La plataforma interior del Sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (El Rincón) es un ambiente altamente variable, escasamente conocido y de gran importancia para la región. En la presente investigación se realiza por primera vez un estudio integral del área relacionando la variabilidad climática, las características espacio-temporales de la hidrografía de la plataforma interior y sus implicancias en la vida marina y consecuentemente en la pesca como actividad económica regional. A partir del análisis de la variabilidad de las precipitaciones, balances hídricos y caudales de los principales ríos del área de estudio con relación al ENSO, se concluyó que el Niño 2002-2003 generó un período húmedo en el área de estudio. A su vez, la Niña 2007-2008 generó una fuerte sequia en esos años y mitad de 2009. El evento Niña 2007-2008 tuvo un gran impacto en la hidrografía costera del área de estudio por la disminución en las precipitaciones y en el monto total de las descargas de ríos que aportan agua dulce, nutrientes y sedimentos. La altura del oleaje de la zona costera de Monte Hermoso y Pehuén Co oscila entre 0,25 y 1 m, con períodos menores a 8 segundos. Alturas mayores a 2 m y períodos mayores a 12 segundos tienen sólo el 1 % de probabilidad de ocurrir. Estos resultados son directamente aplicables a la deriva litoral de la zona de estudio y al transporte de sedimentos. La temperatura superficial del mar osciló entre 6 °C a mediados de invierno y 23 °C en verano. La salinidad del mar es muy alta (entre ~34 y 36) como también la turbidez (entre 20 y 100 NTU). Se demostró entonces la gran influencia del estuario de Bahía Blanca en la hidrografía de la zona costera de Pehuén Co y Monte Hermoso. Se utilizaron imágenes satelitales Aqua MODIS (1 km) como herramienta para obtener datos físicos y biológicos de la zona del Rincón. Se realizó la validación del producto temperatura superficial del mar en la zona de El Rincón con datos in situ y se obtuvieron resultados precisos. Por otro lado, se determinaron las propiedades ópticas inherentes aph, bbp y adg (absorción por fitoplancton, retrodispersión por material particulado y absorción por material detrítico) como proxy de las características físico-biológicas del agua y la clorofila-a a la vez que se analizó la variabilidad inter-anual y estacional de las mismas en el período 2002-2010. El análisis de las series de tiempo demostró que la variabilidad temporal de los parámetros estuvo dominada por la señal estacional. En la zona costera aph y bbp presentaron una tendencia positiva y una fuerte variabilidad inter-anual. Finalmente, se relacionó los desembarques totales anuales de pesca en el puerto de Bahía Blanca con la variabilidad interanual de los parámetros físico-biológicos oceanográficos y atmosféricos. Se demostró que las fluctuaciones climáticas evidenciadas en el presente estudio a partir de las precipitaciones y caudales, generan cambios en la composición física del agua alterando en principio la base de la cadena trófica marina (fitoplancton) y directa o indirectamente al zooplancton y las comunidades pelágicas. / The inner shelf of the South of the Buenos Aires Province (El Rincón) is a highly variable environment, which is very important for the natural resources of the area and it remains unknown. In the present work a comprehensive study of the relationship between the climate variability, the spatial and temporal physical characteristics of the inner shelf and the impacts on the marine biology is presented for the very first time. The climate variability was analyzed by the oscillation of the precipitations, the water balances and discharge of the main rivers. It was conclude that the Niño event (2002-2003) produced a wet period in the area. On contrary, the Niña event (2007-2008) was responsible of a strong drought which continued until mid 2009. La Niña event had a major impact on the coastal hydrography of the study area because of the diminution of the precipitations and the discharge of the rivers, which provide fresh water, nutrients and sediments to the system. Most of significant wave heights of the coastal zone of Monte Hermoso and Pehuén Co ranged between 0,25 and 1 m, related to significant periods of less than 8 seconds. Wave heights of more than 2 m and periods longer than 12 seconds had only 1 % chance of occurring. These results are important to explain the littoral drift and sediment transport of the study area. Sea surface temperature oscillated between 6 °C in winter and 23 °C in summer. High values of salinity and turbidity were registered (~34 – 36, 20 – 100 NTU, respectively). The physical characteristics of the coastal hydrography of Monte Hermoso and Pehuén Co are clearly driven by the influence of the Bahia Blanca estuary plume on the study area. MODIS Aqua satellite imagery was used as a tool to obtain physical and biological data of El Rincón zone. The validation of Sea Surface Temperature product was done with in situ dataset obtaining accurate results. In addition, the inherent optical properties (IOPs) aph, bbp and adg (absorption by phytoplankton, backscattering by particulate matter, absorption by colored dissolved organic matter) and chlorophyll-a were used as a proxy to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of the physical and biological characteristics of the sea between 2002-2010. The time series analysis demonstrated that the temporal variability of the parameters was mainly produced by the seasonal signal. In the coastal zone, aph and bbp had positive tendency and a high inter annual variability. Finally, annual fish landings in the Bahía Blanca port were related to inter annual variability of the physical-biological oceanographic and atmospheric parameters. The climate fluctuations (precipitations and discharge of the rivers) produce changes in the physical composition of the water, altering the sea food web (phytoplankton) and the zooplankton and pelagic communities.

