The systems development life cycle (SDLC) has been the traditional method of decision support systems design. However, in the last decade several methodologies have been introduced to address the limitations arising in the use of the traditional method. These approaches include Courban's iterative design, Keen's adaptive design, prototyping and a number of mixed methodologies incorporating prototyping into the SDLC. Each of the previously established design methodologies has a number of differing characteristics that make each of them a more suitable strategy for certain environments. However, in some environments the current methodologies present certain limitations or unnecessary expenditures. These limitations suggest the need for an alternative methodology. This dissertation develops a new methodology, priority design, to meet this need. To determine what methodology would be most effective in a given situation, an analysis of the operating environment must be performed. Such issues as project complexity, project uncertainty, and limited user involvement must be addressed. This dissertation develops a set of guidelines to assist in this analysis. For clarity, the guidelines are applied to three, well-documented case studies. As an application of the priority design methodology, a decision support system for nurse scheduling is developed. The development of a useful DSS for nurse scheduling requires that projected staff requirements and issues of both coverage and differential assignment of personnel be addressed. / Ph. D.

The aim of the study was to investigate the experiences and challenges of the SGBs in secondary schools in KwaZulu-Natal. The research study focused mainly on the following key areas: the handling of learner discipline, the management of school finances, the formulation of the admissions policy and finally, the appointment of staff. The South African Schools Act promulgated in 1994 was committed to ensuring democracy in education through the active involvement of all stakeholders such as parents, learners (in secondary schools), educators and principal in the decision-making processes in schools. However, the evolution of school governance within the South African context during the past sixteen years has gone through many challenges in its determination to create an equitable society. Many School Governing Boards (SGBs), especially those in rural and previously disadvantaged schools do not adhere to the practices stipulated within the South African School Act of 1996 and as a result fail in their mandate. The empirical approach, namely qualitative research was successful in obtaining information from participants about the challenges they faced in school governance. The study revealed that SGBs faced immediate challenges and were not adequately capacitated to handle these challenges. Findings on learner discipline included cases such as stabbings, bullying, theft, alcohol and substance abuse, gang fights, school violence and learner fights. Findings on the handling school finances included cases such as the misappropriation of funds and the lack of proper financial planning. The adoption of discriminatory admissions practices by schools was also evident. In particular, cases of discrimination against age, religion and the use of admission tests were reported. A high level of corruption, nepotism, personal preferences and the abuse of power was common in the staff appointments vii made by the SGBs were also reported. Finally, the study made a number of recommendations with regard to the research findings for all stakeholders in South African education to consider. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia antirretroviral (TARV) reduziu a mortalidade e a morbidade por aids, melhorou a qualidade de vida das pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA) e, recentemente, foi reconhecida pelo seu papel como instrumento para redução da transmissão do HIV. Entretanto, a efetividade da TARV depende da manutenção de altas taxas de adesão à mesma. Tipo de tratamento, características individuais dos pacientes, barreiras de acesso ao serviço e à informação, falta de regularidade no comparecimento às consultas e às retiradas de medicamentos podem associar-se negativamente à adesão. Do ponto de vista da gestão, a falta à consulta agendada é um problema para os serviços de saúde que pode ser traduzido em custos para a sociedade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o perfil dos pacientes com HIV/aids que faltaram a consultas médicas agendadas de infectologia em um serviço especializado no atendimento de PVHA adultos, utilizando uma base de dados secundários gerados por um sistema administrativo destinado ao monitoramento da produção e ao faturamento. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas PVHA em acompanhamento no Serviço de Extensão ao Atendimento de Pacientes HIV/Aids (SEAP HIV/Aids) com registro de pelo menos uma consulta agendada de infectologia em 2006 e 2007. Excluídos os sujeitos com discordância nas informações sobre sexo e data de nascimento, gestantes e com registro de óbito ou de transferência de serviço antes da primeira consulta de infectologia em 2007. Através do Sistema de Informação e Gestão Hospitalar (SIGH) foram obtidos dados do cadastro dos pacientes, registros de consultas e atendimentos em especialidades médicas e disciplinas de saúde, de internações hospitalares no ICHCFMUSP e de retiradas de medicamentos. A variável desfecho foi falta em consulta agendada de infectologia em 2007. As variáveis independentes incluíram características sócio-demográficas dos sujeitos, consultas e atendimentos em especialidades e disciplinas disponíveis no SEAP HIV/Aids, internações no ICHCFMUSP; tipo de médico infectologista que acompanhou o sujeito: se assistente ou residente, mudança de médico e retirada de antirretrovirais (ARV), em 2007. Na análise foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado de Pearson e t de Student. RESULTADOS: Sob o olhar da qualidade de informação, observou-se baixa frequência de registros de consultas e atendimentos em duplicidade. Embora a completitude e a acessibilidade tenham sido consideradas adequadas para grande parte dos dados, as variáveis cor, ocupação e endereço, não foram analisadas devido à baixa consistência dos dados referentes às mesmas. Entre os 3075 sujeitos incluídos 38,9% (1195) faltaram em pelo menos uma consulta de infectologia e a taxa de faltas às consultas de infectologia foi de 13,9%; 70,1% (2157) dos sujeitos eram do sexo masculino e não foi observada associação entre sexo e falta em consulta (p=0,32). A proporção de sujeitos que faltaram diminuiu à medida em que aumentou a idade (p<0,001) e a média de idade dos que faltaram foi menor do que a dos que não faltaram (p<0,001). Os sujeitos que faltaram agendaram 33,3% mais consultas em infectologia (p<0,001) e compareceram a menos consultas (p<0,001) quando comparados aos que não faltaram. A falta foi associada a maior comparecimento em consulta sem agendamento (p<0,001) e em atendimento de serviço social (p<0,001), a internação hospitalar no ICHCFMUSP (p<0,001), a assistência feita por médico residente e a troca de médico (p=0,02), e a menor comparecimento em consultas de ginecologia (p<0,001) e de proctologia (p=0,00). Sujeitos em uso de TARV faltaram em menor proporção (p<0,001). A média de retiradas de ARV entre os sujeitos que faltaram foi menor quando comparados aos que não faltaram (p<0,001). A organização do serviço de saúde é um fator relevante para o comparecimento dos pacientes em consulta. No contexto da atenção à saúde de PVHA, acesso a mais modalidades de assistência, atendimento em horário marcado, e uma gestão que tenha por objetivo diminuir as barreiras de acesso ao tratamento podem contribuir para elevar a qualidade da assistência ofertada. A elaboração e acompanhamento de indicadores de qualidade tais como acompanhamento de taxas de faltas e de retiradas de ARV pode contribuir para a redução de taxas de faltas às consultas. Embora ainda necessite de melhorias, o SIGH revelou-se um instrumento útil para a elaboração de indicadores relacionados à qualidade da atenção à saúde de PVHA / BACKGROUND: The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduced AIDS morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients, improved their quality of life and, was recognized as prevention to HIV transmission. However, the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) depends on high levels of adherence to it. Treatment regimens, patient individual characteristics, access barriers, missing scheduled appointments and not taking ART drugs can be associated with low adherence. For managers, a missed appointment could be translated in costs. Our goal is to characterize HIV/AIDS patients who missed scheduled medical appointments, according to SIGH, an electronic administrative database. METHODS: Adults HIV/AIDS patients followed at a public outpatient clinic specialized in HIV/AIDS attached to the Clinics Hospital of the São Paulo University Medicine School who had at least one scheduled appointment with an infectious disease physician in 2006 and 2007 were included. Patients with uncertain age and gender registry, pregnant or who were transferred or died before first scheduled appointment in 2007 were excluded. The outcome was missed scheduled medical appointment with an infectious diseases physician in 2007. Data on sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, color/race, occupation, and address), appointments with physicians and health care providers care available in the clinic, hospitalization at Central Institute of Clinics Hospital of the São Paulo University Medicine School and ART withdrawal from the pharmacy in 2007 were obtained from a computerized administrative database; besides, the sort of infectious disease physician (assistant or resident) who cared for the patient, physician changing and number of changes were other independent variables included. Chi-square and Student-t test were used on analysis. RESULTS: We observed few duplicities of registry of appointments. Although the database showed a good completeness and accessibility for most variables, color/race, occupation and address had low consistency and were not analyzed. The study included 3075 subjects, 38.9% (1195) of them missed at least 1 scheduled medical appointment with an infectious disease physician in 2007; 13.9% of all medical appointments were missed. Subjects who missed medical appointments scheduled 33.3% more (p<0.001) and had less medical consultations (p<0.001) compared with those