There has been an increase in demand for efficient wireless systems. Smart antennas using position location are one possible way to improve the capacity of cellular systems. In order to deploy such systems successfully, the wireless network must properly exploit the processing of spatial information (ie. The uplink angle of arrival) through wireless channel models. Geometric modelling is a technique to model the wireless environment. When compared to other methods such as ray tracing simulations, geometric models allow one to classify a wide varity of environments within a single model. Secondly, there have been much research in the past to obtain empirical measurements in many different environment settings. These measurements have been recorded, however, there has been no research undertaken to systematically compare and validate the empirical findings with current geometric models. The goal of this research is to compare and constrast geometric models with empirical data in order to show which models are best suited for specific wireless environments. The uplink angle of arrival (AOA) probability distribution is the fading metric that will be used to compare and contrast these models.

Accurate indoor geolocation is an important and novel emerging technology for commercial, public safety, and military applications. Since most wireless communication systems used for indoor position location may suffer from dense multipath situation, which leads to a severe degradation of position accuracy. The improved TDOA/AOA(Time Difference of Arrival/ Angle of Arrival) position location for indoor ultra-wide band (UWB) systems in the thesis improves the position accuracy of indoor location by using fine resolution of UWB signals. In the line of sight situation, by means of increasing angle of arrival (AOA) information to time difference of arrival (TDOA) based location to achieve the goal of accurate indoor geolocation and provides non-line of sight (NLOS) error mitigation for time measurement and AOA selection to suppress the impact to position accuracy in NLOS environment. Finally, the extended Kalman filter is used to perform position tracking of the target. In the simulations, the NLOS error in time measurement is produced according to the characteristics of indoor UWB channel. Several assumptions of NLOS errors are made in angular measurement. It is observed that proposed method efficiently mitigates the position error in NLOS environment, and detect if the NLOS exists between base station and mobile station immediately.

In wireless location systems, received signals may be influenced by non-line of sight (NLOS) propagation errors, which yield severe degradation of location accuracy.Therefore, to distinguish how many measurement signals are line-of-sight (LOS) and to identify them simultaneously will contribute to the increase of location accuracy.We propose a method based on recursive hypothesis testing algorithm, and use residual information to determine whether the NLOS errors are present in measurements. Since the probability distribution of measurements with NLOS errors is different from that of measurements without NLOS errors, a likelihood ratio test can be used in determining the LOS/NLOS status of the measurements. To search for an optimal threshold for the hypothesis testing, particle filtering optimization(PFO) is adopted. The PFO algorithm uses particle filtering to find the best threshold for determining the status of signals measured at all base stations (BSs). In the PFO algorithm, the clustering property of K-means is also used in separating particles, thereby the search of optimal threshold may be implemented in parallel.In this thesis, we focus on the hybrid TOA/AOA (time of arrical/angle of arrival) location method, in which localization only uses the LOS location measurements to calculate the location of a mobile station. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than other algorithms which suffer from different degrees of NLOS errors. The proposed scheme also obtains higher identification rate of LOS-BSs in different situations by using the optimal thresholds for status detection.