Lakes are key indicators of environmental change and major repositories of biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, studies of lake response to drivers of change at a pan-European scale are exceptionally rare. The need for such studies has been given renewed impetus by concerns over climate change and because of international policyrelated schemes, such as the EU Water Framework Directive that has made it legal requirement to repeatedly assess and monitor the ecological status of European lakes toward their effective management and sustainable use. This has introduced the need for methods that can be widely applied across large spatial and temporal scales and produce comparable results. Remote sensing is a promising method for providing such information, but the spatial transferability and temporal repeatability of methods and relationships observed remains untested. In this project, an extensive dataset of field measurements was compiled covering temperature, chlorophyll a and Secchi disk depth in 23 European lakes spanning the last 30 years. The characteristics of these lake systems were explored and similarities in their ecological behavior identified, thus providing the basis for their grouping. Then the potential of remote sensing for estimating and monitoring lake water quality at wide spatial and temporal scales was assessed and thus the long remote sensing archive at the NEODAAS DSRS was fundamental for the purposes of this project. Using NOAA AVHRR, Terra/Aqua MODIS and field data from lakes that represented three main lake groups, the spatial and temporal reliability of 26 existing water quality estimation algorithms was assessed. Following this, the best performing algorithms were applied to all study sites and the effect of scale and spatial resolution upon reliable estimation of key water quality parameters was evaluated. It was demonstrated that the NOAA AVHRR and Terra/Aqua MODIS were both capable of producing highly accurate (R2 > 0.9) lake surface temperature estimates in lakes with variable characteristics and a variety of thermal spatial features, and longterm patterns within the study sites could be studied with NOAA AVHRR data despite the relatively coarse spatial resolution of the sensor. Restricting factors to the latter were the size and shape of lakes and the frequency of cloud cover. By contrast, the development of a universal Terra/Aqua MODIS algorithm for the estimation of chlorophyll a and Secchi disk depth in variable lakes was more challenging due to the optical complexity of Case II waters. Terra/Aqua MODIS data showed a potential, but the use of a different technique (e.g. multivariate regression or neural networks) and/or a different sensor (e.g. Envisat MERIS) could potentially improve the predictive accuracy of the algorithms.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndersonTSF_TESE_ Capa_ate_pag22.pdf: 11459625 bytes, checksum: fd30a979bc39cf6180f782c772106ee3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-16 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper presents models of parameters of Sea Surface Layer (SSL), such as chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature (SST), Primary Productivity (PP) and Total Suspended Matter (TSM) for the region adjacent to the continental shelf of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Concentrations of these parameters measured in situ were compared in time quasi-synchronous with images AQUA-MODIS between the years 2003 to 2011. Determination coefficients between samples in situ and bands reflectance sensor AQUA-MODIS were representative. From that, concentrations of SSL parameters were acquired for the continental shelf of the RN (eastern and northern) analyzing the geographic distribution of variation of these parameters between the years 2009-2012. Geographical and seasonal variations mainly influenced by global climate phenomena such as El Ni?o and La Ni?a, were found through the analysis of AQUA-MODIS images by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Images show qualitatively the variance and availability of TSM in the regions, as well as their relationship with coastal erosion hotspots, monitored along the coast of the RN. In one of the areas identified as being of limited availability of TSM, we developed a methodology for assessment and evaluation of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of beach surfaces (emerged and submerged sections) from the integration of topographic and bathymetric data measured in situ and accurately georeferenced compatible to studies of geomorphology and coastal dynamics of short duration. The methodology consisted of surveys with GNSS positioning operated in cinematic relative mode involved in topographic and bathymetric executed in relation to