who did not miss medical visits. Seventy one percent (2157) of the subjects were men and we found no association between gender and missing medical appointment (p=0.32). Missing medical appointment was associated with younger age (p<0.001), unscheduled medical (p<0.001) and social worker visits (p<0.001), hospitalization (p<0.001), assistance by resident (p=0.04), change of physician (p=0.02), lower attendance to gynecologist (p<0.001) and proctologist (p=0.00); besides, not be on HAART was associated to missing medical appointment (p<0.001) and subjects who missed medical visits withdrew few ART drugs from the pharmacy (p<0.001). The organization of the health service is relevant for improving patient attendance to it. Access to more medical specialties and health disciplines, scheduled medical visits, reduction of barriers to access are all management instruments to increase the quality of health services. The use of quality indicators, like rate of missed medical appointments and withdrawal of drugs from the pharmacy, may increase the adherence of HIV/aids patients to the treatment. The performance of SIGH was satisfactory when it was used for quality indicators, although some improvement is still necessary

INTRODUÇÃO: A terapia antirretroviral (TARV) reduziu a mortalidade e a morbidade por aids, melhorou a qualidade de vida das pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA) e, recentemente, foi reconhecida pelo seu papel como instrumento para redução da transmissão do HIV. Entretanto, a efetividade da TARV depende da manutenção de altas taxas de adesão à mesma. Tipo de tratamento, características individuais dos pacientes, barreiras de acesso ao serviço e à informação, falta de regularidade no comparecimento às consultas e às retiradas de medicamentos podem associar-se negativamente à adesão. Do ponto de vista da gestão, a falta à consulta agendada é um problema para os serviços de saúde que pode ser traduzido em custos para a sociedade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o perfil dos pacientes com HIV/aids que faltaram a consultas médicas agendadas de infectologia em um serviço especializado no atendimento de PVHA adultos, utilizando uma base de dados secundários gerados por um sistema administrativo destinado ao monitoramento da produção e ao faturamento. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas PVHA em acompanhamento no Serviço de Extensão ao Atendimento de Pacientes HIV/Aids (SEAP HIV/Aids) com registro de pelo menos uma consulta agendada de infectologia em 2006 e 2007. Excluídos os sujeitos com discordância nas informações sobre sexo e data de nascimento, gestantes e com registro de óbito ou de transferência de serviço antes da primeira consulta de infectologia em 2007. Através do Sistema de Informação e Gestão Hospitalar (SIGH) foram obtidos dados do cadastro dos pacientes, registros de consultas e atendimentos em especialidades médicas e disciplinas de saúde, de internações hospitalares no ICHCFMUSP e de retiradas de medicamentos. A variável desfecho foi falta em consulta agendada de infectologia em 2007. As variáveis independentes incluíram características sócio-demográficas dos sujeitos, consultas e atendimentos em especialidades e disciplinas disponíveis no SEAP HIV/Aids, internações no ICHCFMUSP; tipo de médico infectologista que acompanhou o sujeito: se assistente ou residente, mudança de médico e retirada de antirretrovirais (ARV), em 2007. Na análise foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado de Pearson e t de Student. RESULTADOS: Sob o olhar da qualidade de informação, observou-se baixa frequência de registros de consultas e atendimentos em duplicidade. Embora a completitude e a acessibilidade tenham sido consideradas adequadas para grande parte dos dados, as variáveis cor, ocupação e endereço, não foram analisadas devido à baixa consistência dos dados referentes às mesmas. Entre os 3075 sujeitos incluídos 38,9% (1195) faltaram em pelo menos uma consulta de infectologia e a taxa de faltas às consultas de infectologia foi de 13,9%; 70,1% (2157) dos sujeitos eram do sexo masculino e não foi observada associação entre sexo e falta em consulta (p=0,32). A proporção de sujeitos que faltaram diminuiu à medida em que aumentou a idade (p<0,001) e a média de idade dos que faltaram foi menor do que a dos que não faltaram (p<0,001). Os sujeitos que faltaram agendaram 33,3% mais consultas em infectologia (p<0,001) e compareceram a menos consultas (p<0,001) quando comparados aos que não faltaram. A falta foi associada a maior comparecimento em consulta sem agendamento (p<0,001) e em atendimento de serviço social (p<0,001), a internação hospitalar no ICHCFMUSP (p<0,001), a assistência feita por médico residente e a troca de médico (p=0,02), e a menor comparecimento em consultas de ginecologia (p<0,001) e de proctologia (p=0,00). Sujeitos em uso de TARV faltaram em menor proporção (p<0,001). A média de retiradas de ARV entre os sujeitos que faltaram foi menor quando comparados aos que não faltaram (p<0,001). A organização do serviço de saúde é um fator relevante para o comparecimento dos pacientes em consulta. No contexto da atenção à saúde de PVHA, acesso a mais modalidades de assistência, atendimento em horário marcado, e uma gestão que tenha por objetivo diminuir as barreiras de