<p>Architected materials are a class of materials with novel properties that consist of numerous periodic unit cells. <a>In past investigations, researchers have demonstrated how architected materials can achieve these novel properties by </a><a>tailoring the features of the unit cells without changing the bulk materials</a>. <a>Here, a group of architected materials called Phase Transforming Cellular Materials (PXCMs) are investigated with the goal of mimicking the novel properties of shape-memory alloys.</a> <a>A general methodology is developed for creating 1D PXCMs that exhibit temperature-induced reverse phase transformations (i.e., shape memory effect) after undergoing large deformations. During this process, the PXCMs dissipate energy but remain elastic (i.e., superelasticity). </a>Next, inspired by the hydration-induced shape recovery of feathers, a PXCM-spring system is developed that uses the superelasticity of PXCMs to achieve shape recovery. Following these successes, the use of PXCMs to resist simulated seismic demands is evaluated. To study how they behave in a dynamic environment and how well their response can be estimated in such an environment, a single degree of freedom-PXCM system is subjected to a series of simulated ground motions. Lastly, the concept of PXCMs is extended into two dimensions by creating PXCMs that achieve superelasticity in two or more directions. Overall, the findings of this investigation indicate that PXCMs<a>: 1) can achieve shape memory and recovery effects through temperature changes, 2) offer a novel alternative to traditional building materials for resisting seismic demands, and 3) can be expanded into two dimensions while still exhibiting superelasticity. </a></p> <p> </p>

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world and is responsible for 7% of global carbon emissions. It is inherently brittle, and it requires frequent repair or replacement which is economically expensive and further generates large volumes of carbon dioxide. Current methods of repair by agents such as mortar, epoxies, and bacteria result in structures with reduced strength and resiliency. Recent advances in the design of structural composites often mimic natural microstructures. Specifically, the structure of abalone nacre with its high stiffness, tensile strength, and toughness is a source of inspiration from the process of evolution. The inspiration from nacre can lead to design of a new class of architected structural materials with superb mechanical properties. This body of work first presents a method to reinforce concrete with an architected polymer phase. Second is presented how a ubiquitous enzyme, Carbonic anhydrase (CA), can be used to repair and strengthen cracked concrete, and how it can be used as an additive in fresh concrete. The first study presents an experimental and computational study on a set of bioinspired architected composites created using a cement mortar cast with brick-and-mortar and auxetic polymer phases. The impact of this unit-cell architected polymer phase on the flexural and compressive strengths, resilience, and toughness is studied as a function of microstructural geometry. All mechanical properties of the architected composite samples are found to be greater than those of control samples due to prevention of localized deformation and failure, resulting in higher strength. The microstructurally designed composites showed more layer shear sliding during fracture, whereas the control samples showed more diagonal shear failure. After initial cracking, the microstructurally designed composites gradually deformed plastically due to interlocking elements and achieved high stresses and strains before failure. Results also show that microstructurally designed composites with the architected polymer phase outperform control samples with equal volume fraction of a randomly oriented polymer fiber phase. Computational studies of the proposed unit cells are also performed, and the results suggest that the orientation of cells during loading is critical to achieve maximum performance of a cementitious composite. The implications of these results are immense for future development of high performing construction materials. The second study outlines methods for repair of concrete and lays the groundwork to develop a self-healing concrete that uses trace amounts of the CA enzyme. The CA catalyzes the reaction between calcium ions and carbon dioxide to create calcium carbonate that naturally incorporates into concrete structures with similar thermomechanical properties as concrete. The reaction is safe, actively consumes carbon dioxide, generates low amounts of heat, and avoids using unhealthy reagents, resulting in a strong structure. This repair method results in concrete samples with similar strength and water permeability as the intact materials. These results offer an inexpensive, safe, and efficient method to create self-healing concrete structures. The science underlying the creation of self-healing concrete is described, producing a material intrinsically identical to the original using the CA enzyme. Using this strategy, a preliminary self-healing concrete mix is able to self-repair fractures via hydration. This body of work addresses a major issue: Is there an efficient and ecological repair for decaying concrete infrastructure? These methods propose alternative reinforcement, alleviates high monetary and energy costs associated with concrete replacement, and consume the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide.