the stations of the geodetic network of the study area, which provided geodetic link to the Brazilian Geodetic System (GBS), univocal , fixed, and relatively stable over time. In this study Ponta Negra Beach, Natal / RN, was identified as a region with low variance and availability of MPS in the region off, as characterized by intense human occupation and intense coastal erosion in recent decades, which presents potential of the proposed methodology for accuracy and productivity, and the progress achieved in relation to the classical methods of surveying beach profiles / Este trabalho apresenta modelos de par?metros da Camada Superficial do Mar (CSM), tais como: Clorofila-a, Temperatura da Superf?cie do Mar (TSM), Produtividade Prim?ria (PP) e Material Particulado em Suspen??o (MPS), para a regi?o adjacente a plataforma continental do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brasil. Concentra??es desses par?metros medidos in situ foram comparadas em tempo quase-s?ncronos com imagens AQUAMODIS entre os anos de 2003 at? 2011. Coeficientes de determina??o foram representativos entre as amostras in situ e as bandas de reflect?ncia do sensor AQUAMODIS. A partir disso, concentra??es de par?metros da CSM foram adquiridos para a plataforma continental do RN (Plataforma Oriental e Setentrional) analisando a distribui??o geogr?fica da varia??o desses par?metros entre os anos de 2009-2012. Varia??es geogr?ficas e sazonais influenciadas principalmente por fen?menos clim?ticos globais como o fen?meno El Ni?o e La Ni?a, foram constatadas atrav?s das an?lises das imagens AQUA-MODIS por an?lise de Principais Componentes (PC). As imagens apontam de maneira qualitativa a vari?ncia e disponibilidade do MPS nas regi?es, assim como sua rela??o com hotspots de eros?o costeira, monitorados ao longo do litoral do RN. Em uma das regi?es identificadas como sendo de pouca disponibilidade de MPS, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para levantamento e avalia??o de Modelos Digitais de Eleva??o (MDE) de superf?cies praiais (setores emersos e submersos) a partir da integra??o de dados topogr?ficos e batim?tricos mensurados in situ e georreferenciados com precis?o compat?vel aos estudos de geomorfologia e din?mica costeira de curta dura??o. A metodologia desenvolvida consistiu de levantamentos com posicionamentos GNSS operados no modo relativo cinem?tico envolvidos nos levantamentos topogr?ficos e batim?tricos executados em rela??o ?s esta??es da rede geod?sica da ?rea de estudo, que forneceram referencial geod?sico vinculado ao Sistema Geod?sico Brasileiro (SGB), o qual ? un?voco, fixo e relativamente est?vel no tempo. No estudo foi apresentado a Praia de Ponta Negra, Natal/RN, identificada como uma regi?o com baixa vari?ncia e disponibilidade de MPS ao largo, assim como, caracterizada por intensa ocupa??o antr?pica e intensa eros?o costeira nas ?ltimas d?cadas, no qual s?o apresentadas as potencialidades da metodologia proposta, quanto ? acur?cia e produtividade, al?m dos avan?os alcan?ados em rela??o aos m?todos cl?ssicos de levantamento de perfis de praia

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndersonTSF_1_60pdf.pdf: 1582556 bytes, checksum: e1053ad83e14cdcdf0d10a9b5dcbdbbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-14 / Orbital remote sensing has been used as a beneficial tool in improving the knowledge on oceanographic and hydrodynamic aspects in northern portion of the continental shelf of Rio Grande do Norte, offshore Potiguar Basin. Aspects such as geography, temporal and spatial resolution combined with a consistent methodology and provide a substantial economic advantage compared to traditional methods of in situ data collecting. Images of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor onboard NASA's AQUA satellite were obtained to support systematic data collections related to the campaign of environmental monitoring and characterization of Potiguar Basin, held in May 2004. Images of Total Suspension Matter (TSM) and values of radiance standard were generated for the calculation of concentrations of total suspension matter (TSM), chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature (SST). These data sets were used for statistical comparisons between measures in situ and satellite estimates looking validate algorithms or develop a comprehensive regional approach empirically. AQUA-MODIS images allowed the simultaneous comparison of two-dimensional water quality (total suspension matter), phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll-a) variability and physical (temperature). For images of total suspension matter, the generated models showed a good correlation with the field data, allowing quantitative and qualitative analysis. The images of chlorophyll-a showed a consistent correlation with