Latium Vetus is accepted as having possessed an urban status by the archaic period. The evolution towards this status depended upon various factors operating through centuries. From an initial stage in which the region was composed of insular settlements, the first step towards urbanisation was nucleation of settlement. This was a federal grouping of small, self-governing kin units. Such were the curiae of history; their individualism is emphasised in the topography of the cemeteries. They are revealed in the remnants of early law operating along the lines of reciprocity and collusion. This nucleation was probably a result of demographic pressures; trade and technological innovation may also be considered contributory factors. Certainly these latter emerged as conditioning elements within the development of such communities. The separate units within the settlements practised an individual prestige-goods economy. Their powers were separate from those of the community as a whole. Such powers had to be curbed as the role of manufacture and trade increased. Thus the central, 'state' power grew, as may be seen in legal and historical developments. The aristocracies which had emerged had proved a destabilising factor in the state, for they maintained economic and sociopolitical practices which artificially supported secondary activities and separatist influences. As society became more complex, so the kin basis upon which it was founded proved inadequate. Changes in the demographic constitution of the community, overly competitive economic practice and increasing functional differentiation caused the creation of a public domain, one witnessed in various ways in the source material. Urbanisation was the end-result of the functioning of a prestige-goods economy in a society formed of distinctive groups prior to the initiation of large scale trade and manufacture. The competition inherent within such a society led ultimately to the unity of the urban system.

This dissertation addresses the role of ritual practices in the emergence of complex forms of social organization during the Late Archaic Period of the Central Andes (ca. 3000 1500 B.C.). This theme is approached through description and analysis of ritual architecture remains recovered in excavations at the site of Cerro Lampay, located in the Fortaleza Valley, within the North Central Coast of Peru.The emergence of social complexity is approached from the perspective of Practice Theory, noting the relevance of ritual practices in the generation, reproduction, and/or transformation of social conditions of existence.Following these theoretical principles, archaeological information is analyzed through a methodological frame built to understand the performative aspects of ritual and its material manifestations. A particular emphasis is put on the analysis of architectural remains, which are analyzed from proxemics and space syntax perspectives, in order to define the patterns of human interaction produced during the conduct of ritual.The inference of behavioral patterns conducted within construction events and ritual performances have allowed me to propose a scenario of a community with emergent leaders and a dual organization, which was responsible for the building, use, and closure of the architectural compounds found at Cerro Lampay. Ritual practices such as conspicuous consumption and feasting played a key role in the development of social dynamics and might have been a significant power source for the emergent leaderships.

Athenian painted pottery from the late Archaic and early Classical period frequently depicts images of the symposion, a popular ancient Greek drinking banquet which played an important role in ancient Athenian society. Some of these depictions include images of Eastern foreigners alongside Athenian symposiasts, identified by clothing associated with ethnic groups from ancient Mesopotamia and regions around the Black Sea. Traditionally, scholars have accepted these images as literal depictions of Eastern foreigners in the symposion or as representations of a symposiarch's authority. However, a closer look at these images and their role in the symposion suggests a different interpretation of the Eastern figures. This thesis analyzes how images were perceived by viewers at the time in the social context of the symposion and how Athenian iconography of Eastern foreigners overlapped to create a generalized "Otherness" in the Athenian imagination. In this context, the common activities and images of the symposion reinforced a shared identity among the participants, using ancient Greek pottery to present the Eastern Other as an example of poor symposion behavior, thus associating Athenian identity with proper symposion behavior. / Master of Arts / During the 6th and early 5th centuries BCE, painted pottery in ancient Athens frequently depicted images of the symposion, a type of drinking banquet popular in Athens during the period. Some images of this drinking party depict images of Eastern foreigners alongside Greek banqueters, identified by clothing associated with ethnic groups from ancient Mesopotamia and regions around the Black Sea. Traditionally, scholars have accepted these images as literal depictions of Eastern foreigners in the drinking banquet. However, a closer look at these images and how they were understood by Athenian audiences suggests a different interpretation of the Eastern figures. This thesis analyzes how images were perceived by viewers at the time and how other images of Eastern foreigners on Athenian painted pottery created stereotypes of these groups in the Athenian imagination. In this context, the activities of the symposion drinking banquet and the images which depict it associate Eastern foreigners with poor drinking behavior to associate Athenians with proper drinking behavior by contrast.

