This study presents a detailed examination of the Arab League's history, development, structure and roles in an effort to understand the cause of its failure as a regional security organisation. The research's point of departure is a questioning of the nature and scope of this failure in terms of the interplay between the conditions under which it was formed and the many actors and dynamics that had a long term-impact on the prospects for the League. To this end, the study looks at the League's conditions of emergence and Arab-Arab relations with the focus on Arab national security as the main concept determining its security role. The research synthesises methods of analysis from the existing literature and schools of thought so as to identify where and why failure and success occurred in relation to international relations theories, the security and international organisations literature, and comparable international models. The development and conditions affecting the League as discussed in the research demonstrate that none of the existing broad theories or approaches can fully explain the League's failure; however, the constructivist approach, although never before applied in this context, is shown to offer the most relevant approach for explaining this organisation and its unique parameters. The research also examines the role played by the Arab League in regional peacekeeping and conflict prevention in the context of Arab national security, with Palestine as a case study.

This study presents a detailed examination of the Arab League¿s history, development, structure and roles in an effort to understand the cause of its failure as a regional security organisation. The research¿s point of departure is a questioning of the nature and scope of this failure in terms of the interplay between the conditions under which it was formed and the many actors and dynamics that had a long term-impact on the prospects for the League. To this end, the study looks at the League¿s conditions of emergence and Arab-Arab relations with the focus on Arab national security as the main concept determining its security role. The research synthesises methods of analysis from the existing literature and schools of thought so as to identify where and why failure and success occurred in relation to international relations theories, the security and international organisations literature, and comparable international models. The development and conditions affecting the League as discussed in the research demonstrate that none of the existing broad theories or approaches can fully explain the League¿s failure; however, the constructivist approach, although never before applied in this context, is shown to offer the most relevant approach for explaining this organisation and its unique parameters. The research also examines the role played by the Arab League in regional peacekeeping and conflict prevention in the context of Arab national security, with Palestine as a case study.

O presente trabalho se propõe a descrever e analisar a política externa brasileira para o Oriente Médio no governo do presidente Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). O Brasil – conjuntamente com seus vizinhos sul americanos – buscou retomar e estreitar suas relações com essa região, que, historicamente, sempre apresentou-se como sendo não tradicional na atuação internacional brasileira. Assim, a política externa brasileira para o Oriente Médio é descrita e analisada, sendo identificados brevemente os antecedentes desta política desde o final da década de 1940 até os governos militares e o período de pós-democratização do País. A redescoberta recíproca das duas regiões representa vasto potencial ainda por se realizar no campo das relações bilaterais, tendo tido destaque no período o advento da Cúpula América do Sul-Países Árabes (ASPA). Diante dos novos contornos conduzidos pelo governo Lula do diálogo brasileiro e sul americano com os países do Oriente Médio, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar a evolução dessas relações. Dentre as variáveis a serem investigadas, o trabalho aborda as características da política externa brasileira oriundas do setor externo como fator supletivo ao desenvolvimento nacional. Ademais, o trabalho possui como hipótese principal o fato de que houve uma similaridade de abordagem entre as políticas externas dos governos brasileiros para o Oriente Médio em razão do caráter desenvolvimentista da política exterior brasileira, que passou por ajustes ao longo do governo Lula. Além dos objetivos econômicos buscados anteriormente, novas atribuições foram somadas às relações com a região, sobretudo, de cunho político e social, bem como de cooperação. Houve um incremento das trocas comerciais entre as partes e, no campo político, o Brasil procurou exercer um papel de mediador nos conflitos da região nunca antes perpetrado pelo Brasil. / This paper aims to describe and analyze the Brazilian foreign policy for the Middle East under President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). Brazil – together with its South American neighbors – sought to resume and strengthen its relations with the region, which, historically, has always presented itself as being not in the traditional Brazilian international relations. Thus, Brazil's foreign policy in the Middle East is discussed, starting briefly with the background to this policy since the late 1940s until the military governments and the post-democratization of Brazil. The mutual rediscovery of the two regions has a vast potential yet to be realized in the field of bilateral relations, emerging as highlight in the period the Summit of South American-Arab Countries (ASPA). Faced with the new contours conducted by the Lula government dialogue with Brazilian and South American countries with the Middle East, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the evolution of these relations. Among the variables to be investigated, the paper addresses the characteristics of Brazilian foreign policy coming from the external sector as a supplementary factor for national development. Moreover, the work has as main hypothesis the fact that there was a similarity of approach between the foreign policies of the Brazilian government to the Middle East because of the developmental character of Brazilian foreign policy, which was adjusted along the Lula government. In addition to economic goals pursued previously, new tasks were added to the relations with the region, mainly, political and social, as well as cooperative. There was an increase of trade among the parties and, in the political field, Brazil has sought to play a mediating role in conflicts in the region never before perpetrated by the country.