Orientador: José Gonçalves Franco Júnior / Banca: Anagloria Pontes / Banca: José Carlos Peraçoli / Banca: Valdemar Ortiz / Banca: Mario Cavagna Neto / Resumo: Desde o primeiro relato de sucesso em humanos, a Injeção Intracitoplasmática de Espermatozóide (ICSI) tem sido particularmente indicada para casos de alterações seminais graves, sendo já demonstrada uma relação diretamente proporcional entre os resultados deste procedimento e a qualidade seminal. Tem sido sugerido que a incapacidade de o espermatozóide iniciar a ativação oocitária seja uma das principais causas de falha de fertilização após a ICSI. Estudos prévios identificaram o cálcio como um importante segundo mensageiro durante a ativação oocitária e que o tratamento com ionoforo do calcio e capaz de favorecer a ativação oocitária, resultando em fertilização, desenvolvimento embrionário e gestações normais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da Ativação Oocitária Artificial (AOA) com ionoforo do calcio A23187 em ciclos de ICSI quando utilizados espermatozóides de diferentes origens. Foram avaliados 314 ciclos de ICSI divididos em tres Grupos: EJACULADO (n = 92), EPIDIDIMARIO (n = 82) e TESTICULAR (n = 140), sendo cada um deles dividido em subgrupos, dependendo da realizacao (Subgrupo AOA) ou nao de AOA (Subgrupo Controle . CT). Foram avaliados tambem separadamente os ciclos de mulheres com idade inferior a 36 anos, objetivando minimizar o efeito da idade sobre os resultados dos tratamentos. Para a ativação oocitária, os oócitos foram mantidos por 30 minutos apos a ICSI em meio de cultivo para AOA, contendo 5ÊM de ionoforo de calcio A23187 e em aproximadamente 20 horas a fertilizacao foi confirmada pela presenca de 2 Pro-Nucleos. Para cada grupo experimental foram comparados, entre os Subgrupos AOA e CT, os seguintes parametros: taxa de fertilizacao normal, taxa de falha parcial de fertilizacao, porcentagem de bons embrioes no dia da transferencia, taxa de gestacao clinica, taxa de implantacao e taxa de abortamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Since the first report of a birth after ICSI, it has been specially used for severe male factor of infertility and it was demonstrated that the semen quality influences the ICSI outcomes. Previous studies suggested that failure of fertilization after ICSI may be due to a spermatozoa inability in trigger the oocyte activation. Calcium has long been identified as a universally important second messenger during oocyte activation and many studies demonstrated that treatment with calcium ionophore may increase the free intracellular calcium, promoting oocyte activation, resulting in fertilization, embryo development and pregnancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of artificial oocyte activation (AOA) with calcium ionophore A23187 in ICSI cycles using sperm from different origins. It was evaluated 314 ICSI cycles divided in groups according to the origin of spermatozoa: EJACULATED group (n = 92), EPIDIDYMAL group (n = 82) and TESTICULAR group (n = 140). Each group was split into sub-groups depending on the AOA treatment: sub-group AOA, when it was performed AOA and sub-group Control-CT, when it was not performed AOA. Furthermore, it was evaluated separately only cycles in each woman were younger then 36 years old. After ICSI, oocytes were incubated in culture medium containing calcium ionophore A23187 (5ìM concentration) for 30 minutes and in approximately 20 hours oocytes were checked for normal fertilization, defined as observation of two distinct pronucleous. For each experimental group the following parameters were compared between the sub-groups AOA and CT: normal fertilization rate; partial fertilization fail rate; percentage of high quality embryos on the transfer day; implantation rate; pregnancy rate and miscarriage rate. For all the evaluated parameters, it was not observed any significant difference between the subgroups for the three spermatozoa origin groups.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Generally, a ground telemetry station for launch vehicle (LV) has tracking function only; therefore, position measurements depend on radar. Time of arrival (TOA) and angle of arrival (AOA) are typical location techniques for emitting targets. In this paper, we propose a Combined TOA and AOA localization method for LV using two ground stations. When transmitter (Tx) time is not known, it is necessary to make virtual onboard timer for TOA estimation. The virtual onboard timer generates time stamps of streaming frame according to data rate. First station which is located in space center has no tracking function. But it can generate the virtual onboard timer. Second station has tracking function, so it generates AOA information. By solving sphere equation(s) of TOA from at least one station and a line equation of AOA, target position in three-dimensions (3D) can be obtained. We confirm the localization performance by means of comparison with an on-board GPS of a real launch mission.

Introduction The year 2020 marked the first year in which a match under single accreditation took place. Both osteopathic (DO) and allopathic (MD) students would participate in the first match cycle without a dedicated DO match system. Our primary objective was to investigate how single accreditation has impacted the DO applicants attempting to match into surgical specialties. Our secondary objective was to investigate the impact of single accreditation at the program director (PD) level and whether or not this process would see a change in DO PD distribution in previously American Osteopathic Association (AOA)-approved programs. Method Information on number of applicants and post-match positions was gathered from AOA and National Residency Match Program (NRMP) websites. Credentials of PDs were obtained from the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education website. Based on the available data, the following surgical specialties were compared for the years 2020, 2018, and 2016: General Surgery, Neurological Surgery (NSGY), Orthopedic Surgery, Otolaryngology/ENT (ENT), Plastic Surgery, and Thoracic Surgery. Data from 2016 were not included in the results as the AOA match results analysis was insufficient and unable to be directly compared to the NRMP data. Results of matched DO and MD applicants were compared using bivariate analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results From the year 2018 to 2020, the DO applicants saw a decrease of 3% in the total number of matched postgraduate year 1 spots in surgical specialties. NRMP results from 2020 saw that 51.7% of DO applicants matched and 67.7% (p < 0.001) of MD applicants matched for the specialties examined. Percent of matched:applied for DO applicants was lower than MD applicants in the fields of NSGY (p < 0.001), ENT (p < 0.001), Plastic Surgery (p < 0.001), General Surgery (p < 0.001), and Thoracic Surgery (p = 0.011). After evaluating 60 former AOA General Surgery programs, 56% were found to have MD as PD. Another 26 former AOA surgical programs were investigated, and 58% were found to have MD PD. Conclusion Single accreditation has impacted the match process now that a large number of both MD and DO applicants are using the NRMP match system for postgraduate placement. Based on the available data, our results indicate that in the examined surgical specialties, there is a statistically significant difference in the number of MD and DO residents.