La côte tyrrhénienne orientale occupe une place centrale dans les dynamiques d’échanges méditerranéennes. Entre 1600 et 500 av. n. è. environ, elle est occupée par des communautés solidement structurées culturellement, parmi lesquelles les Étrusques, les populations latines, les Grecs d’Occident et les communautés italiques. L’adoption d’une chronologie étendue, qui court sur plus d’un millénaire, vise à mettre en lumière les phénomènes de continuité et de ruptures dans les réseaux de communication et dans les processus d’implantation en milieu littoral. En effet, cette étude entend détailler les processus à l’œuvre dans la construction de l’espace côtier tyrrhénien, en s’attachant aux notions de choix, d’attrait, de rejet ou d’indifférence qui ont joué dans les dynamiques d’implantation sur le littoral. En établissant des schémas de référence et en étudiant la matérialité des implantations côtières, cette analyse propose donc une synthèse inédite sur les processus qui ont amené à l’occupation du littoral dès l’âge du Bronze moyen, à la mise en valeur des ressources naturelles côtières et à la création de réseaux de communication complexes, maritimes, terrestres et fluviaux. Cette étude est motivée par le fait que le littoral tyrrhénien oriental, constamment évoqué dans les travaux antérieurs, n’a jamais été étudié pour ce qu’il représente, c’est-à-dire un espace d’interface entre le domaine marin et l’espace terrestre. L’exemple le plus frappant est celui des ports préromains, qui forment les points nodaux où les réseaux maritimes entrent en contact avec les structures territoriales terrestres, et qui n’ont fait l’objet que de rares études. Ce désintérêt pour les conditions concrètes des échanges maritimes amène une véritable méconnaissance de ces points de relâche, pourtant au cœur des trafics tyrrhéniens archaïques. En appréhendant la construction de l’espace littoral tyrrhénien par le biais des réseaux qui structurent les systèmes côtiers péninsulaires et insulaires, plusieurs caractéristiques émergent, parmi lesquelles la difficulté rencontrée dans les études passées pour corréler une vision maritime et une vision terrestre des interactions. Il ressort de cette nouvelle analyse que le littoral est essentiellement tourné vers la terre, situé au cœur des relations entre des systèmes locaux et régionaux. L’arrière-plan de l’étude du littoral tyrrhénien oriental est donc prioritairement terrien et non maritime, puisque les activités côtières émanent de systèmes terrestres et que les espaces portuaires forment les débouchés maritimes de tout un arrière-pays. En se situant dans la lignée des travaux réalisés ces quarante dernières années, qui ont permis à une véritable archéologie du paysage de se développer, cette thèse adopte donc un prisme nouveau qui, sans contredire les assertions passées, modifie l’appréhension traditionnelle du littoral. / The Eastern Tyrrhenian coast held a central position in Mediterranean trade dynamics. Between circa 1600 and 500 BC, this territory was inhabited by culturally well-defined communities, namely the Etruscans, Latin and Italic populations, and Western Greeks. In adopting a broad chronological framework covering over a millennium, this thesis aims to shed light on continuity and interruption phenomena within communication networks as well as in coastal settlement processes. These latter mechanisms are indeed perceptible through notions of appeal, rejection and indifference that weighed in occupation choices of the Tyrrhenian littoral. By establishing reference templates and studying the materiality of coastal dwellings, this analysis offers an innovative synthesis of regional settlement dynamics as early as the Middle Bronze Age, with a particular emphasis on the exploitation of natural resources and the emergence of complex maritime, land and fluvial networks. Though the Eastern Tyrrhenian coast has been repeatedly mentioned in previous publications all lack a core feature regarding its coastlines and its characteristics as an interface between sea and land. Pre-Roman ports constitute a striking example; even though they are considered as crucial meeting points of maritime and land-based networks, they are barely known and studied. Past research has thus had a hard time associating maritime and land-based communication networks and has overlooked the actual parameters of maritime exchanges, leading to a poor understanding of harbors and port activities, however central they are to Archaic Tyrrhenian trades. By addressing the construction of Tyrrhenian coastal territories through the prism of networks, several insular and peninsular systems appear. Recent analysis reveals that coastal territories turn their focus towards inland networks, meaning that seaside activities emanate essentially from local and regional systems. The backdrop to Eastern Tyrrhenian coastal studies is therefore land-based above all and not maritime. This thesis positions itself within the continuity of the past forty years of research that has helped to develop a landscape archaeology framework while adopting a new prism and revising the traditional approach to the littoral without challenging past assertions.

