desenvolver uma cobertura com propriedades antimicrobianas, antioxidantes e com capacidade de barreira ao vapor de água, já que os óleos essenciais têm característica hidrofóbica. Foram avaliados estabilidade física, tamanho de gota e viscosidade das coberturas comestíveis emulsionadas e os filmes foram caracterizados através das propriedades mecânicas, solubilidade e microscopia de força atômica. As coberturas emulsionadas com 2% de fécula de mandioca mostraram-se estáveis e as de 3% de fécula apresentaram separação da água do sistema emulsionado. A cobertura foi feitas em fatias de maçãs para o teste de resistência ao vapor de água e medida da taxa de respiração. A formulação com a concentração máxima dos dois óleos essenciais, em ambas as concentrações de fécula de mandioca, resultou em aumento da resistência ao vapor de água. A taxa respiratória das fatias de maçãs com cobertura mostrou efeito de barreira ao CO2 em relação aos frutos sem cobertura. As análises de propriedades mecânicas e microscopia de força atômica dos filmes mostraram que as películas com óleo essencial de casca de canela podem ter apresentado descontinuidade da matriz formadora de filmes. As coberturas com óleo essencial de casca de canela apresentaram efeito significativo para a atividade antioxidante. O teste de halo de inibição dos microrganismos mostrou que a formulação com 0,3% de óleo essencial de casca de canela apresenta uma pequena inibição para Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella choleraesius / Abstract: Edible coatings formed by a combination of cassava starch (2 and 3% w / v) with essential oil of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) (0.05 to 0.30% v / v) or fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) (0.05 to 0.30% v / v) were developed and characterized. The addition of oil had the objective of developing a coating with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and capacity to form a better water vapor barrier, due to the aggregation of the hydrophobic characteristics of essential oil. Physical stability, particle size and viscosity of the edible coatings were analyzed and films were characterized by mechanical properties, solubility and atomic force microscopy measures. Coatings emulsified with 2% cassava starch were stable and the 3% starch concentration with added essential oil showed water separation from the emulsified system. The coatings were applied to apple slices for water vapor resistance and respiration rate tests. The formulation with maximum concentration of both essential oils, at both concentrations of cassava starch, resulted in increased water vapor resistance, and respiration rates of coated apple slices showed a CO2 barrier effect in relation to fruit without coating. Mechanical properties analysis and atomic force microscopy showed that films added with cinnamon bark essential oil presented discontinuity on its matrix-forming capacity. Coating with cinnamon bark essential oil had significant antioxidant capacity. Inhibition of microorganisms tests proved that the formulation with 0.3% essential oil of cinnamon bark had a small inhibiting activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella choleraesius / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestra em Engenharia de Alimentos

Anecdotal evidence of two South African Geranium species (Pelargonium reniforme and Pelargonium sidoides) from the United Kingdom with regard to plants being used against tuberculosis, which lacked scientific evidence’ prompted us to investigate these two plants for their antimicrobial properties. The German herbal remedy (‘Umckaloabo’) is prepared from these two plant species and is currently being sold for bronchitis. Acetone, chloroform and ethanol extracts were investigated against three bacteria (pathogens causing bronchitis), three fungi (fungal species associated with the upper and lower respiratory tract) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is the first report on the extracts’ activity against Moraxella catarrhalis, and three fungi (Asperigilus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium oxysporum). Acetone and ethanol root extracts of P. sidoides and its combination with P. reniforme exhibited activity against bacteria at 5.0 mg/ml concentration. The fungi were significantly inhibited by the acetone and ethanol extracts of P. reniforme and the ethanol extract of P. sidoides at a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. Antituberculosis activity was observed on acetone, chloroform and ethanol root extract of P. reniforme and chloroform extract of P. sidoides at 5.0 mg/ml concentration. The isolation and purification of compounds were attempted using two different approaches, of which the second approach resulted in isolation of four compounds and two flavonoids. One flavonoid (epigallocatechin) is isolated for the first time from P. sidoides. Laboratory investigations showed no activity of compounds isolated against M. tuberculosis. As Mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens, antimycobacterial activities may be due to either direct or indirect effects. Though the compounds in this study did not show antituberculosis activity, it can be speculated that the anecdotal evidence of TB-patients could be due to their immunostimulant activity. / Dissertation (MSc (Plant Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Lietuvoje prieskoninės arbatos tampa populiaresnės, dėl prieskonių ir žolių vis labiau atskleidžiamų teigiamų savybių žmogaus sveikatai. Tačiau jų pasirinkimas yra dar nedidelis. Tyrimo tikslas buvo sukurti kelias prieskoninių arbatų kompozicijas ir įvertinti jų juslines savybes bei antimikrobinį poveikį. Buvo sukurtos keturios arbatų kompozicijos: „Virškinimo arbata“, „Rytinė arbata“, „Vakarinė arbata“ ir „Afrodiziakas“. Arbatų kompozicijos buvo maišomos namų sąlygomis. Juslinės savybės vertintos taikant juslinės aprašomosios analizės metodus. Specialiai apmokyta 6 vertintojų grupė atrinko pagrindines arbatų kompozicijų savybes. Antimikrobinės arbatų kompozicijų savybės buvo įvertintos difuzijos į agarą metodu prieš Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium. Atlikta arbatų kompozicijų juslinė analizė parodė, kad skirtingos sudėties arbatos mėginiai skyrėsi instrumentiniu metodu įvertintos spalvos charakteristikomis. Juslinės skonio ir kvapo savybės priklausė nuo arbatos sudėties, ir nors visų arbatos mėginių skonis ir kvapas buvo gana intensyvūs, sodrūs, tačiau atskiri jaučiami skoniai ir kvapai priklausė nuo arbatos sudėties. Preliminarus priimtinumo vertinimas parodė, kad „Afrodiziako“ arbatos skonis ir kvapas vertintas kaip mažiau priimtini nei kitų arbatos mėginių, gal būt, todėl, kad jos skonis, kvapas bei pojūtis burnoje labiau priminė buljoną nei arbatą, o tai daugeliui vartotojų yra neįprasta. Priimtino vartotojams... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Spice tea is becoming more popular in Lithuania regarding spices and herbs growing disclosed positive characteristics to human health. However, their selection is still limited. The goal of the research was to create a few teas compositions of spices and evaluate the organoleptic characteristics and antimicrobial effect. There were created four tea compositions, "Digestive Tea", "Morning Tea", "Evening Tea" and "Aphrodisiac". Tea compositions were home-made. Organoleptic characteristics were tested using descriptive sensory analysis methods. Specially trained 6 assessors group has sorted main characteristics of the tea compositions. Antimicrobial compositions of tea were evaluated by the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium. Analysed teas sensory compositions showed that differences were found in tea compositions characteristics based on instrumental colour analysis instrumental method. Sensory flavour and aroma characteristics were based on the tea composition, despite all tea samples – flavour and fragrance were quite intense, however separately felt flavours and fragrances were based on, composition of tea. Preliminary assessment of the acceptability showed that the "Aphrodisiac" tea flavour and aroma selected as less acceptable than other tea samples, perhaps because of its taste, aroma and mouth feel were more like as broth than tea, which is unusual for most of the users. To consumers... [to full text]

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Kenneth J. Klabunde / This is an account of the synthesis of several drastically different forms of silver nanoparticles: Bare metal nanoparticles, dry nanoparticulate powders, aqueous soluble particles, and organic ligand coated monodisperse silver nanoparticles were all produced. The synthetic method was adapted from previous studies on gold nanoparticles and investigated to understand the optimal conditions for silver nanoparticle synthesis. Also the procedure for refinement of the nanoparticles was studied and applied to the formation of alloy nanoparticles. This extraordinary procedure produces beautifully colored colloids of spherical metal nanoparticles of the highest quality which under suitable conditions self-assemble into extensive three dimensional superlattice structures. The silver nanoparticle products were later tested against several biological pathogens to find dramatic increases in antimicrobial potency in comparison to commercially available silver preparations.