acesso ao tratamento podem contribuir para elevar a qualidade da assistência ofertada. A elaboração e acompanhamento de indicadores de qualidade tais como acompanhamento de taxas de faltas e de retiradas de ARV pode contribuir para a redução de taxas de faltas às consultas. Embora ainda necessite de melhorias, o SIGH revelou-se um instrumento útil para a elaboração de indicadores relacionados à qualidade da atenção à saúde de PVHA / BACKGROUND: The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduced AIDS morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients, improved their quality of life and, was recognized as prevention to HIV transmission. However, the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) depends on high levels of adherence to it. Treatment regimens, patient individual characteristics, access barriers, missing scheduled appointments and not taking ART drugs can be associated with low adherence. For managers, a missed appointment could be translated in costs. Our goal is to characterize HIV/AIDS patients who missed scheduled medical appointments, according to SIGH, an electronic administrative database. METHODS: Adults HIV/AIDS patients followed at a public outpatient clinic specialized in HIV/AIDS attached to the Clinics Hospital of the São Paulo University Medicine School who had at least one scheduled appointment with an infectious disease physician in 2006 and 2007 were included. Patients with uncertain age and gender registry, pregnant or who were transferred or died before first scheduled appointment in 2007 were excluded. The outcome was missed scheduled medical appointment with an infectious diseases physician in 2007. Data on sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, color/race, occupation, and address), appointments with physicians and health care providers care available in the clinic, hospitalization at Central Institute of Clinics Hospital of the São Paulo University Medicine School and ART withdrawal from the pharmacy in 2007 were obtained from a computerized administrative database; besides, the sort of infectious disease physician (assistant or resident) who cared for the patient, physician changing and number of changes were other independent variables included. Chi-square and Student-t test were used on analysis. RESULTS: We observed few duplicities of registry of appointments. Although the database showed a good completeness and accessibility for most variables, color/race, occupation and address had low consistency and were not analyzed. The study included 3075 subjects, 38.9% (1195) of them missed at least 1 scheduled medical appointment with an infectious disease physician in 2007; 13.9% of all medical appointments were missed. Subjects who missed medical appointments scheduled 33.3% more (p<0.001) and had less medical consultations (p<0.001) compared with those who did not miss medical visits. Seventy one percent (2157) of the subjects were men and we found no association between gender and missing medical appointment (p=0.32). Missing medical appointment was associated with younger age (p<0.001), unscheduled medical (p<0.001) and social worker visits (p<0.001), hospitalization (p<0.001), assistance by resident (p=0.04), change of physician (p=0.02), lower attendance to gynecologist (p<0.001) and proctologist (p=0.00); besides, not be on HAART was associated to missing medical appointment (p<0.001) and subjects who missed medical visits withdrew few ART drugs from the pharmacy (p<0.001). The organization of the health service is relevant for improving patient attendance to it. Access to more medical specialties and health disciplines, scheduled medical visits, reduction of barriers to access are all management instruments to increase the quality of health services. The use of quality indicators, like rate of missed medical appointments and withdrawal of drugs from the pharmacy, may increase the adherence of HIV/aids patients to the treatment. The performance of SIGH was satisfactory when it was used for quality indicators, although some improvement is still necessary

In order to address the managerial leadership challenge of the educational psychologist cohort, it seems fundamentally superficial to make direct use of conventional management theories, scientific data, and empirical evidence from managers’ work practices in other contexts. The current research explored the influence of managerial leadership on the professional performance of educational psychologist in relation to service delivery models, management appointments, workload management and educational psychologists’ engagement in clinical supervision. Managers need to gain better understand of the influence of managerial leadership on the professional performance of educational psychologists and use contemporary empirical and scientific data to guide their managerial leadership practice. The explanatory sequential mixed-methods research approach was best suited to the early stages of research in this arena. The research findings elucidated the influence of service delivery models, described the ideal management appointment, proposed a formal structured workload management system and provided activities for managers to encourage educational psychologists’ engagement in clinical supervision. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