O presente trabalho se propõe a descrever e analisar a política externa brasileira para o Oriente Médio no governo do presidente Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). O Brasil – conjuntamente com seus vizinhos sul americanos – buscou retomar e estreitar suas relações com essa região, que, historicamente, sempre apresentou-se como sendo não tradicional na atuação internacional brasileira. Assim, a política externa brasileira para o Oriente Médio é descrita e analisada, sendo identificados brevemente os antecedentes desta política desde o final da década de 1940 até os governos militares e o período de pós-democratização do País. A redescoberta recíproca das duas regiões representa vasto potencial ainda por se realizar no campo das relações bilaterais, tendo tido destaque no período o advento da Cúpula América do Sul-Países Árabes (ASPA). Diante dos novos contornos conduzidos pelo governo Lula do diálogo brasileiro e sul americano com os países do Oriente Médio, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar a evolução dessas relações. Dentre as variáveis a serem investigadas, o trabalho aborda as características da política externa brasileira oriundas do setor externo como fator supletivo ao desenvolvimento nacional. Ademais, o trabalho possui como hipótese principal o fato de que houve uma similaridade de abordagem entre as políticas externas dos governos brasileiros para o Oriente Médio em razão do caráter desenvolvimentista da política exterior brasileira, que passou por ajustes ao longo do governo Lula. Além dos objetivos econômicos buscados anteriormente, novas atribuições foram somadas às relações com a região, sobretudo, de cunho político e social, bem como de cooperação. Houve um incremento das trocas comerciais entre as partes e, no campo político, o Brasil procurou exercer um papel de mediador nos conflitos da região nunca antes perpetrado pelo Brasil. / This paper aims to describe and analyze the Brazilian foreign policy for the Middle East under President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). Brazil – together with its South American neighbors – sought to resume and strengthen its relations with the region, which, historically, has always presented itself as being not in the traditional Brazilian international relations. Thus, Brazil's foreign policy in the Middle East is discussed, starting briefly with the background to this policy since the late 1940s until the military governments and the post-democratization of Brazil. The mutual rediscovery of the two regions has a vast potential yet to be realized in the field of bilateral relations, emerging as highlight in the period the Summit of South American-Arab Countries (ASPA). Faced with the new contours conducted by the Lula government dialogue with Brazilian and South American countries with the Middle East, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the evolution of these relations. Among the variables to be investigated, the paper addresses the characteristics of Brazilian foreign policy coming from the external sector as a supplementary factor for national development. Moreover, the work has as main hypothesis the fact that there was a similarity of approach between the foreign policies of the Brazilian government to the Middle East because of the developmental character of Brazilian foreign policy, which was adjusted along the Lula government. In addition to economic goals pursued previously, new tasks were added to the relations with the region, mainly, political and social, as well as cooperative. There was an increase of trade among the parties and, in the political field, Brazil has sought to play a mediating role in conflicts in the region never before perpetrated by the country.

O presente trabalho se propõe a descrever e analisar a política externa brasileira para o Oriente Médio no governo do presidente Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). O Brasil – conjuntamente com seus vizinhos sul americanos – buscou retomar e estreitar suas relações com essa região, que, historicamente, sempre apresentou-se como sendo não tradicional na atuação internacional brasileira. Assim, a política externa brasileira para o Oriente Médio é descrita e analisada, sendo identificados brevemente os antecedentes desta política desde o final da década de 1940 até os governos militares e o período de pós-democratização do País. A redescoberta recíproca das duas regiões representa vasto potencial ainda por se realizar no campo das relações bilaterais, tendo tido destaque no período o advento da Cúpula América do Sul-Países Árabes (ASPA). Diante dos novos contornos conduzidos pelo governo Lula do diálogo brasileiro e sul americano com os países do Oriente Médio, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar a evolução dessas relações. Dentre as variáveis a serem investigadas, o trabalho aborda as características da política externa brasileira oriundas do setor externo como fator supletivo ao desenvolvimento nacional. Ademais, o trabalho possui como hipótese principal o fato de que houve uma similaridade de abordagem entre as políticas externas dos governos brasileiros para o Oriente Médio em razão do caráter desenvolvimentista da política exterior brasileira, que passou por ajustes ao longo do governo Lula. Além dos objetivos econômicos buscados anteriormente, novas atribuições foram somadas às relações com a região, sobretudo, de cunho político e social, bem como de cooperação. Houve um incremento das trocas comerciais entre as partes e, no campo político, o Brasil procurou exercer um papel de mediador nos conflitos da região nunca antes perpetrado pelo Brasil. / This paper aims to describe and analyze the Brazilian foreign policy for the Middle East under President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva (2003-2010). Brazil – together with its South American neighbors – sought to resume and strengthen its relations with the region, which, historically, has always presented itself as being not in the traditional Brazilian international relations. Thus, Brazil's foreign policy in the Middle East is discussed, starting briefly with the background to this policy since the late 1940s until the military governments and the post-democratization of Brazil. The mutual rediscovery of the two regions has a vast potential yet to be realized in the field of bilateral relations, emerging as highlight in the period the Summit of South American-Arab Countries (ASPA). Faced with the new contours conducted by the Lula government dialogue with Brazilian and South American countries with the Middle East, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the evolution of these relations. Among the variables to be investigated, the paper addresses the characteristics of Brazilian foreign policy coming from the external sector as a supplementary factor for national development. Moreover, the work has as main hypothesis the fact that there was a similarity of approach between the foreign policies of the Brazilian government to the Middle East because of the developmental character of Brazilian foreign policy, which was adjusted along the Lula government. In addition to economic goals pursued previously, new tasks were added to the relations with the region, mainly, political and social, as well as cooperative. There was an increase of trade among the parties and, in the political field, Brazil has sought to play a mediating role in conflicts in the region never before perpetrated by the country.

The goal of this study is to generate a more holistic picture of the diffusion and assimilation of universal human rights norms in diverse cultural and political settings such as the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The overarching question to be investigated in this thesis is the relationship between the evolving international human rights regime and the emerging human rights normative and legal culture in the Middle East. This question will be investigated in detail with reference to regional human rights schemes such as the Arab Charter of Human Rights, as well as local human rights developments in three Middle Eastern states, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Having gauged the take-up of human rights norms on the ground at the local and regional levels, the thesis examines in full the extent of socialisation and internalisation of human rights norms across the Middle East region at large.

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