the in situ values of concentration. The algorithms adjusted for these images obtained a correlation coefficient fairly well with the data field in order that the sensor can be having an effect throughout the water column and not just the surface. This has led to a fit between the data of chlorophyll-the integration of the average sampling interval of the entire water column up to the level of the first optical depth, with the data generated from the images. This method resulted in higher values of chlorophyll concentration to greater depths, due to the fact that we are integrating more values of chlorophyll in the water column. Thus we can represent the biomass available in the water column. Images SST and SST measures in situ showed a mean difference DT (SST insitu - SST sat) around -0.14 ? C, considered low, making the results very good. The integration of total suspension matter, chlorophyll-a, the temperature of the sea surface (SST) and auxiliary data enabled the recognition of some of the main ways to fund the continental shelf. The main features highlighted were submerged canyons of rivers Apodi and A?u, some of the lines and beachrocks reefs, structural highs and the continental shelf break which occurs at depths around -60 m. The results confirmed the high potential for use of the AQUA-MODIS images to environmental monitoring of sea areas due to ease of detection of the field two-dimensional material in suspension on the sea surface, temperature and the concentration of chlorophyll-a / O sensoriamento remoto orbital tem sido utilizado como ferramenta vantajosa na melhoria do conhecimento sobre os aspectos hidrodin?micos e oceanogr?ficos na por??o norte da plataforma continental do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, regi?o offshore da Bacia Potiguar. Aspectos como a cobertura geogr?fica e resolu??es temporal e espacial, somados a uma metodologia consistente garantem uma substancial vantagem e economia em rela??o aos m?todos tradicionais de coletas de dados in situ. Em apoio ?s coletas sistem?ticas referentes ? campanha de caracteriza??o e monitoramento ambiental da Bacia Potiguar, realizada em maio de 2004, foram obtidas imagens do sensor Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instalado a bordo do sat?lite AQUA da NASA. Foram gerados imagens de material partitulado em suspens?o e valores de radi?ncias normalizadas para o calculo de concentra??es do material particulado em suspens?o (MPS), clorofila-a e temperatura da superf?cie do mar (TSM). Estes conjuntos de dados foram utilizados para compara??es estat?sticas entre medidas in situ e estimativas por sat?lite buscando validar algoritmos globais ou desenvolver uma abordagem regional empiricamente. As imagens AQUA-MODIS permitiram a compara??o bidimensional simult?nea da qualidade da ?gua (material particulado em suspens?o, da biomassa fitoplanct?nica (clorofila-a) e variabilidade f?sica (temperatura). Para as imagens de material particulado em suspens?o, os modelos gerados apresentaram uma boa correla??o em rela??o aos dados de campo, permitindo uma an?lise quantitativa e qualitativa dessas imagens. As imagens de clorofila-a apresentaram correla??o consistente com os valores das concentra??es in situ. Os algoritmos ajustados para essas imagens obtiveram um coeficiente de correla??o razoavelmente bom em rela??o aos dados de campo, tendo em vista que o sensor possa estar tendo influ?ncia de toda a coluna d ?gua e n?o apenas da superf?cie. Esse fato levou a um ajuste entre os dados de clorofila-a da integra??o das m?dias dos intervalos de coleta de toda a coluna ?gua at? o n?vel da primeira profundidade ?ptica, em rela??o aos dados gerados das imagens. Tal m?todo resultou em valores mais altos de concentra??o de clorofila para maiores profundidades, devido ao fato de se estar integrando mais valores de clorofila na coluna d ?gua. Dessa maneira pode-se representar a biomassa dispon?vel na coluna d ?gua. As imagens TSM e as medidas de TSM in situ mostraram uma diferen?a m?dia v DT (TSM insitu TSM sat) em torno de -0,14 ?C, considerada baixa, tornando os resultados muito bons. A integra??o de imagens de sedimentos em suspens?o, de clorofila-a e de temperatura da superf?cie do mar possibilitaram o reconhecimento de algumas das principais formas de fundo da plataforma continental. As principais fei??es destacadas foram os canyons submersos dos rios Apodi e A?u, algumas das linhas de beachrocks e recifes, altos estruturais e a quebra da plataforma continental que ocorre a profundidades em torno de 60 m. Os resultados confirmaram o alto potencial de uso das imagens AQUA-MODIS no monitoramento ambiental de ?reas oce?nicas devido ? facilidade na detec??o do campo bidimensional material em suspens?o na superf?cie do mar, de temperatura e da concentra??o de clorofila-a