The aim of the study was to investigate the experiences and challenges of the SGBs in secondary schools in KwaZulu-Natal. The research study focused mainly on the following key areas: the handling of learner discipline, the management of school finances, the formulation of the admissions policy and finally, the appointment of staff. The South African Schools Act promulgated in 1994 was committed to ensuring democracy in education through the active involvement of all stakeholders such as parents, learners (in secondary schools), educators and principal in the decision-making processes in schools. However, the evolution of school governance within the South African context during the past sixteen years has gone through many challenges in its determination to create an equitable society. Many School Governing Boards (SGBs), especially those in rural and previously disadvantaged schools do not adhere to the practices stipulated within the South African School Act of 1996 and as a result fail in their mandate. The empirical approach, namely qualitative research was successful in obtaining information from participants about the challenges they faced in school governance. The study revealed that SGBs faced immediate challenges and were not adequately capacitated to handle these challenges. Findings on learner discipline included cases such as stabbings, bullying, theft, alcohol and substance abuse, gang fights, school violence and learner fights. Findings on the handling school finances included cases such as the misappropriation of funds and the lack of proper financial planning. The adoption of discriminatory admissions practices by schools was also evident. In particular, cases of discrimination against age, religion and the use of admission tests were reported. A high level of corruption, nepotism, personal preferences and the abuse of power was common in the staff appointments vii made by the SGBs were also reported. Finally, the study made a number of recommendations with regard to the research findings for all stakeholders in South African education to consider. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O propósito da tese é analisar em que circunstâncias presidentes brasileiros recorrem a mecanismos de controle político sobre a burocracia pública. O argumento central é que o recurso presidencial a nomeações políticas, decretos regulamentares detalhados e criação de órgãos públicos centralizados na Presidência deverá variar em função de fatores políticos e características das coalizões de governo. Por meio de nomeações políticas, presidentes podem monitorar o comportamento de servidores públicos sob a influência indesejada de ministros do gabinete. Com decretos regulamentares detalhados podem reduzir a autonomia decisória de servidores públicos na interpretação de leis vagas. Por fim, por meio da criação de órgãos públicos centralizados na Presidência, podem gerar condições mais favoráveis ao futuro controle da burocracia pública. O propósito da tese será desdobrado em três problemas de pesquisa, com desenhos orientados para variáveis. O primeiro, desenvolvido no primeiro capítulo, aborda como a heterogeneidade política da coalizão afeta o controle presidencial sobre a burocracia pública por meio de nomeações políticas. O segundo problema, discutido no capítulo seguinte, analisa como a rotatividade ministerial e a demanda pela implementação interministerial de uma mesma lei afetam o grau de detalhamento de decretos regulamentares. Por fim, o terceiro problema de pesquisa, abordado no último capítulo, avalia como a composição heterogênea dos gabinetes afeta a criação de burocracias centralizadas na Presidência da República. Por meio de métodos estatísticos, foram estimados modelos de regressão linear multivariada a fim de analisar os determinantes 1. das nomeações políticas e 2. do grau de detalhamento dos decretos regulamentares, bem como modelos de regressão logística binária para avaliar a probabilidade de centralização presidencial na criação de órgãos públicos. A politização da burocracia federal tende a aumentar quando o conflito entre parceiros da coalizão é maior, uma alternativa presidencial às orientações ministeriais indesejadas sobre a burocracia pública. Decretos regulamentares tendem a ser mais detalhados quando ministérios são mais voláteis e quando há implementação interministerial, uma alternativa presidencial à autonomia da burocracia pública. Por fim, a centralização tende a crescer quando o conflito de políticas entre presidente e ministros é maior, uma saída às orientações ministeriais nocivas às preferências do presidente. / This dissertation analyzes when Brazilian presidents seek to control the public bureaucracy. It argues that political appointments, detailed decrees regulating laws, and the political centralization should be a function of cabinet characteristics. Through political appointments, on one hand, presidents can monitor the public servants behavior. On other hand, they can keep the ministers behavior in tabs. Through detailed decrees, presidents can limit the bureaucratic discretion to interpret vague laws and, through political centralization, presidents can generate the best conditions to the future political control on the bureaucracy. The dissertation has