Thesis ( M.L.A. ) -- University of Texas at Arlington, 2008.

Urban forest waste utilization has been identified as an essential component of the sustainable urban forest management system. To compile baseline data on generation and utilization of urban forest waste (UFW) in Virginia, 91 urbanized municipalities and 828 International Society of Arboriculture Certified Arborists operating privately in Virginia were invited to participate in a web-based survey. Results indicate that nearly three quarters (74%) of all respondents reported that their local operation generates UFW. For private arborists this included logs, brush, and chips generated by arboricultural practices, and for municipalities this included similar material generated by an in-house tree crew and similar material collected curbside from residents. Two-thirds (67%) of respondents could not estimate the amount of UFW generated by their local operations, but nearly half (47%) could report on its fate. The mean total amount generated was 315 tons/year/employee, or 945 tons/year for a typical tree crew. On average, both municipalities and private operations reported disposing less than 25% of their UFW at a solid waste facility. The majority of logs were utilized to produce firewood or lumber, while the majority of chips and brush were utilized to produce mulch or compost. Municipal operations utilized significantly more chips in-house compared to private arboricultural operations (p = 0.041). Regardless of operation type or UFW type, UFW is rarely left on-site, which indicates that UFW is being handled and transported in the majority of situations. If UFW is being mobilized, then perhaps there might be additional opportunities to divert materials into utilization streams rather than disposal streams. When characterizing the respondents' perceptions of urban forest waste utilization, two-thirds of respondents (65%) either agreed or strongly agreed that UFW utilization is a major issue for the urban forestry industry currently. An even higher percentage (76%) agreed or strongly agreed that UFW utilization will be a major issue for the urban forestry industry in the future. Results also indicate that the primary incentives to utilization were the avoidance of disposal fees and shipping costs. Municipal employees cited a lack of equipment as the primary barrier to greater waste utilization and frequently identified educational seminars or conferences as a technical assistance need. In contrast, private-sector arborists cited a lack of local processors as their primary barrier and frequently identified local facilities for receiving, sorting, and stockpiling UFW as a technical assistance need. These varying perceptions should be taken into account when developing future educational or technical programs aimed at increasing utilization in Virginia. / Master of Science

Orientador: Antônio Evaldo Klar / Banca: Magali Ribeiro da Silva / Banca: Maria Renata Rocha Pereira / Resumo: O desenvolvimento das plantas está relacionado, dentre outros fatores, com a disponibilidade de água no solo, assim como sua capacidade de adaptação e resposta a déficits hídricos. O intuito deste estudo foi analisar e mensurar os possíveis efeitos do estresse hídrico no crescimento e em algumas características morfofisiológicas de quatro materiais genéticos distintos de Eucalyptus sp. em dois tipos de solos, franco arenoso e argiloso. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos, em casa de vegetação, no Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, campus de Botucatu, no período de fevereiro a abril de 2014. Os potenciais mínimos de água no solo: Sem estresse (SE) = -10 kPa; e com estresse (CE) = -1.500 kPa, fundamentaram a definição do manejo hídrico utilizado. A reposição da água evapotranspirada ocorreu por pesagem dos vasos, sendo que no nível SE, tensiômetros também foram utilizados para um controle mais efetivo da quantidade de água no solo. Os quatro clones utilizados foram: AEC-144, AEC-1528, COP 1407 e VM01 (clones 1,2,3 e 4 respectivamente), sendo todos materiais comercialmente produzidos e plantados em território nacional. As avaliações das plantas aos 0, 25, 50 e 75 dias após o plantio foram: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, área foliar, número de folhas, massa seca total, resistência estomática, potencial de água na folha e teor relativo de água na folha. O ensaio constituiu-se de um fatorial duplo 2x4 (dois níveis de água x quatro materiais genéticos), sendo os tipos de solo analisados separadamente. Os resultados indicaram influência dos tratamentos de manejo hídrico nas características avaliadas, para ambos os tipos de solo. Na última avaliação, aos 75 dias após implantação, para o solo franco arenoso, o clone 2 apresentou, estatisticamente, valores maiores que os demais em área foliar ... / Abstract: Plant development is related, among other factors, to the availability of water in the soil, as well as their ability to adapt and respond to water deficits. The objective of this study was to assess the possible effects of drought stress on the growth, and on some morphological and physiological aspects of four distinct genetic materials of Eucalyptus sp. in two types of soil, sandy loam and clay. The experiment was conducted in pots at a greenhouse in the Department of Forestry Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, from February to April of 2014. The minimal potentials of water in the soil: No stress (SE) = -10 kPa; and Stressed (CE) = -1500 kPa, were used to define the water management employed. The replacement of water evapotranspired was determined by weighing the