<div>Bladeless fans are well known for their unique shape and efficient performance, which have a great impact on the fan industry. At present, there are few studies on the bladeless fan and the research on the improvement of fan design is a lack. Therefore, the study on the performance of the bladeless fan with different design is the main purpose of this thesis. </div><div>In the present study, a bladeless fan prototype is created and studied by numerical simulations. When characterizing the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performances of the bladeless fan, the entire fan prototype, including wind channel, base, rotor and stator, is adopted; when investigating the influence of the wind channel's geometric parameters, only wind channel is considered in simulations. The influence of the slit width, the height of the cross-section, the slit location and the profile of the cross-section are studied. </div><div><br></div><div>It is found that the flow outside the bladeless fan consists of the air blown out from the wind channel and entrained from the back and side of the fan. The air entrained from the side is the main source of flow rate increase. As for the aeroacoustic performance, the rotor and stator inside the base are the predominated source of the noise generated by the bladeless fan. </div><div>The performances of the bladeless fan are very sensitive to the geometric details of the wind channel. The generated noise always increases as the wind strength improves. The slit width of the wind channel has the greatest impact. With the slit moves away from the leading edge, the wind produced by the bladeless fan becomes more powerful and the noise becomes louder. The cross-sectional height of 4cm has the best aerodynamic performance but the generated noise is a little larger than other designs. The profile of the cross-section shows insignificant influence on the performances. </div>

O conforto ambiental requer a busca de alternativas de projeto que promovam menos impacto energético na arquitetura. Em locais de climas quentes e úmidos, a ventilação natural é uma das estratégias de projeto; inseridos nesta visão, os elementos vazados (cobogós ou combogós, com são popularmente conhecidos no nordeste brasileiro) agem como componentes arquitetônicos que proporcionam permanente ventilação natural, proteção solar e iluminação natural, além de facilidade de fabricação. Apesar do uso secular dos elementos vazados, eles perderam espaço na produção arquitetônica contemporânea, e são raras pesquisas com vistas a aprimorar seu potencial como alternativa passiva de projeto. Entretanto, existe consciência dos problemas acústicos correlatos que advém da sua utilização na ventilação natural, tais como o comprometimento na isolação dos ruídos externos e na privacidade entre ambientes. O presente trabalho, por esses motivos, tem por proposta desenvolver um elemento vazado acústico, objetivando utilizá-lo na minoração do problema da dicotomia entre os aspectos térmicos e acústicos envolvidos. O desempenho do isolamento sonoro in situ dos elementos criados foi avaliado com base na Norma ISO 140-5, tendo sido também estudado o desempenho da ventilação natural através de simulações computacionais, utilizando métodos da dinâmica dos fluidos computacional - CFD. Foram desenvolvidos 4 tipos de blocos, todos eles avaliados em diferentes montagens numa parede do tipo fachada, segundo 3 condições: fechados e abertos (com e sem material absorvente). Os resultados revelaram o quão susceptível é a transmissão do ruído em aberturas de ventilação, entretanto, resultados satisfatórios de isolamento sonoro foram obtidos, principalmente em uma das montagens (bloco tipo 3, caixa), a qual apresentou desempenho similar ao bloco fechado com um Índice de Redução de Ruído Padrão Global (Dntw) de 27 dB. Esta montagem apresenta relação de área aberta satisfatória para promover a ventilação natural dentro de um ambiente (confirmada pelo melhor desempenho comparativo de ventilação dos blocos simulados), além de apresentar isolamento sonoro superior ao de outros (poucos) elementos existentes no mercado, com o objetivo de promover a ventilação natural e reduzir a transmissão de ruído para se obter bom desempenho. / The environmental comfort requires the search for design alternatives that promote less energy impact on architecture. In places with hot and humid climates, natural ventilation is one of design strategies; into this vision, the hollow elements (cobogós or combogós, as popularly known in northeastern Brazil) act as architectural components that provide permanent natural ventilation, sun protection and natural lighting, and ease of manufacture. Despite the secular use of hollow elements, they lost space in contemporary architectural production, and there are few surveys with a view to enhancing its potential as an alternative passive design. However, there is awareness of the problems related noise that comes from its use in natural ventilation, such as commitment in the isolation of external noise and privacy between environments. In this work, for these reasons, the proposal is to develop an element hollow sound, aiming to use it in alleviating the problem of the dichotomy between the thermal and acoustic aspects involved. The performance of sound insulation in situ of the elements created was assessed based on the ISO 140-5, was also studied the performance of natural ventilation through computer simulations, using methods of computational fluid dynamics - CFD. Were developed 4 types of blocks, all studied at different mounts on a wall like facade, according to 3 conditions: closed and open (with and without sound absorption material). The results revealed how likely is the transmission of noise from the vent, however, satisfactory sound insulation were obtained, especially in one of the mounts (block type 3, box), which presented a performance similar to a closed block with index Noise Reduction Global Standard (Dntw) of 27 dB. This assembly has an open area ratio of satisfactory to promote natural ventilation in an environment (confirmed by the comparative performance of simulated ventilation of the blocks), while maintaining sound insulation than the other (few) elements in the market, with the objective to promote natural ventilation and reduce noise transmission to achieve good performance