three variable oriented research problems. Firstly, it analyzes the relationship between the cabinet political heterogeneity and political appointments. Secondly, it evaluates the effects of cabinet turnover and the multiple principal problem on the detailed decrees. Thirdly, it analyzes the relationship between the cabinet political heterogeneity and the probability of political centralization. Using statistical methods, were estimated multivariate linear regression models to find the determinants of political appointments and detailed decrees. Also, through binary logit models were analyzed the determinants of the probability of political centralization. There is a tendency to an increase of the politicization when the policy conflict between coalition partners grows. Presidential decrees have been detailed when the cabinet turnover and the multiple principal problem grown. Finally, the political centralization grows when the policy conflict between president and ministries is greater.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O propósito da tese é analisar em que circunstâncias presidentes brasileiros recorrem a mecanismos de controle político sobre a burocracia pública. O argumento central é que o recurso presidencial a nomeações políticas, decretos regulamentares detalhados e criação de órgãos públicos centralizados na Presidência deverá variar em função de fatores políticos e características das coalizões de governo. Por meio de nomeações políticas, presidentes podem monitorar o comportamento de servidores públicos sob a influência indesejada de ministros do gabinete. Com decretos regulamentares detalhados podem reduzir a autonomia decisória de servidores públicos na interpretação de leis vagas. Por fim, por meio da criação de órgãos públicos centralizados na Presidência, podem gerar condições mais favoráveis ao futuro controle da burocracia pública. O propósito da tese será desdobrado em três problemas de pesquisa, com desenhos orientados para variáveis. O primeiro, desenvolvido no primeiro capítulo, aborda como a heterogeneidade política da coalizão afeta o controle presidencial sobre a burocracia pública por meio de nomeações políticas. O segundo problema, discutido no capítulo seguinte, analisa como a rotatividade ministerial e a demanda pela implementação interministerial de uma mesma lei afetam o grau de detalhamento de decretos regulamentares. Por fim, o terceiro problema de pesquisa, abordado no último capítulo, avalia como a composição heterogênea dos gabinetes afeta a criação de burocracias centralizadas na Presidência da República. Por meio de métodos estatísticos, foram estimados modelos de regressão linear multivariada a fim de analisar os determinantes 1. das nomeações políticas e 2. do grau de detalhamento dos decretos regulamentares, bem como modelos de regressão logística binária para avaliar a probabilidade de centralização presidencial na criação de órgãos públicos. A politização da burocracia federal tende a aumentar quando o conflito entre parceiros da coalizão é maior, uma alternativa presidencial às orientações ministeriais indesejadas sobre a burocracia pública. Decretos regulamentares tendem a ser mais detalhados quando ministérios são mais voláteis e quando há implementação interministerial, uma alternativa presidencial à autonomia da burocracia pública. Por fim, a centralização tende a crescer quando o conflito de políticas entre presidente e ministros é maior, uma saída às orientações ministeriais nocivas às preferências do presidente. / This dissertation analyzes when Brazilian presidents seek to control the public bureaucracy. It argues that political appointments, detailed decrees regulating laws, and the political centralization should be a function of cabinet characteristics. Through political appointments, on one hand, presidents can monitor the public servants behavior. On other hand, they can keep the ministers behavior in tabs. Through detailed decrees, presidents can limit the bureaucratic discretion to interpret vague laws and, through political centralization, presidents can generate the best conditions to the future political control on the bureaucracy. The dissertation has three variable oriented research problems. Firstly, it analyzes the relationship between the cabinet political heterogeneity and political appointments. Secondly, it evaluates the effects of cabinet turnover and the multiple principal problem on the detailed decrees. Thirdly, it analyzes the relationship between the cabinet political heterogeneity and the probability of political centralization. Using statistical methods, were estimated multivariate linear regression models to find the determinants of political appointments and detailed decrees. Also, through binary logit models were analyzed the determinants of the probability of political centralization. There is a tendency to an increase of the politicization when the policy conflict between coalition partners grows. Presidential decrees have been detailed when the cabinet turnover and the multiple principal problem grown. Finally, the political centralization grows when the policy conflict between president and ministries is greater.