pots, and tensiometers were also used for more effective irrigation control in the SE treatment. The four clones used were: AEC-144, AEC-1528, COP 1407 and VM01 (clones 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively), all materials were commercially produced and planted in national territory. The aspects of the plants that were evaluated at 0, 25, 50 and 75 days after planting were: height of aerial parts, stem diameter, leaf area, number of leaves, total dry mass, stomatal resistance, leaf water potential and relative content of leaf water. The test consisted of a double factorial 2x4 (two levels of water x four genetic material) and soil types analyzed separately. The results, in both soil types, indicate an influence of water management treatments in the aspects evaluated. At the last evaluation, 75 days after implantation, for the sandy ... / Mestre

This thesis deals with the proposal that environmentally benign items of free standing furniture may be produced by the use of such well established techniques as training and grafting natural tree growth to shape. The project has been driven by the growing environmental concerns of which mankind has become aware in the late twentieth century, and which are starting to exert such a powerful influence in the twenty first. A broad history of man's use and control of natural tree growth, ranging geographically from Europe to Australia, and in size from hand held agricultural picks to eighteenth century sailing ships, is followed by a brief description of the ways in which the explosive increase in world popuanon. together with the expanding industrial activities of the Western consumer society, are feared to be threatening the stability of the natural environment. The various disasters and catastrophic accidents which have brought this situation to the attention of the general public are briefly surveyed, together with National, International and a range of Industrial responses. As one of the professions most closely concerned with the production of consumer items, the various reactions of the Design Community are similarly examined. In conclusion, the author's proposal for an experimental item of furnitureenvironmentally benign in production, use and disposal - is described and illustrated. A simple free standing three legged stool, the form of both the item itself and that of the jig required to control it's growth, are described and illustrated. The growth of examples of this, carried out on three sites across southern Britain are documented, experimental results reported and discussed. A further range of designs suitable to be produced using this method of controlling and grafting natural growth is proposed, and suggestions made for further experimentation.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agric. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2008 / The mineral nutrition of indigenous crop species is not well documented like other known crop species, thus making it difficult for one to know how to plant and maintain the crops. Mmupudu (Mimusops zeyheri), which, happens to be a wild crop, is one of the indigenous trees of interest to the Discipline of Plant Production, University of Limpopo. The current study gives baseline information that will be important in various environmental physiology studies of this plant. Physiological studies will be necessary to assess the importance of “limiting” mineral nutrients in the accumulation of certain mineral nutrients in Mmupudu in relation to its productivity. The experiment was arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial in RCBD, with the first and second factors being time of sampling and location, respectively. The three locations where data were collected were Chuenespoort, Bochum and Sekgosese. In each location, the experiment was replicated 10 times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated using the least significant difference test. The two-factor interaction was nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.10) for both pH and electrical conductivity. Soil pH was not affected by time in all three locations suggesting that abscised flowers and fruitlets have no effect on pH. Leaf K experienced an increase of 65% at Chuenespoort and a decrease of soil K after fruiting by 44%. Leaf and soil P decreased after fruiting in all locations as was the case with Cu. Chuenespoort and Sekgosese experienced a decrease in leaf Mn after fruiting while soil Mn decreased in all whereas leaf Mg decreased in all locations. / the National Research Foundation and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-20T17:10:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-06-12. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-20T17:25:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000844755.pdf: 3153298 bytes, checksum: cb6f8bff205aebe2b8f821932ac529c5 (MD5) / O desenvolvimento das plantas está relacionado, dentre outros fatores, com a disponibilidade de água no solo, assim como sua capacidade de adaptação e resposta a déficits hídricos. O intuito deste estudo foi analisar e mensurar os possíveis efeitos do estresse hídrico no crescimento e em algumas características morfofisiológicas de quatro materiais genéticos distintos de Eucalyptus sp. em dois tipos de solos, franco arenoso e argiloso. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos, em casa de vegetação, no Departamento de Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, campus de Botucatu, no período de fevereiro a abril de 2014. Os potenciais mínimos de água no solo: Sem estresse (SE) = -10 kPa; e com estresse (CE) = -1.500 kPa, fundamentaram a definição do manejo hídrico utilizado. A reposição da água evapotranspirada ocorreu por pesagem dos vasos, sendo que no nível SE, tensiômetros também foram utilizados para um controle mais efetivo da quantidade de água no solo. Os quatro clones utilizados foram: AEC-144, AEC-1528, COP 1407 e VM01 (clones 1,2,3 e 4 respectivamente), sendo todos materiais comercialmente produzidos e plantados em território nacional. As avaliações das plantas aos 0, 25, 50 e 75 dias após o plantio foram: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, área foliar, número de folhas, massa seca total, resistência estomática, potencial de água na folha e teor relativo de água na folha. O ensaio constituiu-se de um fatorial duplo 2x4 (dois níveis de água x quatro materiais genéticos), sendo os tipos de solo analisados separadamente. Os resultados indicaram influência dos tratamentos de manejo hídrico nas características avaliadas, para ambos os tipos de solo. Na última avaliação, aos 75 dias após implantação, para o solo franco arenoso, o clone 2 apresentou, estatisticamente, valores maiores que os demais em área foliar ... / Plant development is related, among other factors, to the availability of water in the soil, as well as their ability to adapt and respond to water deficits. The objective of this study was to assess the possible effects of drought stress on the growth, and on some morphological and physiological aspects of four distinct genetic materials of Eucalyptus sp. in two types of soil, sandy loam and clay. The experiment was conducted in pots at a greenhouse in the Department of Forestry Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, from February to April of 2014. The minimal potentials of water in the soil: No stress (SE) = -10 kPa; and Stressed (CE) = -1500 kPa, were used to define the water management employed. The replacement of water evapotranspired was determined by weighing the pots, and tensiometers were also used for more effective irrigation control in the SE treatment. The four clones used were: AEC-144, AEC-1528, COP 1407 and VM01 (clones 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively), all materials were commercially produced and planted in national territory. The aspects of the plants that were evaluated at 0, 25, 50 and 75 days after planting were: height of aerial parts, stem diameter, leaf area, number of leaves, total dry mass, stomatal resistance, leaf water potential and relative content of leaf water. The test consisted of a double factorial 2x4 (two levels of water x four genetic material) and soil types analyzed separately. The results, in both soil types, indicate an influence of water management treatments in the aspects evaluated. At the last evaluation, 75 days after implantation, for the sandy ...

Orientador: Kléber Pereira Lanças / Coorientador: Saulo Philipe Sebastião Gerra / Banca: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Banca: Magali Ribeiro da Silva / Banca: Rodrigo de Menezes Trigueiro / Banca: Ezer Dias de Oliveira Junior / Resumo: O estudo avaliou a qualidade do plantio em dois sistemas diferentes, o mecanizado utilizando o equipamento Bracke Forest P11.a e o manual (convencional), além de apresentar uma visão econômica em relação à primeira experiência da utilização deste equipamento no Brasil. O experimento foi dividido em três etapas, sendo que em duas foram avaliadas a qualidade silvicultural e as variáveis dendrométricas (diâmetro do colo, diâmetro à altura do peito e altura da planta). Essas etapas ocorreram nas cidades de Bocaiúva, MG, onde se conduziu o experimento sob quatro tratamentos com cinco repetições, em que cada repetição era constituída por 60 mudas do híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalypytus camaldulensis. A segunda etapa foi realizada em Telêmaco Borba, PR, onde se implantaram dois tratamentos com oito repetições, constituídos de 60 mudas de Pinus taeda e a última etapa, referente ao estudo econômico do plantio de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis em dois espaçamentos 3 × 1 m e 3 × 1,5 m utilizando o conjunto plantador, ocorreu em Lençóis Paulista, SP. Para as análises de comparações entre os tratamentos da qualidade silvicultural e as variáveis dendrométricas foi utilizado o teste LSMeans, do procedimento Genmod, por meio do software estatístico SAS - Statistical Analysis System. Os custos das máquinas foram calculados de acordo com a metodologia desenvolvida pela European COST Action, resultando em duas unidades: Euro por hora efetiva da máquina (€ h-1) e euro por muda ... / Abstract: The study evaluated the quality of planting in two different systems, mechanized using the Bracke Forest P11.a device and manual (conventional), besides to present an economic vision for the first experience of using this device in Brazil. The experiment was divided into three stages, and two were evaluated silvicultural quality and dendrometric variables (stem diameter, diameter at breast height and plant height). These stages occurred in the cities of Bocaiúva, MG, where the experiment was conducted under four treatments with five repetitions, in each repetition consisted of 60 seedlings of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalypytus camaldulensis. The second stage was executed in Telemaco Borba - PR where implanted two treatments with eight replications, made up of 60 seedlings of Pinus taeda and the last stage, referring to the economic study of the planting of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalypytus grandis in two spacings 3 × 1 m 3 × 1.5 m using the planter group, occurred in Lençóis Paulista - SP. For the