The overall objective of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal ( AM ) fungi in growth and phosphorus ( P ) nutrition of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) in a highly calcareous soil from the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. The soil used for this study is one of the main soil types used for wheat production in South Australia. It is severely P - deficient, but plant responses to conventional fertiliser application are poor. Although the total P and Colwell - extractable P contents of the soil are high, the resin - extractable P content is very low. Resin - extractable P is better able to predict P availability for plant growth than Colwell - extractable P. The soil is also strongly P - fixing. Moderate levels ( about 20 mg kg [superscript minus 1] ) of resin - extractable P for wheat could only be achieved by adding high rates ( up to 100 mg kg [superscript minus 1] ) of CaHPO4 in this soil. A bioassay with wheat showed that it can be highly colonised by AM fungi in the soil. AM fungi have been shown to improve P nutrition of plants, particularly in nutrient poor soils. They may thus be important for wheat grown in the soil with low amounts of plant - available P such as the one used. The first part of the work involved conventional pot experiments. Effects of AM fungi on wheat were compared between sterilised soil and non - sterile soil, sterilised soil inoculated with non - sterile soil or with Glomus intraradices or noninoculated, with different soil / sand mixes. Colonisation of wheat at 8 weeks was high, with about 75 % of root length colonised for indigenous fungi and 55 % for Glomus intraradices, regardless of the soil treatments. Growth and P uptake of wheat were significantly increased by both indigenous fungi and G. intraradices, irrespective of soil / sand mixes. Effects of indigenous fungi on plant growth were larger in sterilised and inoculated soil than in non - sterile soil. In sterilised soil, increases of plant growth by AM fungi were higher with G. intraradices than with indigenous fungi. Dilution of the soil by mixing with sand reduced plant growth and P uptake of both AM and non-mycorrhizal ( NM ) plants. In another experiment, responses of wheat to AM fungi and P supply were compared with those of clover. Plants were inoculated with four different AM fungi. Colonisation of wheat was lower than clover. Although suffering from P deficiency, NM wheat ( 6 weeks ) grew relatively well with no added P ( P0 ) and application of P at 100 mg kg [superscript minus 1] ( P100 ) increased the dry weight ( DW ). Shoot P concentrations increased with P application and there were positive effects of all AM fungi at P100. In contrast, NM clover ( 8 weeks ) grew very poorly at P0 and did not respond to P application. Clover responded positively to all AM fungi at both P levels, associated with increases in P uptake. The results showed that responses of wheat to AM inoculation and P supply were quite different from those of clover, and emphasized the different abilities of the two species to access P in the very high P - fixing soil used. Responses of two wheat cultivars ( Brookton and Krichauff ) to AM fungus ( G. intraradices ) were also evaluated with different P supplies at two developmental stages ( vegetative and maturity ). Colonisation by G. intraradices of both cultivars was well established at 6 weeks ( ~ 50 % in P0 plants ) and continued to increase up to maturity ( ~ 70 % ), but decreased greatly at both harvests as P supply was increased ( up to 150 mg P kg [superscript minus 1] ). Addition of P significantly increased plant growth, grain yield and P uptake irrespective of cultivar and harvest time, and the optimum soil P for grain yield was 100 mg kg [superscript minus 1]. In both cultivars, a growth depression in AM plants occurred at 6 weeks at all P levels, but this disappeared at 19 weeks with added P. At P0, AM plants produced lower grain yield per plant, but with higher P supply, AM plants produced higher grain yields than NM plants. There was a significant positive effect of AM on grain P concentration at P0, but not at other P levels. Brookton was somewhat more P efficient than Krichauff, and the latter responded more to AM fungi. The results showed that responses of wheat to AM fungi and P supply changed during development. Growth depression induced by AM fungi in low P soil was overcome by addition of