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho investiga como se estabelecem as nomeaÃÃes entre torcidas e torcedores e que implicaÃÃes podem ser percebidas nas performances deles no contexto do futebol espetacularizado. Aqui, à entendido que hà um jogo ocorrendo nas arquibancadas de futebol, no qual as performances de torcedores e torcidas sÃo comunicadas ao pÃblico presente, mas tambÃm transmitidas a um nÃmero indefinido de pessoas que assistem, por exemplo, pela televisÃo. Esse jogo à um fenÃmeno cultural (se mantÃm mesmo apÃs finalizado) e atua paralelo ao que à disputado em campo (a partida de futebol em si), contendo elementos agonÃsticos semelhantes. As disputas circulam geralmente em torno das diversas maneiras de estar no jogo. Essas diferenÃas se expressam nas formas como torcem, cantam, vibram, o que usam no estÃdio, os lugares que escolhem para assistir Ãs partidas de futebol, dentre outros modos. Essa pesquisa tem carÃter antropolÃgico, utilizando-se principalmente de observaÃÃo participante e entrevistas em profundidade com membros de uma torcida do Cearà Sporting Club chamada Setor Alvinegro. Essa torcida se nomeia como âtorcida de alentoâ, uma barra brava ressignificada a partir da conduÃÃo de um outro habitus torcedor, em oposiÃÃo a um modelo entendido por eles como âtradicionalâ. A abordagem do jogo ocorre nas interaÃÃes face a face, geralmente nos estÃdios, com base numa perspectiva fenomenolÃgica, a partir de Schutz, e com o interacionismo, a partir das influÃncias de Simmel e Goffman. Nesse jogo, as vÃrias torcidas (aqui entendidas como equipes) estabelecem condutas (âideologiasâ) a serem performadas durante as interaÃÃes, o que cria condiÃÃes de disputas por reconhecimento, espaÃos e poder. No Ãnterim dessas disputas e tentativas de nomeaÃÃes, hà uma moral torcedora latente, como fio condutor que permite tambÃm o acontecimento de uma competiÃÃo em torno da universalizaÃÃo de um modo de participar do jogo, como se houvesse uma âverdadeiraâ maneira de demonstrar sua paixÃo clubÃstica. / This work investigates how to set appointments among supporters and fans and what implications can be seen in their performances in the context of spectacularized soccer. Here, it is understood that there is a game going on in the soccer bleachers, where the performances of fans and supporters are communicated to the audience, but also transmitted to an indefinite number of people watching, for example, on television. This game is a cultural phenomenon (is maintained even after processing) and acts parallel to what is played on the field (the soccer match itself), containing similar agonistic elements. Disputes usually circulate around the various ways of being in the game. These differences are expressed in the ways cheer, sing, vibrate, which use the stadium, the places they choose to attend soccer matches, among other ways. This research is anthropological, mainly using up of participant observation and interviews with members of a crowd of âCeara Sporting Clubâ called âSetor Alvinegroâ. This crowd is named as "torcida de alento" a new meaning from the conduction another habitus to fans, as opposed to a model understood by them as traditional supporters. The approach of the game occurs in face to face interactions, usually in stages, based on a phenomenological perspective, from Schutz, and interactionism, from the influences of Simmel and Goffman. In this game, the various supporters (here understood as teams) lay pipelines (ideologies) to be performing during interactions, which creates conditions for disputes by recognition, space and power. In the meantime these disputes and attempts to appointments, there is a latent moral supporter, as thread that also allows the event of a competition around the universalization of a way of playing the game, as if there were a "real" way to demonstrate your passion for a soccer team.

Bien que le thème des liens interconseils fasse régulièrement l’objet de discussions supposant un effet disciplinaire négatif du cumul de mandats, l’inventaire de la littérature empirique ne permet pas d’obtenir une image claire concernant l’impact des réseaux d’administrateurs sur la performance des entreprises liées. La divergence des résultats s’explique tant par la mobilisation de grilles théoriques négligeant des éléments importants des liens personnels, que des divers critères utilisés pour mesurer la création de valeur. Dans l’objectif d’obtenir des réponses plus concluantes concernant l’impact du partage d’administrateurs communs sur la création de valeur de la firme, nous avons modélisé, à l’aide d’une structure théorique « bi-céphale », les contributions potentielles des liens interconseils à la performance. Notre modèle repose sur la théorie synthétique de la gouvernance. Il mobilise deux voies d’intervention disciplinaire (la surcharge temporelle des « cumulards » et l’effet de réputation exercé par le marché du travail des administrateurs externe) et trois leviers cognitifs (l’apport d’informations et de connaissances, l’apport de compétences généralistes et spécifiques, ainsi que leur combinaison et l’exploitation). À ces facteurs s’ajoutent différentes variables médiatrices et de contrôle. Pour tester la validité de notre modèle, nous avons mené une étude empirico-comparative des liens interconseils existant entre les plus grandes entreprises françaises et allemandes, observés sur la période 2001-2005. Dans la partie