Passive localization of aircraft in flight using signal time of arrival (TOA) poses some unique challenges. The sensors must be deployed in an approximately coplanar configuration, which produces significant vertical uncertainty in the estimated position. This dissertation examines the traditional algorithms used in passive localization. It presents general forms of linear TOA, time difference of arrival (TDOA), angle of arrival (AOA), and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) equations from the literature and explains how to apply an intuitive geometric interpretation of these equations. It presents two novel algorithms for passive localization. One uses a one dimensional AOA (1AOA) to improve the vertical estimate. The other employs an a priori estimate to approximate the non-linear localization problem as a linear problem and produce a high quality position estimate. A comprehensive survey of the literature is presented. This dissertation provides a summary and classification of passive localization algorithms from the literature with simple descriptions of how the form of the equations relate to their numerical stability. It presents two novel algorithms for passive localization. The hybrid multilateration and triangulation algorithm improves wide area multilateration by using vertical 1AOA to constrain the vertical position. The multilateration with a priori estimates algorithm provides a linear localization method that utilizes previous location estimates.

No description available.

We have created an eight-element antenna array system for evaluating various Angle of Arrival (AOA) Position Location (PL) algorithms, such as MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) and Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques ESPRIT algorithms. Since using delay of arrival information can improve AOA estimates and classical PL algorithms do not incorporate Delay of Arrival (DOA) information, the performance of these algorithms is not optimal. Recently proposed Joint AOA and DOA Estimation (JADE) algorithms, though more complicated, potentially have higher resolutions in both space and time domains. Our investigation shows that by using bandlimited known signals it is possible to resolve the DOA within a fraction of the sample period using JADE algorithms. Joint AOA and DOA algorithms can provide high resolution DSP-based channel measurement using low bandwidth hardware. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 borgesjunior_e_dr_botfm.pdf: 275485 bytes, checksum: 68fdbf94b0908ce788462bae7d5d1161 (MD5) / Cpdp - Centro Paulista de Pesquisa e Diagnostico / Desde o primeiro relato de sucesso em humanos, a Injeção Intracitoplasmática de Espermatozóide (ICSI) tem sido particularmente indicada para casos de alterações seminais graves, sendo já demonstrada uma relação diretamente proporcional entre os resultados deste procedimento e a qualidade seminal. Tem sido sugerido que a incapacidade de o espermatozóide iniciar a ativação oocitária seja uma das principais causas de falha de fertilização após a ICSI. Estudos prévios identificaram o cálcio como um importante segundo mensageiro durante a ativação oocitária e que o tratamento com ionoforo do calcio e capaz de favorecer a ativação oocitária, resultando em fertilização, desenvolvimento embrionário e gestações normais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da Ativação Oocitária Artificial (AOA) com ionoforo do calcio A23187 em ciclos de ICSI quando utilizados espermatozóides de diferentes origens. Foram avaliados 314 ciclos de ICSI divididos em tres Grupos: EJACULADO (n = 92), EPIDIDIMARIO (n = 82) e TESTICULAR (n = 140), sendo cada um deles dividido em subgrupos, dependendo da realizacao (Subgrupo AOA) ou nao de AOA (Subgrupo Controle . CT). Foram avaliados tambem separadamente os ciclos de mulheres com idade inferior a 36 anos, objetivando minimizar o efeito da idade sobre os resultados dos tratamentos. Para a ativação oocitária, os oócitos foram mantidos por 30 minutos apos a ICSI em meio de cultivo para AOA, contendo 5ÊM de ionoforo de calcio A23187 e em aproximadamente 20 horas a fertilizacao foi confirmada pela presenca de 2 Pro-Nucleos. Para cada grupo experimental foram comparados, entre os Subgrupos AOA e CT, os seguintes parametros: taxa de fertilizacao normal, taxa de falha parcial de fertilizacao, porcentagem de bons embrioes no dia da transferencia, taxa de gestacao clinica, taxa de implantacao e taxa de abortamento... / Since the first report of a birth after ICSI, it has been specially used for severe male factor of infertility and it was demonstrated that the semen quality influences the ICSI outcomes. Previous studies suggested that failure of fertilization after ICSI may be due to a spermatozoa inability in trigger the oocyte activation. Calcium has long been identified as a universally important second messenger during oocyte activation and many studies demonstrated that treatment with calcium ionophore may increase the free intracellular calcium, promoting oocyte activation, resulting in fertilization, embryo development and pregnancies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of artificial oocyte activation (AOA) with calcium ionophore A23187 in ICSI cycles using sperm from different origins. It was evaluated 314 ICSI cycles divided in groups according to the origin of spermatozoa: EJACULATED group (n = 92), EPIDIDYMAL group (n = 82) and TESTICULAR group (n = 140). Each group was split into sub-groups depending on the AOA treatment: sub-group AOA, when it was performed AOA and sub-group Control-CT, when it was not performed AOA. Furthermore, it was evaluated separately only cycles in each woman were younger then 36 years old. After ICSI, oocytes were incubated in culture medium containing calcium ionophore A23187 (5ìM concentration) for 30 minutes and in approximately 20 hours oocytes were checked for normal fertilization, defined as observation of two distinct pronucleous. For each experimental group the following parameters were compared between the sub-groups AOA and CT: normal fertilization rate; partial fertilization fail rate; percentage of high quality embryos on the transfer day; implantation rate; pregnancy rate and miscarriage rate. For all the evaluated parameters, it was not observed any significant difference between the subgroups for the three spermatozoa origin groups.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)