No description available.

<p>Metamaterials are artificially structured materials which attain their unconventional macroscopic properties from their cellular configuration rather than their constituent chemical composition. The judicious design of this cellular structure opens the possibility to program and control the optical, mechanical, acoustic, or thermal responses of metamaterials. This Ph.D. dissertation focuses on scalable design and manufacturing strategies for optical and mechanical metamaterials.<br> <br> </p> <p>The fabrication of optical metamaterials still relies heavily on low-throughput process such as electron beam lithography, which is a serial technique. Thus, there is a growing need for the development of high-throughput, parallel processes to make the fabrication of optical metamaterials more accessible and cost-effective. The first part of this dissertation presents a scalable manufacturing method, termed “roll-to-roll laser induced superplasticity” (R2RLIS), for the production of flexible optical metamaterials, specifically metallic near-perfect absorbers. R2RLIS enables the rapid and inexpensive fabrication of ultra-smooth metallic nanostructures over large areas using conventional CO₂ engravers or inexpensive diode lasers. Using low-cost metal/epoxy nanomolds, the minimum feature size obtained by R2RLIS was <40 nm, facilitating the rapid fabrication of flexible near-perfect absorbers at visible frequencies with the capability to wrap around non-planar surfaces.</p> <p> </p> <p>The existing approaches for designing mechanical metamaterials are mostly <i>ad hoc</i>, and rely heavily on intuition and trial-and-error. A rational and systematic approach to create functional and programmable mechanical metamaterials is therefore desirable to unlock the vast design space of mechanical properties. The second part of this dissertation introduces a systematic, algorithmic design strategy based on Voronoi tessellation to create architected soft machines (ASMs) and twisting mechanical metamaterials (TMMs) with programmable motion and properties. ASMs are a new class of soft machines that benefit from their 3D-architected structure to expand the range of mechanical properties and behaviors achievable by 3D printed soft robots. On tendon-based actuation, ASMs deform according to the topologically encoded buckling of their structure to produce a wide range of motions such as contraction, twisting, bending, and cyclic motion. TMMs are a new class of chiral mechanical metamaterials which exhibit compression-twist coupling, a property absent in isotropic materials. This property manifests macroscopically and is independent of the flexible material chosen to fabricate the TMM. The nature of this compression-twist coupling can be programmed by simply tuning two design parameters, giving access to distinct twisting regimes and tunable onset of auxetic (negative Poisson’s ratio) behavior. Taking a metamaterial approach toward the design of soft machines substantially increases their number of degrees of freedom in deformation, thus blurring the boundary between materials and machines.</p>

<p>The main goal of this thesis research is to expand the range of unique properties of phase transforming cellular materials (PXCMs), a new class of architected materials, and to extend their applicability both in the engineering disciplines and in the medical field. A novel aspect of PXCMs is their unique energy dissipation during loading via a snapping mechanism associated with a geometric transition between one stable configuration to another stable configuration at the unit cell level. Phase transformation is analogous to displacive transformations, such as martensitic transformations in shape memory alloys, with no change in configurational entropy. To accomplish this goal, three problem areas are addressed with the first exploring the effects of length scale as added structural hierarchy on material properties and energy dissipation, the second providing an analysis of the durability of architected materials via a novel additive manufacturing method, and the third, an extension into the medical field. Two examples are provided that demonstrate the effects of length scale as added structural hierarchy on material properties, and a machine learning approach for the feasible design of materials with additional levels of structural hierarchy is presented. A simple design approach coupled with a novel additive manufacturing method is discussed for the design of architected materials with high durability. Lastly, a concept for de-clogging bile stents via a temperature driven, shape-memory mechanism inspired by peristaltic locomotion in the human esophagus is presented.</p>