descriptive, nous avons examiné, tant pour un échantillon bi-national que pour des sous-échantillons, les caractéristiques des réseaux d’administrateurs contemporains de part et d’autre du Rhin. La partie empirique teste, à l’aide de régressions en données de panel, l’influence des liens sur deux mesures de performance (un critère ex ante et un indicateur ex post). Les tests montrent que les effets de liens interconseils varient selon le type de mandats cumulés. De surcroît, le modèle confirme les contributions supposées importantes des administrateurs multimandats en termes cognitifs et leur impact majoritairement favorable sur la création de valeur. L’anticipation des effets des liens interconseils par les marchés s’avère plus forte que ce que montre l’analyse de leur influence sur la mesure de performance ex post. / Although interlocking directorates are regularly associated with a negative connotation, empirical evidence is far away from offering convincing answers about the performance effects of directorship interlocks. The huge variety of contradicting results can be explained both by the use of different theoretical frameworks and different value creation measures. In order to shed more light on the question of the role of busy directors, we develop a two-pillar model explaining the potential contributions of directorship interlocks to shareholder value creation. Based on a synthetic view of corporate governance, the model uses two disciplinary (work overload of busy directors and incentive effects coming from the external labor market of corporate directors) as well as three cognitive intervention levers (provision of information and knowledge, provision of general and specific competences, combination and exploitation of those elements). Moderating and controlling variables are added. The appropriateness of the model is tested through a 5-year comparison (2001-2005) of director networks within the largest French and German companies. We first present, both for a bi-national sample and national sub-samples, the major characteristics of the identified interlocks. In the empirical part, we conduct a panel data analysis checking for the influence of busy directors on corporate performance. We use two performance measures: one ex ante, the other ex post. Empirical tests indicate that the performance effect of interlocks depend on the type of board seats accumulated. Moreover, statistical modeling confirms the existence of cognitive contributions of director networks and shows mostly positive effects on value creation. Also, markets seem to anticipate director effects – both negative and positive – in a stronger way than an ex post performance analysis shows. / Obgleich das Thema „personelle Unternehmensverflechtungen über den Aufsichtsrat“ re-gelmäßig im Fokus öffentlicher Diskussionen steht – wobei in der Regel eine negative Wirkung der Mandatekumulation auf die Kontrolleffizienz des Überwachungsgremiums und damit letztlich auf die Unternehmensperformance unterstellt wird –, zeigt eine Analyse der empirischen Litera-tur, dass insbesondere in Kontinentaleuropa eine klare Schlussfolgerung hinsichtlich der Wirkung von Mehrfachmandaten auf die Wertschöpfung für die Aktionäre nicht möglich ist. Ursache für die starke Divergenz der Ergebnisse scheint sowohl die Verwendung verschiedener theoretischer Erklärungsmodelle als auch die Mobilisierung unterschiedlicher Messgrößen der Unternehmens-performance zu sein. Mit dem Ziel aussagekräftigere Ergebnisse zur Rolle der Mehrfachmandate und ihres Einflusses auf die Wertschöpfung zu erhalten, untersucht die nachfolgende Studie unter Zuhilfenahme eines 2-Säulen-Modells die verschiedenen potenziellen Wirkungen von Aufsichts-ratsverbindungen auf den Shareholder Value. Das erklärende Modell basiert auf einer erweiterten Governance-Theorie. Hierbei werden neben zwei traditionellen, die Disziplin im Kontrollorgan beeinflussenden Aspekte (zeitliche Überlastung der Mehrfachmandatsträger, Reputationseffekt des externen Arbeitsmarktes für Aufsichtsräte), drei kognitiv-strategische Einflüsse (Zugang zu Informationen und Kenntnissen, Einbringung genereller und spezifischer Kompetenzen, Zusam-menführung und Nutzbarmachung dieser Faktoren) modelliert. Außerdem werden diverse Media-tor- und Kontrollvariablen hinzugefügt. Die Gültigkeit des entwickelten Modelles wurde in einer vergleichen empirischen Analyse der Aufsichtsratsverflechtungen der größten deutschen und französischen Aktiengesellschaften für den Zeitraum 2001-2005 überprüft. Im deskriptiven Teil werden sowohl für eine 2-Länder-Stichprobe als auch für die nationalen Stichproben die Haupt-merkmale der Aufsichtsratsnetzwerke auf beiden Seiten des Rheins dargestellt. Im empirischen Teil wird mittels Panel-Regressionen der Einfluss der Verflechtungen auf zwei Performancemaβe untersucht (ein ex ante- und ein ex post-Indikator). Die Analysen zeigen, dass die Wirkung der Verflechtungen von der Art der zugrunde liegenden Mandatekumulation abhängen. Auf kogniti-ver Ebene können die unterstellten positiven Einflüsse von Mehrfachmandaten auf die Perfor-mance mehrheitlich bestätigt werden. Zudem kann festgestellt werden, dass die Kapitalmärkte deutlich stärker auf personelle Verflechtungsaspekte reagieren als es eine ex post-Analyse der Wertschöpfung vermuten lässt.