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Soil texture, plant available water and fertilizer N would influence growth, biomass production and antimicrobial properties of locally used medicinal plants.This research was aimed at investigating how various soil textures (loamy sand, sandy loam and loam) with varying amounts of plant available water (PAW) and nitrogen fertilizer rates would influence the biomass production and antimicrobial properties of Mentha longifolia L. In this research, a two-way factorial experiment was used. It was produced by 3 X 3 factors, viz. three different soil textures (loam, sandy loam and loamy sand) and three levels of PAW in the first trial (0 %, 50 % and 90 % depletion of PAW) and three levels of N fertilizer rates in the second trial. The elemental fertilizers KNO3, K2SO4, KH2PO4, KCl Ca (NO3)2.2H2Oz, CaSO4.2H2O and Mg SO4.7H2O were used to prepare a nutrient solution for fertigation to meet 0Kg ha-1, 150Kg ha-1 and 250Kg ha-1 fertilizer N. This was replicated four times. The experiment was conducted in a tunnel. From the first trial the highest biomass production was obtained from 0% depletion of PAW treatments whereas 50% and 90% depletion of PAW matched each other at lower biomass productions. In terms of soil texture a higher biomass production was gained from loamy sand followed by loam and sandy loam. In the second trial similar influences of soil texture were evident and the significant biomass productions were highest, intermediate and low from 250Kg ha-1, 150Kg ha-1 and 0Kg ha-1 of fertilizer N, respectively. Accordingly, Mentha longifolia L revealed a minimal bacterial inhibition activity at 20g 100ml-1 against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive bacteria) under Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assay–susceptibility test. It was therefore concluded that soil texture does influence biomass production. In a like manner, the PAW had a significant impact on the total biomass production. An increase in N fertilizer increased vegetative biomass production. Plant material obtained from Mentha longifolia L has antimicrobial properties. Medically the plant can be used to combat Staphylococcus aureus – a major and ubiquitous pathogen for humans. The significance of this study is thus that it will benefit and help the medical community and future research as the guide to sustainable production and utilization of Mentha longifolia L. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grondtekstuur, plant beskikbare water en kunsmis N sal plantegroei, biomassaproduksie en antimikrobiese-eienskappe van plaaslike medisinale plante affekteer. Die doel van die navorsing was om die effek van grondteksture, plant beskikbare water (PAW) en stikstof op die biomassaproduksie en antimikrobieseeienskappe van Mentha longifolia L. te bestudeer. 'n Tweerigting-faktoriaal-eksperiment is gebruik deur drie verskillende grondteksture (leem, sanderige-leemgrond en leemsand) en drie vlakke van PAW in die eerste geval (0%, 50% en 90% uitputting van PAW) en drie vlakke van N-kunsmistoedienings in die tweede geval. Die basiese kunsmis KNO3, K2SO4, KH2PO4, KClCa(NO3)2.2H2Oz, CaSO4.2H2O en MgSO4.7H2O is gebruik in so „n mate dat 0Kg ha-1, 150kg ha-1 en 250 kg ha-1 Nas sproeibemesting toegedien is. Dit is vier keer herhaal. Die eksperiment is uitgevoer in 'n tonnel. Die hoogstebiomassaproduksie is van die eerste geval verkry van 0% uitputting van PAW behandelings, terwyl 50% en 90% uitputting van PAW ooreenstem met mekaar op laer biomassaproduksies. In terme van grondtekstuur is 'n hoër biomassaproduksie verkry in leemsand gevolg deur leem en sanderigeleem. In die tweede geval is soortgelyke invloede van grondtekstuur duidelik en die beduidende biomassaproduksies was die hoogste, intermediêre en laagste van 250 kg ha-1, 150kg ha-1 en 0Kg ha-1 van kunsmis N, onderskeidelik. Gevolglik, Mentha longifolia L onthul 'n minimale bakteriese inhibisie aktiwiteit op 20g 100ml-1 teen Staphylococcus aureus (gram positiewebakterieë) onder Minimum inhiberende konsentrasie assay-vatbaarheidtoets. Die gevolgtrekking is dus dat grondtekstuu biomassaproduksie beïnvloed. In 'n soortgelykewyse, het PAW 'n beduidende impak op die totale biomassaproduksie. 'n Toename in N-kunsmis verhoog vegetatiewe biomassaproduksie. Plantmateriaalverkry van Mentha longifolia L het antimikrobiale-eienskappe en kan as Die medisinale plante gebruik word om Staphylococcus aureus te bestry - 'n groot en alomteenwoordige patogeen in die mens. Die belangrikste bydrae van die navorsing is die bydra wat dit tot die mediesegemeenskap gemaak het. Die studie het ook riglyne gestel vir toekomstige navorsing vir volhoubare produksie van Mentha longifolia L. / NRF and DST for the funding of this study through the Seboka Project

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-07-31T13:38:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) MARÍA LUJÁN MÉNDEZ BAUER.pdf: 12902846 bytes, checksum: 801f717d7497117a7c090a250c895f0e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T13:38:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) MARÍA LUJÁN MÉNDEZ BAUER.pdf: 12902846 bytes, checksum: 801f717d7497117a7c090a250c895f0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Este estudo avaliou in vitro as propriedades antimicrobianas, mecânicas e adesivas de cimentos de ionômero de vidro (CIVs) que podem ser utilizados no Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático. Os CIVs Ketac-Molar, Ion-Z, Vitro-Molar e Fuji-IX foram submetidos aos testes de difusão em ágar (DA), aderência bacteriana (AB), abrasão (Ab), erosão (Er), sorção