Thesis (B.S.) Summa Cum Laude--Butler University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-31).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-98). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9947979.

Les organes aériens des plantes sont générés par le méristème apical caulinaire (MAC), dont la mise en place et le maintien ont été largement étudiés. Alors qu’un vaste réseau de gènes assure une régulation robuste de la population de cellules souches, deux gènes se distinguent ; CLAVATA3 (CLV3) et WUSCHEL (WUS). CLV3 s’exprime dans les cellules souches et code pour un peptide signal dont la liaison à des récepteurs transmembranaires mène à la sous-régulation de WUS. Ce dernier code pour un facteur de transcription dans le centre organisateur sous-jacent. En retour, WUS active directement l’expression de CLV3 et l’équilibre entre ces deux molécules est primordial pour la restriction de la population de cellules souches. La perte d’activité de CLV3 conduit à une augmentation de la taille du MAC, tandis que la perte d’activité de WUS abolit le MAC. Selon le modèle actuel, l’apex élargi des mutants clv3 est composé de cellules souches en sur-prolifération. Précédemment, notre groupe a couplé la microscopie à force atomique (mesurant la rigidité cellulaire) à la microscopie confocale (déterminant l’identité cellulaire) et a montré que l’identité des cellules souches est corrélée à une rigidité plus élevée. Dans cette thèse, je montre que les MAC clv3 ont des défauts d’organisation et de mécanique puisque leurs cellules sont moins rigides que ce que prédit le modèle, suggérant que les MAC clv3 diffèrent mécaniquement des cellules souches. J’examine cette contradiction en utilisant un ensemble de gènes exprimés dans différents domaines du MAC pour montrer que les MAC clv3 sont des mosaïques de cellules exprimant simultanément des gènes indiquant un état indifférencié et d’autres indiquant des états de différenciation. De plus, je montre que la composition cellulaire du MAC clv3 diffère de celle du sauvage, que la taille des cellules est dérégulée et que la surface du MAC clv3 est altérée.Notre hypothèse est que les cellules des MAC clv3 subissent un phénomène de ‘stop-start’, au cours duquel leur identité oscille entre cellule souche et cellule différenciée, conduisant à des changements morphométriques à l’origine des phénotypes clv3. En résumé, le ré-examen du rôle que joue CLV3 dans la morphogenèse au niveau du MAC, et donc du modèle CLV-WUS d’homéostasie des cellules souches, me mène à la conclusion que notre vision actuelle est limitée et que les paramètres mécaniques sont à prendre en compte pour une compréhension plus exhaustive des cellules souches. / The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to above-ground organs and its establishment and homeostasis have been extensively studied. While a vast genetic network ensures the robust regulation of the stem cell population, two genes, CLAVATA3 (CLV3) and WUSCHEL (WUS), are key players. CLV3 is expressed in stem cells and encodes a secreted peptide to signal via transmembrane receptors to downregulate WUS, which encodes a transcription factor in the underlying organising centre. In turn, WUS directly activates the expression of CLV3 and the balance between the two molecules restrains the stem cell pool. The loss of CLV3 activity leads to an increase in SAM size, whereas the loss of WUS activity abolishes the SAM. The prevailing model is that the enlarged clv3 apex is composed of over-proliferating stem cells.Previously, our group coupled atomic force microscopy (to measure cell rigidity) and confocal microscopy (to determine cell identity) to show that stem cell identity correlates with increased stiffness. In this thesis, I show that in addition to altered mechanics, enlarged clv3 SAM also display severe defects in cell organisation. I find that cells in clv3 SAM are soft, instead of being stiff, as we had predicted in light of the model regarding the clv3 phenotype. Our data instead suggest that clv3 SAM differ mechanically from stem cells. I further investigate this contradiction using genetic markers for different domains of the SAM and show that clv3 SAM are in fact mosaic structures, made up of cells that simultaneously express genes that indicate an undifferentiated state and several that indicate multiple states of differentiation. Additionally, I show that the cellular makeup of mutant SAM is significantly altered from the wild type, with a misregulation of cell size in the outer cell layers. Furthermore, mutant SAM also display altered surface smoothness from wild-type SAM.Our working hypothesis is that in clv3 mutant SAM, cells undergo a constant stop-start phenomenon, where they cycle between stemness and specification, resulting in cell-level morphometric changes that generate the characteristic clv3 phenotypes. In summary, during my thesis, I have re-examined the role of CLV3 in morphogenesis at the SAM, and thus the CLV-WUS model of stem cell homeostasis. I conclude that the existing view in the field is limited, and that mechanical parameters need to be considered for a fuller understanding of stem cells.

Although herbivory and other types of plant damage typically are viewed as detrimental to plant survival and performance, vigorous regrowth, greater seed set, and fitness benefits may be possible when damage to the apical meristem, or actively growing stem terminal, is involved. Such damage releases apical dominance, or the hormonal suppression of lateral buds, activates dormant lateral buds, and enables lateral shoots to grow. Since in plants with terminal flowers, each stem may bear a flower, removal of the apical meristem may result in stem bifurcation and ultimately increase the number of flowers and seeds, thereby increasing potential fitness. In the current study, possible overcompensation in response to apical meristem damage caused by simulated herbivory (clipping) and the gall midge Asphondylia borrichiae Rossi and Strong (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) (galling) was investigated in the native coastal halophyte, sea oxeye daisy Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), in relation to nutrient supplementation. Results suggest a strong correlation between stem count and gall count at the study site; moreover, apical dominance was relatively weak early in the growing season and stronger in short plants that were shaded by taller neighbors later in the season. Results also indicate that overcompensation or even full compensation is an unlikely response to apical meristem damage in B. frutescens. Stem count was similar across all stem treatments, but increased significantly with nutrient supplementation, which all supports weak apical dominance in sea oxeye daisy. Nearly all measures of fitness also were either slightly or significantly lower when clipped and galled compared to plants with stems intact, while seed count responded positively to nutrient supplementation.