This thesis aims to construct a historical narrative for the region of the north-eastern Aegean (NEA) during the Early Iron Age (1050-700 BCE) and the early Archaic period (7^th century BCE) based primarily on archaeological evidence. Its goals are to investigate the most distinctive material culture elements for the studied period; to explore themes of continuity and connectivity between regions; to trace large- and smaller-scale population movements; to discuss how early communities perceived themselves and each other; and to investigate the social structure and organisation of these communities. Evidence from settlement sites, funerary contexts, and sanctuaries are presented in the first three chapters in that order. Following that, the final chapter presents the primary, overarching conclusions of the thesis, in four sub-chapters. Firstly, it is argued that the NEA was characterised by relative cultural continuity from the Late Bronze Age to well within the Archaic period: when new elements were introduced, they were, generally, integrated into earlier paradigms. Secondly, evidence is provided for an increase in connectivity and maritime traffic peaks during the late 8^th century BCE; shortly afterwards, new population groups from the central and southern Aegean arrived in the NEA, and seem to have cohabited relatively peacefully with earlier populations. Thirdly, it is posited that there is little evidence for overarching NEA regional identities before the 6^th century BCE: communities appear to have developed local identities, through association with specific sites and through references to the communal past in cult practice and funerary contexts. Finally, it is argued that social elites were markedly active in NEA communities of studied period: there is considerable evidence for socially exclusive groups, primarily in funerary and ritual contexts. The thesis concludes with a short chapter containing the author's closing remarks.

This study utilizes occlusal dental microwear analysis to investigate dietary texture in a sample of Archaic period (~10,000-3,000 B.P.) and Woodland period (~3,000-950 B.P.) Native American human remains from the Carrier Mills Archaeological District (Saline County, Illinois). Molar teeth from thirty individuals were examined in a scanning electron microscope at 500x, and the number of pits and scratches were quantified. Four variables were analyzed: number of pits, number of scratches, total number of features, and the pit/scratch ratio. These four variables were used to compare differences in dietary texture between Archaic and Woodland periods, between males and females (both combined and by time period), and between those individuals who were diagnosed as having a treponemal disease and those who were not. The results indicate that there were no differences in dietary texture between the Archaic and Woodland periods. This suggests that even with the introduction of new food preparation technology (i.e. pottery) during the Woodland period, the basic texture of the food remained the same over a long period of time. In addition, no significant differences were found between diseased and non-diseased individuals at the Carrier Mills Archaeological District, suggesting that the texture of foods consumed by these two groups did not differ. Males and females, however, did show a difference in dietary texture. Females had higher values than males for all variables examined, although only number of pits and total number of features were significantly different. These results indicate that males and females had differently textured diets. I interpret this difference in the context of sex-based differences in subsistence-related activities, especially the role that females play in the acquisition and preparation of foods. When compared to previous microwear studies, these results suggest that the Carrier Mills Archaeological District differs from other Midwestern Archaic and Woodland sites due to the lack in dietary texture changes between the Archaic and Woodland periods.