analysis of comparisons between treatments silvicultural quality and dendrometric variables was used LSMeans test, the Genmod procedure, using the statistical software SAS - Statistical Analysis System. The operation costs were calculated according to the methodology developed by the European COST Action, resulting in two units: Euro per hour effective machine (€ h-1) and euro for seedlings (€ seedlings-1). The evaluations of the silvicultural quality of the plantings resulted that the variables fully exposed substrate and the inclined planting there were no significant differences in the mechanized and manual planting systems of the Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalypytus camaldulensis and the Pinus taeda analyzes showed no statistical difference in the variables of partially exposed substrate, fully exposed substrate and planting inclined to the two planting systems. The dendrometric variables ... / Doutor

Volunteer pruning programs are becoming an important tool in helping municipal arborists manage the urban forest. To find if volunteers can learn to prune trees well, the ability of volunteers to prune small trees after receiving training was assessed in three different ways, a written exam, a pruning prescription assessment, and a pruning cut assessment. Volunteers were assigned to either an indoor, lecture-based training or an outdoor, hands-on training session. After the training volunteers were asked to complete a written exam to gauge their understanding of the curriculum. Volunteers were then asked to perform a pruning prescription on small street trees indicating where they would prune to remove structural issues and branches growing into signs and walkways. Finally, volunteers were asked to make a removal cut and reduction cut using hand pruners. Volunteers who received indoor training performed significantly better on the written exam. Both training groups performed well on the pruning prescription assessment. At each location, volunteers who received the outdoor training scored significantly higher than the indoor group on their pruning prescription. The type of training received did not affect a volunteer’s ability to make good pruning cuts. These results indicate that, given proper training, volunteers can learn to prune small trees to the satisfaction of an arborist.

L'histoire de l'arboriculture en Grèce est encore mal connue et seuls la vigne et l'olivier ont bénéficié d'un intérêt de longue date. L'objectif de ce travail est de comprendre les processus de mise en culture des arbres fruitiers en Grèce entre le Néolithique et l'époque romaine. Pour ce faire, le matériel carpologique (restes de graines et de fruits) publié de 56 sites a été pris en compte dans une synthèse. Les mentions de fruits et de fruitiers ont été inventoriées dans les documents épigraphiques en grec mycénien et classique, ainsi que dans les textes d'auteurs antiques. Une étude de morphométrie géométrique a été réalisée sur les pépins de vigne et les noyaux d'olive archéologiques. La confrontation de ces sources révèle une évolution du cortège des fruitiers utilisés : vigne, olivier et figuier dominent à toutes les périodes, l'importance de certains fruits sauvages décroît après l'âge du Bronze et nouveaux fruits sont alors introduits. Les premières vignes domestiques apparaissent à l'âge du Bronze, tandis qu'une même forme sélectionnée d'olivier est présente du Bronze ancien à l'époque romaine. Les premières formes d'arboriculture (haies, lisières et parcelles en partie défrichées) sont complétées, au Bronze récent, par des plantations de fruitiers. De grands vignobles apparaissent à l'époque classique, et l'époque romaine voit se développer une agriculture plus spécialisée où le souci du rendement se fait jour dans les traités d'agriculture comme dans la recherche de nouvelles variétés de vigne et d'olivier. Enfin, le recours à des formes peu sélectionnées ainsi que l'intégration de fruitiers sauvages aux cultures se maintiennent jusqu'à la période romaine. / Little is known concerning the history of arboriculture in Greece; only the grapevine and the olive tree have been a subject of interest for a long time. The aim of this work is to understand how fruit trees were cultivated in Greece between the Neolithic and the Roman period. This is why published archaeobotanical data (seeds and fruits) from 56 sites were taken into account in our synthesis. A survey of all references to fruits and fruit trees in epigraphic documents (Mycenaean and classic Greek) and in ancient authors has also been achieved. Archaeological pips and stones were submitted to Geometric Morphometry. Our approach reveals how fruit trees were used from the Neolithic up to the Roman period; while the grapevine, the olive tree and the fig tree predominate ail the time, it is clear that the importance of certain wild fruits decreases after the Bronze Age as new others are introduced. The first domesticated grapevines appear during the Bronze Age while a single selected variety of olive tree is present from the early Bronze Age to the Roman period. The first manifestations of arboriculture concern woodland edges and partially cleared land plots, real fruit tree plantations appear during the late Bronze Age, at the latest. Extensive vineyards appear during the Classical period, while a more specialized agriculture aiming at maximum profit characterizes the Roman period, as testified by the works on agronomy and the search for new varieties of olives and grapevines. Despite the search for higher yields, the use of less selected domesticates and wild fruits remains a reality until the roman period.