O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o efeito de metas difíceis e fáceis na aquisição de uma tarefa motora em pessoas com altos e baixos níveis de ansiedade traço. Participaram da parte inicial da pesquisa, 465 estudantes de ambos gêneros, entre 15 e 18 anos. Após ser determinado o nível de ansiedade, oitenta adolescentes foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de acordo com os níveis de ansiedade (alto e baixo) e de estabelecimento de metas (difícil e fácil). A tarefa consistiu em subir a escada de BACHMAN. O experimento constou de quatro fases: aquisição, transferência imediata, transferência atrasada e retenção. A análise dos dados foi feita com três classificações, sendo a primeira com base nos valores gerais e 80 participantes, a segunda com base em valores mais extremos de ansiedade traço e 40 participantes; e a terceira com base nos gêneros e 20 participantes. O resultado principal foi referente ao gênero feminino, em que, no teste de transferência imediata, as meninas baixo ansiosas submetidas ao estabelecimento de metas difícil apresentaram desempenho pior que as meninas baixo ansiosas submetidas ao estabelecimento de metas fáceis. Além disso, pôde-se concluir que estudos futuros devem ser conduzidos com cuidados metodológicos relativos à inclusão na amostra, com base nos níveis mensurados e no gênero dos participantes / The goal of this research was to investigate the effect of difficult and easy targets in acquiring a motor task in people with high and low levels of anxiety trait. Participated in the early part of search, 465 students both genres, between 15 and 18 years. After being given the level of anxiety, eighty teenagers were distributed in four groups according to the levels of anxiety (high and low) and goal setting (hard and easy). The task was to climb the ladder of BACHMAN. The experiment consisted of four phases: acquisition phase, immediate and late transfer phases and retention phase. Data analysis was done with three classifications, being the first on the basis of general values and 80 participants, the second based on values more extreme anxiety trait and 40 participants; and the third based on genres and 20 participants. The main outcome was for female, where, in the immediate transfer test, low eager girls subjected to goals setting difficult performed worse than girls down anxious before the goals setting easy. Moreover, it might be concluded that further studies should be conducted with methodological care relating to inclusion in the sample, on the basis of the levels measured and gender of participants

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o efeito de metas difíceis e fáceis na aquisição de uma tarefa motora em pessoas com altos e baixos níveis de ansiedade traço. Participaram da parte inicial da pesquisa, 465 estudantes de ambos gêneros, entre 15 e 18 anos. Após ser determinado o nível de ansiedade, oitenta adolescentes foram distribuídos em quatro grupos de acordo com os níveis de ansiedade (alto e baixo) e de estabelecimento de metas (difícil e fácil). A tarefa consistiu em subir a escada de BACHMAN. O experimento constou de quatro fases: aquisição, transferência imediata, transferência atrasada e retenção. A análise dos dados foi feita com três classificações, sendo a primeira com base nos valores gerais e 80 participantes, a segunda com base em valores mais extremos de ansiedade traço e 40 participantes; e a terceira com base nos gêneros e 20 participantes. O resultado principal foi referente ao gênero feminino, em que, no teste de transferência imediata, as meninas baixo ansiosas submetidas ao estabelecimento de metas difícil apresentaram desempenho pior que as meninas baixo ansiosas submetidas ao estabelecimento de metas fáceis. Além disso, pôde-se concluir que estudos futuros devem ser conduzidos com cuidados metodológicos relativos à inclusão na amostra, com base nos níveis mensurados e no gênero dos participantes / The goal of this research was to investigate the effect of difficult and easy targets in acquiring a motor task in people with high and low levels of anxiety trait. Participated in the early part of search, 465 students both genres, between 15 and 18 years. After being given the level of anxiety, eighty teenagers were distributed in four groups according to the levels of anxiety (high and low) and goal setting (hard and easy). The task was to climb the ladder of BACHMAN. The experiment consisted of four phases: acquisition phase, immediate and late transfer phases and retention phase. Data analysis was done with three classifications, being the first on the basis of general values and 80 participants, the second based on values more extreme anxiety trait and 40 participants; and the third based on genres and 20 participants. The main outcome was for female, where, in the immediate transfer test, low eager girls subjected to goals setting difficult performed worse than girls down anxious before the goals setting easy. Moreover, it might be concluded that further studies should be conducted with methodological care relating to inclusion in the sample, on the basis of the levels measured and gender of participants

This thesis deals with the concept of time perspective with relation to anxiety. In the theoretical part, the terms of state anxiety, trait anxiety and anxiety disorders are defined. Furthermore, a space is dedicated to self-regulatory mechanisms. To give a holistic view, possible positives and benefits of anxiety in general are outlined as well. Moreover, the concept of time perspective, approaches to its measurement and linkage to experience and behaviour of individuals are presented. Subsequently, relationships between anxiety and time perspective are discussed. Last chapter of the theoretical part focuses on possible time perspective interventions for anxious individuals. The empirical part aims at discovering relationships between the concept of time perspective and state anxiety. For this purpose, the data obtained were analysed using a questionnaire survey conducted on a sample of respondents aged in early and middle adulthood. The questionnaire battery consisted of a section gathering demographic information, STAI questionnaire measuring both state and trait anxiety and a shortened version of the ZTPI - short extended by negative future perspective. The results of our research showed a significant positive relationship between anxiety and following time perspectives: negative past and...

本研究的目的是初步探索Wang等人(2012)的模式中各因子的生理基礎，在該模式當中，社會焦慮疾患與憂鬱疾患間的結構關係，可透過高負向情感因子、低正向情感因子、害怕負向評價因子與害怕正向評價因子良好說明，然目前主要研究發現多來自問卷法研究，本研究以靜息態磁振造影做為生理方面的初探工具，以功能聯結網絡找出與因子對應的生理佐證。本研究邀請共邀請50位大學生，其中有25位是高社會焦慮傾向者，另外25位則是低社會焦慮傾向者，每位參與者都須填寫問卷與接受約15分鐘的磁振造影掃描。本研究分別以杏仁核、腦島、依核與眶額葉皮質為種子區域形成的功能聯結網絡，結果發現高社會焦慮傾向組與低社會焦慮傾向組在四組功能聯結網絡均有顯著差異；進一步分析具差異的功能聯結與量表的關係，可觀察到與負向情感因子有關的聯結同時和社會焦慮傾向及憂鬱傾向達顯著正相關，與正向情感因子有關的聯結則同時和社會焦慮傾向及憂鬱傾向達顯著負相關；分別排除社會焦慮傾向與憂鬱傾向的影響後，仍可發現和害怕正向評價因子與害怕負向評價因子具顯著相關的功能聯結。本研究的發現顯示Wang等人(2012)的模式中各因子的確有對應的腦部功能聯結，可見該模式具有生理實質性，且可良好論述與釐清心理疾患間關係，然本研究受限於種子與參與者的選擇，無法呈現該模式中因子間的關係，未來可進一步採用作業態等方法，以利更加確立腦部功能聯結與模式中各因子的關係。