This thesis proposes that we can better understand Greek society in the Archaic Period by evaluating the purposes of their interactions with Egyptian material culture and through a greater appreciation of Egyptian political and cultural history in the Third Intermediate and Late Period. The thesis combines an examination of the Egyptian and Egyptianising objects from Greek graves and sanctuaries with a study of Egyptianising motifs in Greek painted pottery and sculpture. With this evidence, the thesis primarily addresses questions of agency and of consumption. It aims to demonstrate that Greek interactions with Egypt are not defined by Phoenician intermediaries or by the foundation of Naucratis late in the seventh century. Instead, it is argues that the development of personal connections between the elite of certain Greek states and the rulers of Egyptian kingdoms in the eighth century could explain the escalation of Greek interactions with Egyptian material culture during the Archaic Period and the regional variability of these interactions. The thesis also highlights the stark differences between Greek interactions with Egyptian and Egyptianising material in different media and in different consumption areas. In their sanctuaries, the Greeks used Egyptian faience, stone, and bronze objects alongside Greek-produced imitations of these objects in order to define aspire to the status of being a member of the elite while accessing a magical potency associated with Egyptian material culture. In other media, however, the Greeks reject imitation of Egyptian subjects and iconography, and instead we find processes of interaction which use Egyptian material culture but do not refer to it explicitly. Therefore it is concluded that Greek interactions with Egyptian material culture not only draws attention to Greek connectivity with surrounding cultures, and the Greek association of Egypt and magical potency, but can also help us to reflect upon different forms of elite-elite and elite-non-elite interaction and self-identification in the Archaic Period.

Cette thèse doctorale constitue une enquête éminemment céramologique, prenant pour cadre historique le phénomène de la « protocolonisation » grecque en Italie méridionale, et plus particulièrement dans une région du littoral ionien. Elle prend en considération la céramique auparavant considérée et dite « commune », classe de matériel aux contours incertains et à la définition particulièrement fluctuante. En effet, contrairement à la production fine indigène décorée ou à celle produite localement par des migrants Grecs, dont les formes et les motifs décoratifs sont nettement identifiables, la céramique commune, qu’elle soit de production hellénique ou indigène, apparaît comme une classe relativement peu étudiée et fonctionnellement hétéroclite.Il s’agit ici d’étudier et d’approfondir les perspectives théoriques, conceptuelles et anthropologiques, autour de cette céramique caractérisée notamment par des critères techniques et esthétiques, à savoir une facture de moyenne voire de mauvaise qualité, des formes relativement simples et achromes, et une polyvalence théorique à définir ; et d’autre part de proposer un catalogue typochronologique et contextualisé du matériel en céramique fine achrome de l’Incoronata, excluant de facto la céramique a impasto et es très grands conteneurs.Il conviendra évidemment de multiplier les confrontations en s’intéressant d’une part, à tous les types de contextes, grecs, indigènes ou mixtes, fouillés dans le Métapontin et la Siritide, mais également en élargissant le cadre géographique de l’enquête à toute l’Italie méridionale, voire au-delà / This doctoral thesis constitutes an eminently ceramological investigation, within the historic background of the henomenon of the Greek «protocolonization» in Southern Italy, more particularly in the Ionian coast district. This survey takes into consideration the ceramic previously treated and said as «plain ware», class of material which outlines and definition are uncertain and particularly fluctuating. Indeed, contrary to the indigenous fine ware production or to the local greek production, among whom the forms and the ornamental motives are clearly recognizable, the common ceramic, whether it is of greek or indigenous production, appears as a class relatively little studied and functionally heterogeneous.Here we aim to study and to deepen the theoretical, abstract and anthropological perspectives, around this ceramic traditionally characterized by technical and esthetic criteria: namely a poor quality average, relatively simple forms and achromy, and a polyfonctionality to be defined; on the other hand we’ll try to propose a typo-chronological and contextualized catalog of the achromic ceramic material from Incoronata, excluding de facto the impasto class and the major containers.Obviously, it will be advisable to multiply the confrontations by being interested on one hand, to all the types of contexts, Greek, native or mixed, between the Metapontino and the Siritide, but also by widening the geographical frame to the Southern Italy and even beyond.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal