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The impact of economic globalisation and the ensuing growth of world trade is presently the most important factor reshaping transport networks and port systems. As globalisation further develops, world trade and in particular sea borne trade will continue to grow. To cope with such an ever-growing world trade, ports will play a critical and indispensable role. Expanding trade volumes and shifting markets continue to challenge all elements of the logistics chain necessary for a seamless flow of goods from producer to consumer and pose particular challenges to seaports. The role of the transport sector in any modem economy is to generate a broad infrastructure and set of associated services that integrates diverse social and economic actors within and beyond the nation. Globalisation encompasses four particular phenomena, among others, that are especially relevant to South Africa's transport sector, given the role of transport as the key facilitator of international trade: • Falling tariff barriers to international trade. • Diminishing non-tariff barriers to trade. • Reintegration into the global economy. • Changes in the South African economy. These factors create very new and challenging circumstances for the transport sector and in particular the port systems. The functions of ports has evolved over the past few decades to be regarded as logistical platforms, by taking on the additional roles of facilitating value adding activities and the ranshipment of goods. Ports have thus become less of a compulsory point of change over from maritime transport to some other mode of transport and a strategic point in the organisation of foreign trade, a principle link in the integrated transport and economic chain. Essentially the theme underlying this study is a focus on the importance of ports as energisers of the economy and facilitating trade. The objective being to identify the different roles of ports and their structures in a changing world economy. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Also available in print.

The Little Lagoon is a shallow sandflat habitat situated in Durban Bay, which has been earmarked for removal, as part of the port expansion. In order to prevent the possible loss of such a significant habitat, it was proposed that this habitat be re-created elsewhere in the Bay. The aims of this project were therefore to provide a detailed assessment of the macrobenthic habitat of the Little Lagoon, and to identify the major determinants of the community structure. The ultimate goal was to provide essential background information to assess the success of the recreation of the Little Lagoon. Apart from seasonal changes in water temperature, no ecologically significant temporal fluctuations in the physical environment of the Little Lagoon were detected. This was directly translated into an extremely stable macrobenthic community, in which negligible seasonal changes to its composition were recorded. The polychaetes Prionospio sexoculata, Glycera sp, the isopod Leptanthura laevigata and cumaceans dominated the community during every sampling season. From a spatial perspective, particle sizes and organic contents of surficial sediments were the major determinants of macrobenthic community structure. Densities of macrofauna were three to five times higher in organically rich sediments, and were dominated by surface and sub-surface deposit feeders such as the tanaid Apseudes digitalis and cirratulid polychaetes. In organically poor sediments, burrowing infauna such as Prionospio sexoculata and Glycera sp. dominated. Significantly though, biological interactions, specifically bioturbation by the sandprawn Callianassa kraussi, was an important determinant of community structure in the Little Lagoon. Two zones of high and low abundance of C. kraussi were recorded in the Little Lagoon. Abundance, species richness and diversity of macrofauna were significantly lower in the zone of high C. kraussi abundance. These parameters were significantly and negatively influenced by the abundance of C. kraussi, indicating that C. kraussi may act as a disturbance organism. Surface dwelling macrofauna were recorded in the zone of low C. kraussi abundance, but not in the zone of high C. kraussi abundance. It appeared that the bioturbative activity of C. kraussi of expelling sediment from burrows to the sediment surface resulted in the exclusion surface dwelling fauna, and played a major role in structuring the Little Lagoon macrobenthic community. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Business Administration)-Dept. of Management, Durban University of Technology, 2006 ix, 154 leaves / The challenges of the 21st century have influenced the transportation of growing cargo volumes at ports that intercept major shipping routes along the coastline of Southern Africa (McCan, 2003:32-34). In view of these challenges, rivalry between ports along the coast of Southern Africa has increased (Nevin, 1998:27-28). Empirical research focuses on the financial management, management processes and competitive attributes at the port of Durban, South Africa. The primary objective investigates the impact that the nature of port administration had on the competitiveness of the port.

La côte tyrrhénienne orientale occupe une place centrale dans les dynamiques d’échanges méditerranéennes. Entre 1600 et 500 av. n. è. environ, elle est occupée par des communautés solidement structurées culturellement, parmi lesquelles les Étrusques, les populations latines, les Grecs d’Occident et les communautés italiques. L’adoption d’une chronologie étendue, qui court sur plus d’un millénaire, vise à mettre en lumière les phénomènes de continuité et de ruptures dans les réseaux de communication et dans les processus d’implantation en milieu littoral. En effet, cette étude entend détailler les processus à l’œuvre dans la construction de l’espace côtier tyrrhénien, en s’attachant aux notions de choix, d’attrait, de rejet ou d’indifférence qui ont joué dans les dynamiques d’implantation sur le littoral. En établissant des schémas de référence et en étudiant la matérialité des implantations côtières, cette analyse propose donc une synthèse inédite sur les processus qui ont amené à l’occupation du littoral dès l’âge du Bronze moyen, à la mise en valeur des ressources naturelles côtières et à la création de réseaux de communication complexes, maritimes, terrestres et fluviaux. Cette étude est motivée par le fait que le littoral tyrrhénien oriental, constamment évoqué dans les travaux antérieurs, n’a jamais été étudié pour ce qu’il représente, c’est-à-dire un espace d’interface entre le domaine marin et l’espace terrestre. L’exemple le plus frappant est celui des ports préromains, qui forment les points nodaux où les réseaux maritimes entrent en contact avec les structures territoriales terrestres, et qui n’ont fait l’objet que de rares études. Ce désintérêt pour les conditions concrètes des échanges maritimes amène une véritable méconnaissance de ces points de relâche, pourtant au cœur des trafics tyrrhéniens archaïques. En appréhendant la construction de l’espace littoral tyrrhénien par le biais des réseaux qui structurent les systèmes côtiers péninsulaires et insulaires, plusieurs caractéristiques émergent, parmi lesquelles la difficulté rencontrée dans les études passées pour corréler une vision maritime et une vision terrestre des interactions. Il ressort de cette nouvelle analyse que le littoral est essentiellement tourné vers la terre, situé au cœur des relations entre des systèmes locaux et régionaux. L’arrière-plan de l’étude du littoral tyrrhénien oriental est donc prioritairement terrien et non maritime, puisque les activités côtières émanent de systèmes terrestres et que les espaces portuaires forment les débouchés maritimes de tout un arrière-pays. En se situant dans la lignée des travaux réalisés ces quarante dernières années, qui ont permis à une véritable archéologie du paysage de se développer, cette thèse adopte donc un prisme nouveau qui, sans contredire les assertions passées, modifie l’appréhension traditionnelle du littoral. / The Eastern Tyrrhenian coast held a central position in Mediterranean trade dynamics. Between circa 1600 and 500 BC, this territory was inhabited by culturally well-defined communities, namely the Etruscans, Latin and Italic populations, and Western Greeks. In adopting a broad chronological framework covering over a millennium, this thesis aims to shed light on continuity and interruption phenomena within communication networks as well as in coastal settlement processes. These latter mechanisms are indeed perceptible through notions of appeal, rejection and indifference that weighed in occupation choices of the Tyrrhenian littoral. By establishing reference templates and studying the materiality of coastal dwellings, this analysis offers an innovative synthesis of regional settlement dynamics as early as the Middle Bronze Age, with a particular emphasis on the exploitation of natural resources and the emergence of complex maritime, land and fluvial networks. Though the Eastern Tyrrhenian coast has been repeatedly mentioned in previous publications all lack a core feature regarding its coastlines and its characteristics as an interface between sea and land. Pre-Roman ports constitute a striking example; even though they are considered as crucial meeting points of maritime and land-based networks, they are barely known and studied. Past research has thus had a hard time associating maritime and land-based communication networks and has overlooked the actual parameters of maritime exchanges, leading to a poor understanding of harbors and port activities, however central they are to Archaic Tyrrhenian trades. By addressing the construction of Tyrrhenian coastal territories through the prism of networks, several insular and peninsular systems appear. Recent analysis reveals that coastal territories turn their focus towards inland networks, meaning that seaside activities emanate essentially from local and regional systems. The backdrop to Eastern Tyrrhenian coastal studies is therefore land-based above all and not maritime. This thesis positions itself within the continuity of the past forty years of research that has helped to develop a landscape archaeology framework while adopting a new prism and revising the traditional approach to the littoral without challenging past assertions.

Thesis (M.Arch. (Professional))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2016. / “People love escapism and there should be a place for it” (Hiddleston, n.d.) There are two primary states that constitute our human experiences. On the one side, there is the known, the real, the concrete, the everyday, the routine, normal and banal aspects of human life and on the other, the imagined, the alternative, the exploratory, unknown, abstract and fantastical elements that arguably make us feel alive. Although these two phenomena are preconceived as separate entities, they are interdependent and as humans, we need both. In the midst of these two extremities lies a world of in-between spaces known as ‘middle landscapes’. These are the places that allow us to transition between two states that make up our human experiences. Herein lies the bridge from the known to the unknown and the connection between reality and retreat. In a world where the demands of work are taking an increasing toll on our time and energy, the middle landscapes constitute our means of escape; the process that enables us to retreat from reality. The city of Durban in Kwa-Zulu Natal is a thriving cosmopolitan metropolis with a large array of places focused on diversion from reality. Its enviable connection with the sea and expansion of the tourist industry are the bones of its potential to become a 21st century escapist city; a place where people are encouraged to retreat. The exploration and adventure found on the edges of the ocean attract many to its shorelines, seeking distraction, diversion, retreat and escape. There is something about the mystery of the sea, the unquantifiable majesty of its waters that lures us in, allowing us to be drawn away from our everyday lives and to give in to rest, relaxation and holiday before the grasp of the real pulls us back. How can architecture provide a transition between everyday life and retreat, between land and sea? This thesis seeks to explore the role of architecture in connecting people to the ultimate place of escape, the sea, through a seaport at Durban Harbour. The building, sited in the Point Area of Durban Harbour, will provide a connection with the sea and the retreat it embodies at a variety of different scales. It will reconnect the CBD with the Point, the beachfront with the harbour and give the citizens of Durban a refuge from the real while meeting an urgent need for a new cruise passenger terminal and activating the Point Waterfront Development. The building will become the middle landscape, sited on the boundary between land and sea, meeting the practical needs of the city and the tourist industry while providing for the leisure needs of Durban’s people. Whilst displaying sensitivity to the existing harbour architecture and context, the building will become a recognisable beacon for the city, visible from shoreline and sea. / EM2017

O objetivo deste trabalho é propor metodologias que permitam estimar e avaliar a dimensão dos impactos no meio ambiente de baías com porto, tendo com área referencial a baía de Paracas no Peru. Nos últimos 40 anos, a baía de Paracas tem sido submetida a uma imensa pressão ambiental em função das descargas das diversas atividades antrópicas desenvolvidas na região e que colocam em risco o ecossistema da única reserva ecológica costeira da costa leste do Pacifico Sul. A degradação nessa baía tem-se visto intensificada pela explosão demográfica, necessidade de crescimento econômico regional e carência de metodologias de desenvolvimento sustentável. É precisamente esta lacuna que motivou o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, a qual adotou os princípios estabelecidos na norma ISO-14001:2004, e tem como intuito servir de subsidio aos gestores políticos para a implementação de políticas econômicas, sociais e ambientalmente corretas. A pesquisa iniciou-se fazendo uma abordagem panorâmica da política ambiental, focalizando sua aplicação na América Latina e, especificamente, no Peru. Primeiramente foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória buscando informações técnicas, ambientais e jurídicas utilizadas pelos órgãos intervenientes na gestão ambiental. Seguindo a lógica da norma ISO-14001 foi realizado o diagnóstico ambiental da área de influência da baía, fazendo uso de dados georeferenciados obtidos pelo programa Google Earth; nesta foram identificadas as principais atividades que despejam seus efluentes na baía e identificados os principais aspectos e impactos ambientais, os quais foram caracterizados segundo a nomenclatura do CONAMA, e propostas medidas mitigadoras junto à legislação peruana aplicável. Ainda o trabalho foi complementado com um estudo sobre a circulação dos poluentes na baía, implementado através de modelagem numérica aplicada na equação advecção-dispersão (lei de Fick) e simulados no software Matlab. Finalmente, com base dos dados obtidos em campo, foi feita a caracterização da qualidade da água na baía segundo os parâmetros estabelecidos pelo IQA da National Sanitation Foundation. De acordo com os resultados, conclui-se