e solubilidade (SO-SB), expansão hidroscópica (EH), resistência flexural (RF), microinfiltração (MI) e microcisalhamento (MS). Para DA foram feitos 4 poços em placas petri com S. mutans e foram preenchidos com os CIVs. A zona de inibição foi medida. Para AB cinco corpos de prova (CP) de cada CIV foram inoculados em caldo BHI com S. mutans. Depois os CP foram lavados em PBS para fazer duas diluições que foram semeadas em placas petri para contagem das UFC/ml. Para Ab, 40 CP foram submetidos aos ciclos de escovação simulada, avaliando-se massa, rugosidade e dureza. Para Er, 80 CP foram analisados quanto à rugosidade, massa e microdureza, após ciclo erosivo com três bebidas ácidas. Para SO-SB 40 CP tiveram suas massas avaliadas durante 56 dias. Para EH, 40 cilindros de vidro foram preenchidos com os CIVs e avaliados por 4 semanas. Para RF cada CIV foi testado em três pontos no ensaio de flexão. Para MI, 80 dentes foram restaurados e submetidos a termociclagem para avaliação de microinfiltração em superfície oclusal e cervical. Para MS 80 dentes foram restaurados com cilindros feitos dos CIVs e avaliados numa máquina universal de ensaios. Os dados foram analisados com o teste de Tukey (p ≥ 0.05). Nos resultados do teste DA, Ion-Z mostrou a maior atividade antimicrobiana nos tempos avaliados. Em AB, Fuji-IX apresentou a maior aderência. Em Ab os CIVs não apresentaram diferenças significativas na massa e microdurezaapós escovação; em rugosidade, o Ion-Z foi afetado pela escovação. Em Er, os CIVs não foram afetados pelas bebidas ácidas quanto à massa, no entanto, os valores de microdureza e rugosidade sofreram alterações. Em SO-SB, Ion-Z teve os maiores valores. Em EH, Vitro-Molar e Ion-Z apresentaram expansão hidroscópica. Em RF, Fuji-IX teve o maior valor, sem diferença significativa com Ketac-Molar e Ion-Z. Em MI, Fuji-IX teve menos infiltração em permanentes e em decíduos e os outros CIVs não tiveram diferenças significativas. Em MS, Ketac-Molar, Ion-Z e Fuji-IX apresentaram os melhores valores sem diferenças significantes; as fraturas adesivas foram as de maior ocorrência. O estudo concluiu que Ketac-Molar, Fuji-IX e Ion-Z apresentaram resultados similares. O Ion-Z é mais uma opção para restaurações ART, no entanto, estudos in vivo devem ser realizados. / This study evaluated in vitro the antimicrobial, mechanical and adhesive properties of glass ionomer cements used in the Atraumatic Restoration Treatment. The glass ionomer cements (GIC) Ketac-Molar, Ion-Z, Vitro-Molar and Fuji-IX were evaluated in agar diffusion test (AD), bacterial adhesion (BA), abrasion (Ab), erosion (Er), water sorption and solubility (WS-SB), hygroscopic expansion (HE), flexural strength (FS), microleakage (ML), and micro-shear (MS). For AD 4 wells were filled with the GICs in petri dishes with S. mutans. The zone of inhibition was measured. For BA five specimens of each GIC were inoculated into BHI broth with S. mutans. Then the specimens were washed with PBS and after, the PBS were diluted twice to then seeded into petri dishes and the UFC/ml was counted. For Ab, 40 specimens were submitted to simulated brush cycles, evaluating mass, roughness and hardness. For Er 80 specimens were analyzed by roughness, mass and microhardness, according to the erosive cycle with acidic beverages. For WS-SB 40 specimens were evaluated according to mass for 56 days. For HE, 40 glass cylinders were filled with GICs and evaluated for 4 weeks. For FS each CIV was tested in the three-point bending test. For ML, 80 teeth were restored and submitted to thermocycling for evaluation of microleakage. For MS 80 teeth were sectioned and placed in PVC tubes. The specimens were restored with cylinders made of the GIC and evaluated in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using the Tukey test (p ≥ 0.05). In AD results, Ion-Z showed the highest antimicrobial activity in each evaluated time. In AB, Fuji-IX presented the highest bacterial adhesion. In Ab the GICs did not present significant difference after brushing in mass and microhardness; in roughness, Ion-Z was affected. In Er, the GICs were not affected by the acidic beverages in mass, however, the results of microhardness and roughness have changes. In SO-SB, Ion-Z had the highest values. In HE, Vitro-Molar and Ion-Z presented hydroscopic expansion. In RF, Fuji-IX had the highest value, without significant difference with Ketac-Molar and Ion- Z. In IM, Fuji-IX had less infiltration in permanent and in deciduous teeth; the others GICs didn´t have significant differences. In MS, Ketac-Molar, Ion-Z and Fuji-IX presented the best values without significant differences; the adhesive fractures were the ones with highest percentage. The study concluded that Ketac-Molar, Fuji-IX and Ion-Z presented similar results. Ion-Z is another option for ART restorations, however, in vivo studies should be performed. Keywords: glass ionomer cements, atraumatic restorative treatment, antimicrobial properties, mechanical properties, adhesive properties