moderate amounts of P, resulting in significant increases in grain yield in AM plants. Additional approaches were used to help determine the roles of AM fungi in wheat growth and nutrition. The effects of plant density were tested, as it was expected that increasing density might decrease the negative effects of AM fungi on wheat growth. Large growth depressions were induced by both G. intraradices and Gigaspora margarita in wheat grown at low density, although % colonisation by G. intraradices was higher than by Gi. margarita. With increasing plant density, the growth depressions were smaller, indicating that competition modulates growth responses. Although there may be effects due to competition for soil P, it is clear that with increasing plant biomass per unit soil volume, the AM fungal biomass did not increase in proportion ; in fact, hyphal length density decreased. Accordingly, costs of AM in terms of organic carbon loss per plant decreased with increasing plant density, thus mitigating the growth depression. The results add to the increasing body of evidence that mycorrhizal growth responses of plants grown singly may not apply at the population or community level as in crops. Two compartmented pot systems were used to examine whether the fungal hyphae deliver the P into the plants even in the absence of positive growth responses. An experiment in which plants were constricted in a mesh bag, but hyphae of AM fungi could explore a large soil volume was carried out. Results suggested that AM fungi helped the plants acquire P, although mesh bags did not remove AM growth depression. The experiments in which AM fungi were supplied with [superscript 32]P in a small soil compartment to which only hyphae had access showed that a considerable amount of P was delivered to wheat plants via AM fungi. The original aim was to calculate the percentage of total P entering the plants via the AM pathway. However, realistic values were not obtained probably because of difficulties of determining plant-available P and uneven distribution of hyphae in the soil. It is also possible that plants and AM fungi access different P pools. This study demonstrated the potential roles of AM fungi in growth and P nutrition of wheat grown in the highly calcareous soil from the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. Further studies on the effects of the interactions between AM fungi and wheat in the field are needed to assess the contribution of AM fungi to plant nutrition. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1996? / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-185).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 138 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-119).

Thesis (M.Sc.)(Plant Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-02-27T13:30:33Z No. of bitstreams: 5 27.pdf: 817095 bytes, checksum: 277406d8e5c462beaed2bc45c9950c33 (MD5) license_url: 49 bytes, checksum: fd26723f8d7edacdb29e3f03465c3b03 (MD5) license_text: 20626 bytes, checksum: 7851d446050a985bd0603b7c4cee472d (MD5) license_rdf: 19710 bytes, checksum: aa65da15f424ff71c620a992a187295c (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2015-02-27T17:16:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 5 27.pdf: 817095 bytes, checksum: 277406d8e5c462beaed2bc45c9950c33 (MD5) license_url: 49 bytes, checksum: fd26723f8d7edacdb29e3f03465c3b03 (MD5) license_text: 20626 bytes, checksum: 7851d446050a985bd0603b7c4cee472d (MD5) license_rdf: 19710 bytes, checksum: aa65da15f424ff71c620a992a187295c (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-27T17:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 5 27.pdf: 817095 bytes, checksum: 277406d8e5c462beaed2bc45c9950c33 (MD5) license_url: 49 bytes, checksum: fd26723f8d7edacdb29e3f03465c3b03 (MD5) license_text: 20626 bytes, checksum: 7851d446050a985bd0603b7c4cee472d (MD5) license_rdf: 19710 bytes, checksum: aa65da15f424ff71c620a992a187295c (MD5) license.txt: 2109 bytes, checksum: aa477231e840f304454a16eb85a9235f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes) / A sempre-viva Syngonanthus elegans, ? uma esp?cies end?mica dos Campos Rupestres que est? amea?ada de extin??o devido ao extrativismo, que busca sua beleza natural como mat?ria prima para confec??o de produtos ornamentais com alto valor comercial. Existem poucas informa??es sobre a ecologia desta esp?cie e nenhuma sobre a ocorr?ncia de fungos micorr?zicos arbusculares (FMAs). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ocorr?ncia e a diversidade de FMAs em Syngonanthus elegans. Dez plantas com ra?zes e solo rizosf?rico foram coletadas, em julho de 2007, de locais de ocorr?ncia natural em Diamantina ? MG: Nascente do C?rrego do Soberbo e Parque Nacional das Sempre-vivas. Em cada local foi selecionada uma ?rea de 100 x 100m. Estas ?reas apresentam semelhan?a quanto ? fertilidade do solo e ao clima. Como controle, foram coletadas tr?s exemplares das esp?cies Loudetiopsis chrysothrix e Xyris sp. Em S. elegans foram observados estruturas f?ngicas como hifas, ves?culas arbusculos e esporos; alta porcentagem de ra?zes colonizadas (75 %) e 24 esp?cies de FMAs morfologicamente distintos. Mais da metade dos FMAs observados neste estudo n?o puderam ser identificadas a n?vel de esp?cie, sendo que algumas destas s?o possivelmente novas para ci?ncia, como Acaulospora sp.3, Scutellospora sp.1, Scutellospora sp.3 e Scutellospora sp. 4. As fam?lias de FMAs que ocorreram em S. elegans foram Gigasporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Glomeraceae e Archaeosporaceae, sendo que as fam?lias Acaulosporaceae (47 %) e Gigasporaceae (35 %) foram predominantes nas duas ?reas. Foram observados cinco g?neros de FMAs em S. elegans ocorrendo nas ?reas estudadas, Scutellospora, Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Glomus e Archaeospora, sendo que o g?nero predominante no Soberbo foi Acaulospora (47 %) e Glomus (26 %) e no Parque Acaulospora (35 %), Glomus (29 %) e Scutellospora (24 %). No Parque, apesar de menor ?ndice de diversidade e equitabilidade, observou-se maior riqueza de esp?cies de FMAs. Essa maior riqueza de FMAs, aliada a melhor distribui??o de esp?cies por g?nero, indica que esta ?rea apresenta uma comunidade de FMAs mais est?vel. S. elegans ? uma planta micorr?zica e apresenta alta porcentagem de ra?zes colonizadas e diversidade de FMAs. Algumas esp?cies observadas podem ser novas para a ci?ncia. Novos estudos dever?o avaliar a import?ncia dos FMAs no estabelecimento e sobreviv?ncia de S. elegans. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2008. / ABSTRACT The star-flower Syngonanthus elegans is a species endemic of Campos Rupestres that is threatened with extinction due to the extractivism, which seeks its natural beauty as the raw material for manufacturing of ornamental products with high commercial value. There is little information on the ecology of this species and none on the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and diversity of AMF in S. elegans. Ten plants with roots and rhizospheric soil were collected in July 2007 of places of natural occurrence in Diamantina - MG: the east C?rrego Soberbo and the Parque Nacional das Sempre-viva. At each location was selected an area of 100 x 100m. These areas have similar about the fertility of the soil and climate. As a control, were also collected three copies of the species Loudetiopsis chrysothrix and Xyris sp. In S. elegans fungal structures were seen as hyphae, vesicles, arbusculos and spores; high percentage of roots colonized (75%) and 24 species of AMF morphologically distinct. Over half of the AMF observed in this study could not be identified in terms of species, and that some of these are probably new to science, as Acaulospora sp.3, Scutellospora sp.1, Scutellospora sp.3 and Scutellospora sp. 4. The families of AMF that occurred in S. elegans were Gigasporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Glomeraceae and Archaeosporaceae, and the families Acaulosporaceae (47%) and Gigasporaceae (35%) were predominant in the two areas. Five genera were observed of AMF in S. elegans occurring in the areas studied, Scutellospora, Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Glomus and Archaeospora, the predominant gender in Soberbo was Acaulospora (47%) and Glomus (26%) and the Park Acaulospora (35%), Glomus (29%) and Scutellospora (24%). In the Park, despite a lower index of diversity and evenness, there was greater wealth of species of AMF. This greater wealth of AMF, combined with better distribution of species by genera, indicates that this area has a community of AMF more stable. S. elegans is a mycorrhizal plant and it presents high percentage of colonized roots and diversity of AMF. Some observed species can be new for the science. New studies should evaluate the importance of AMF in the establishment and survival of S. elegans.

TAVARES, R. C. Efeito da inoculação com fungo micorrízico arbuscular e da adubação orgânica no desenvolvimento de mudas de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth.), sob estresse salino. 2007. 82 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia/Solos e Nutrição de Plantas) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2007. / Submitted by Francisco Lacerda (lacerda@ufc.br) on 2014-09-18T22:33:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_rctavares.pdf: 638211 bytes, checksum: 39e3c69a1f7209846755576294be60be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-09-24T17:33:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_rctavares.pdf: 638211 bytes, checksum: 39e3c69a1f7209846755576294be60be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-24T17:33:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_rctavares.pdf: 638211 bytes, checksum: 39e3c69a1f7209846755576294be60be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Salt affected soils management is an important subject to be studied, especially when irrigated arid and semi-arid regions are considered, as soil salt excess may limit growth and plant productivity. The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (AMF) inoculation on growth of sabiá plants (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth.), cultivated under salt stress in the presence or absence of organic compost. Thus, an experiment was conducted under green-house conditions to evaluate the potential of inoculated and fertilized plant establishment submitted to salt stress, in a complete randomized factorial design 2 (inoculated or non-inoculated plants) X 2 (fertilized or non-fertilized with organic compost) X 5 levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity (0.7, 1.2, 2.2, 3.2 and 4.2 dS m’), with 4 replications. After 60 days from germination, plants were harvested and then and analyzed to evaluate growth factors, microbiological variables, soil pH, shoot-root and sodium/potassium ratios and mineral nutrient content (N, P. Ca, Mg, Na and Cl). Salinity decreased growth and plant biomass of non-mycorrhizal fertilized plants. Inoculation with AMF increased plant dry matter production when compared with non-inoculated plants under salt stress. When compared with non-fertilized plants, organic compost fertilization increased plant growth, Nutrient contents were always much higher in inoculated plants and in organic compost fertilized plants. / A salinização dos solos tem se constituído um problema sério para a agricultura, principalmente nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas em todo o mundo. O excesso de sais no solo afeta tanto as áreas irrigadas como as não irrigadas, limitando, portanto o crescimento e a produtividade das culturas. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com fungo micorrízico arbuscular e da adubação orgânica no desenvolvimento do sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth), sob estresse salino. Portanto, foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciências do Solo da Universidade Federal do Ceará, no Campus do Pici em Fortaleza. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, 2 (presença e ausência de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares) X 2 (presença e ausência de composto orgânico) X 5 níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,7, 1,2, 2,2, 3,2 e 4,2 dS m1), com 4 repetições. Ao final de 60 dias após a germinação das plantas foi coletado o experimento, onde determinou-se os fatores de crescimento, as variáveis microbiológicas, o pH do solo após o cultivo, os teores minerais (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl) e as relações Raiz/Parte Aérea (R/PA) e Sódio/Potássio (Na/K). A salinidade promoveu maior redução na produção de matéria seca das plantas não micorrizadas e não adubadas. A inoculação com fungo micorrízico arbuscular aumentou a produção de matéria seca das plantas de sabiá. As plantas adubadas com matéria orgânica apresentaram maior desenvolvimento, quando comparadas com as plantas não adubadas. As plantas micorrizadas apresentaram maiores conteúdos de nutrientes, quando comparadas com as plantas não micorrizadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:26:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 scabora_mh_dr_ilha.pdf: 1356809 bytes, checksum: 1945cc637998450974f2829ff790aafa (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com a construção da barragem da Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira (SP), ocorreu a degradação do solo, expondo o subsolo e dando origem às áreas de empréstimo. Com o objetivo de melhor compreender a associação entre fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e espécies arbóreas na recuperação de áreas degradadas, foram avaliados a produção de esporos e a diversificação das comunidades de FMA nativos após inoculação em dez espécies arbóreas nativas do cerrado, implantadas em duas áreas, uma vegetada com pastagem e outra com subsolo exposto, bem como avaliar a ocupação destas por espécies herbáceas co-ocorrentes e as alterações da fertilidade do solo ao longo de quatro anos de revegetação. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental foi o fatorial 2x4x10 em blocos, ou seja, duas áreas (pastagem e subsolo exposto), quatro anos e 10 espécies arbóreas, com quatro repetições, sendo cada repetição constituída por cinco plantas. Após a instalação do experimento, amostras do solo e do subsolo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0- 0,10 cm, no 1, 2, 3 e 4o ano e utilizadas para avaliação das características químicas e das comunidades de FMA. O número de esporos, a riqueza de espécies, a diversidade e a equabilidade foram comparados e relacionados com as propriedades químicas do solo e com a ocupação das espécies herbáceas co-ocorrentes. Houve incrementos nos teores de matéria orgânica ao longo do anos na área de subsolo. Na diversificação de FMA foram identificadas 52 espécies, das quais 19 pertencem ao gênero Glomus, 14 pertencem à Acaulospora, 10 à Scutellospora, seis à Gigaspora... / Due the construction of the Ilha Solteira Hydroelectric plant (SP), soil degradation has occurred, exposing the subsoil and giving rise to the “soil landing” areas. In order to better understand the association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and tree species in the recovery of degraded areas, were assessed the spores production and diversification of native communities of AMF by evaluating ten species of cerrado native tree after the inoculation, introduced in two areas, one vegetated with grass and the other with exposed subsoil, as well as, by evaluating the occupation by the co-occurring plant species and changes in soil fertility, over the four years of restoration. The experiment was conducted at the Education, Research and Extension Farm of the UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Engineering Faculty, Ilha Solteira Campus, located in the city of Selvíria-MS. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design in a 2 x 4 x 10 factorial, i.e., two areas (pasture and subsoil exposed), four years and 10 tree species, with four replicates, each replicate consisting of five plants. The soil and subsoil, sampled at the depth of 0 to 0.10 m, after 12, 24, 36 and 48 months after the experiment installation, were used to evaluate the soil chemical and AMF communities characteristics... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: Com a construção da barragem da Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira (SP), ocorreu a degradação do solo, expondo o subsolo e dando origem às áreas de empréstimo. Com o objetivo de melhor compreender a associação entre fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e espécies arbóreas na recuperação de áreas degradadas, foram avaliados a produção de esporos e a diversificação das comunidades de FMA nativos após inoculação em dez espécies arbóreas nativas do cerrado, implantadas em duas áreas, uma vegetada com pastagem e outra com subsolo exposto, bem como avaliar a ocupação destas por espécies herbáceas co-ocorrentes e as alterações da fertilidade do solo ao longo de quatro anos de revegetação. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental foi o fatorial 2x4x10 em blocos, ou seja, duas áreas (pastagem e subsolo exposto), quatro anos e 10 espécies arbóreas, com quatro repetições, sendo cada repetição constituída por cinco plantas. Após a instalação do experimento, amostras do solo e do subsolo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0- 0,10 cm, no 1, 2, 3 e 4o ano e utilizadas para avaliação das características químicas e das comunidades de FMA. O número de esporos, a riqueza de espécies, a diversidade e a equabilidade foram comparados e relacionados com as propriedades químicas do solo e com a ocupação das espécies herbáceas co-ocorrentes. Houve incrementos nos teores de matéria orgânica ao longo do anos na área de subsolo. Na diversificação de FMA foram identificadas 52 espécies, das quais 19 pertencem ao gênero Glomus, 14 pertencem à Acaulospora, 10 à Scutellospora, seis à Gigaspora... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due the construction of the Ilha Solteira Hydroelectric plant (SP), soil degradation has occurred, exposing the subsoil and giving rise to the "soil landing" areas. In order to better understand the association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and tree species in the recovery of degraded areas, were assessed the spores production and diversification of native communities of AMF by evaluating ten species of cerrado native tree after the inoculation, introduced in two areas, one vegetated with grass and the other with exposed subsoil, as well as, by evaluating the occupation by the co-occurring plant species and changes in soil fertility, over the four years of restoration. The experiment was conducted at the Education, Research and Extension Farm of the UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Engineering Faculty, Ilha Solteira Campus, located in the city of Selvíria-MS. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design in a 2 x 4 x 10 factorial, i.e., two areas (pasture and subsoil exposed), four years and 10 tree species, with four replicates, each replicate consisting of five plants. The soil and subsoil, sampled at the depth of 0 to 0.10 m, after 12, 24, 36 and 48 months after the experiment installation, were used to evaluate the soil chemical and AMF communities characteristics... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato / Coorientador: Rosilaine Carrenho / Banca: Katia Luciene Maltoni / Banca: Franscisco Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Daniela Tiago da Silva Campos / banca: Waldeamar Zangaro Filho / Doutor