que a baía está sendo muito prejudicada pelos despejos sólidos, líquidos e gasosos; os níveis obtidos ultrapassam os limites permissíveis da Lei Geral das Águas para cada área estudada; o elevado nível e contaminação na baía tem relação direta com as doenças na região (doenças respiratórias e gastrointestinais); a característica física da baía tem influência direta na recuperação desta, e seu processo de autodepuração está comprometido. Diante disso, como contribuição, este trabalho preocupou-se em propor alguns planos e programas que visem o desenvolvimento sustentável das atividades antrópicas e respeito ao meio ambiente. / The aim of this work is to propose methodologies that allow us to estimate and evaluate the dimension of the impacts on the environment of bays with harbour, having Paracas Bay in Peru as an area of reference. Over the last forty years, Paracas Bay has been submitted to a huge environmental pressure as a result of discharges from numerous human activities developed in the region, which threatens the ecosystem of the only ecological reservation on the east coast of the South Pacific Ocean. The environmental degradation on this bay has been intensified by the demographic explosion, the necessity of a regional economic growth and the deficiency of methodologies of sustainable development. This gap is precisely what motivated the development of this research which adopted the principles established by the ISO- 14001:2004 standard and it is aimed at aiding political managers for the implementation of correct environmental, social and economic policies. The research started with a panoramic approach of the environmental policy focusing on its application in Latin America, specifically in Peru. Firstly, an exploratory research was conducted, looking for judicial, environmental and technical information used by the intervening agencies in the environmental management. Following the reasoning of the ISO-14001 standard, an environmental examination of the bay\'s catchment area was carried out, making use of georeferencing data obtained by Google Earth. The main activities that pour their effluents on the bay were identified in this area, as well as the major aspects and environmental impacts which were characterised according to CONAMA standard, and mitigating measures were proposed by the applicable Peruvian legislation. This work was also supported by the examination of the flux of pollutants on the bay, enhanced through the numerical modelling applied in the advection-dispersion equation (Fick\'s Law) and simulated by the MATLAB software. Finally, the water quality\'s characterisation was based on the data obtained in the field, in conformity with the parameters established by the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI). According to the results, we can draw the conclusion that the bay is being heavily damaged by discharges of gas, liquid and solid materials. The level of contaminants exceed the permissible limits of the \" General Water Law\" for each analysed area. The high level of contamination of this bay is directly related with some local diseases (gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases). The bay\'s geographic feature has a direct influence on its recovery, although the self-depuration process of the water body is highly compromised. In view of that, as a contribution, this work was devoted to proposing some plans and programmes which aim at the sustainable development of human activities and the respect for the environment.

This thesis examines the economy of Roman Cyprus during the Antonine and Severan periods. Though historians have worked on earlier periods of Cypriot economic history, this period has been largely neglected except for a few passing references. This thesis attempts to rectify this deficiency. The tools which have been most relevant to the study are archaeological evidence, and literary and epigraphical references, though when necessary, inferences have been drawn from what is known about other provinces, and tentative conclusions reached by applying these insights, where appropriate, to the special conditions in the island. Perhaps the most important result of the study is that Roman Cyprus had a healthy, flourishing economy which made a significant contribution to the prosperity of the Roman Empire.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Business Administration)-Dept. of Management, Durban University of Technology, 2006 ix, 154 leaves / The challenges of the 21st century have influenced the transportation of growing cargo volumes at ports that intercept major shipping routes along the coastline of Southern Africa (McCan, 2003:32-34). In view of these challenges, rivalry between ports along the coast of Southern Africa has increased (Nevin, 1998:27-28). Empirical research focuses on the financial management, management processes and competitive attributes at the port of Durban, South Africa. The primary objective investigates the impact that the nature of port administration had on the competitiveness of the port.