O conforto ambiental requer a busca de alternativas de projeto que promovam menos impacto energético na arquitetura. Em locais de climas quentes e úmidos, a ventilação natural é uma das estratégias de projeto; inseridos nesta visão, os elementos vazados (cobogós ou combogós, com são popularmente conhecidos no nordeste brasileiro) agem como componentes arquitetônicos que proporcionam permanente ventilação natural, proteção solar e iluminação natural, além de facilidade de fabricação. Apesar do uso secular dos elementos vazados, eles perderam espaço na produção arquitetônica contemporânea, e são raras pesquisas com vistas a aprimorar seu potencial como alternativa passiva de projeto. Entretanto, existe consciência dos problemas acústicos correlatos que advém da sua utilização na ventilação natural, tais como o comprometimento na isolação dos ruídos externos e na privacidade entre ambientes. O presente trabalho, por esses motivos, tem por proposta desenvolver um elemento vazado acústico, objetivando utilizá-lo na minoração do problema da dicotomia entre os aspectos térmicos e acústicos envolvidos. O desempenho do isolamento sonoro in situ dos elementos criados foi avaliado com base na Norma ISO 140-5, tendo sido também estudado o desempenho da ventilação natural através de simulações computacionais, utilizando métodos da dinâmica dos fluidos computacional - CFD. Foram desenvolvidos 4 tipos de blocos, todos eles avaliados em diferentes montagens numa parede do tipo fachada, segundo 3 condições: fechados e abertos (com e sem material absorvente). Os resultados revelaram o quão susceptível é a transmissão do ruído em aberturas de ventilação, entretanto, resultados satisfatórios de isolamento sonoro foram obtidos, principalmente em uma das montagens (bloco tipo 3, caixa), a qual apresentou desempenho similar ao bloco fechado com um Índice de Redução de Ruído Padrão Global (Dntw) de 27 dB. Esta montagem apresenta relação de área aberta satisfatória para promover a ventilação natural dentro de um ambiente (confirmada pelo melhor desempenho comparativo de ventilação dos blocos simulados), além de apresentar isolamento sonoro superior ao de outros (poucos) elementos existentes no mercado, com o objetivo de promover a ventilação natural e reduzir a transmissão de ruído para se obter bom desempenho. / The environmental comfort requires the search for design alternatives that promote less energy impact on architecture. In places with hot and humid climates, natural ventilation is one of design strategies; into this vision, the hollow elements (cobogós or combogós, as popularly known in northeastern Brazil) act as architectural components that provide permanent natural ventilation, sun protection and natural lighting, and ease of manufacture. Despite the secular use of hollow elements, they lost space in contemporary architectural production, and there are few surveys with a view to enhancing its potential as an alternative passive design. However, there is awareness of the problems related noise that comes from its use in natural ventilation, such as commitment in the isolation of external noise and privacy between environments. In this work, for these reasons, the proposal is to develop an element hollow sound, aiming to use it in alleviating the problem of the dichotomy between the thermal and acoustic aspects involved. The performance of sound insulation in situ of the elements created was assessed based on the ISO 140-5, was also studied the performance of natural ventilation through computer simulations, using methods of computational fluid dynamics - CFD. Were developed 4 types of blocks, all studied at different mounts on a wall like facade, according to 3 conditions: closed and open (with and without sound absorption material). The results revealed how likely is the transmission of noise from the vent, however, satisfactory sound insulation were obtained, especially in one of the mounts (block type 3, box), which presented a performance similar to a closed block with index Noise Reduction Global Standard (Dntw) of 27 dB. This assembly has an open area ratio of satisfactory to promote natural ventilation in an environment (confirmed by the comparative performance of simulated ventilation of the blocks), while maintaining sound insulation than the other (few) elements in the market, with the objective to promote natural ventilation and reduce noise transmission to achieve good performance

<div>Modeling methodologies based on state-of-the-art and classic theories of acoustics have been developed to provide a comprehensive toolbox, which can be used to model multilayer systems that involve acoustical and/or damping treatments, and to optimize these treatments' performance by designing their geometrical structures. The objective of this work was to understand, predict and optimize conventional sound absorbing porous media's near-field damping performance, so that automotive and aerospace industries can take full advantage of layered porous treatments' lightness and multi-functionality: i.e., absorption of airborne sound and reduction of structure-borne vibration, for noise control applications. First, acoustical models that include the Transfer Matrix Method and the Arbitrary Coefficient Method were developed to build connections between the bulk properties and acoustical properties of porous media when coupled into layered systems. Given a specified layered system consisting of a vibrating panel and a porous damping treatment, the acoustics models were then incorporated into the Near-field Damping model to predict the acoustical near-field and spatial response of the panel, based on which the near-field damping performance can be evaluated for a limp or an elastic porous layer when applied on different structures including an infinitely-extended panel, a partially-constrained panel, an aircraft fuselage-like structure and a vehicle floor pan-like structure. Furthermore, the relations between the material's microstructural details and bulk properties were established via an Air-Flow Resistivity model for porous media that are made of fibers, and the optimal fiber size that provides the largest damping for certain vibrating structures was identified. Relatively large fibers were found to be better at reducing lower frequency vibrations; fibers made of polymer were found to have manufacturing benefits over fibers made of glass to achieve equivalent optimal damping performance; and elastic fibers were found to have both manufacturing and damping advantages over limp fibers.</div>

A historical review is performed to study the impact of acoustical knowledge on concert hall developments. It shows that although acoustics developed from myth to real science, there is still a gap between its fast growing knowledge and relatively slow applications to improve designs. Architectural acoustics research and education shall help populating the tacit knowledge and experience of acousticians to reduce the gap between design and knowledge. The established paradigm in this field is to identify the performance goals of concert halls, recognize the available design information in different stages, and establish models to link them together. Placed in this general picture, this thesis focuses on providing design support for preliminary stage. It develops a model to link accessible design features with the most important acoustics performance index, reverberation time. A literature review on exiting reverberation time prediction methods shows that they are based on either too demanding or over-simplified for this stage. This study intends to develop a model that makes maximum use of available information and improves prediction accuracy in comparison with existing simplified methods. Through literature survey and data analysis, three factors (geometrical shape, non-uniform material distribution and scattering effect) are recognized as significant for reverberation time prediction. This thesis developed a simplified model taking these factors into consideration and calibrated this model with empirical data through Bayesian statistical method.

Orientador: Stelamaris Rolla Bertoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T06:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_RenataKintschner_M.pdf: 7318022 bytes, checksum: 02ed66e014e1d1669c84449a051896b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: No processo de projeto, é necessário que o arquiteto busque soluções integradas para uma série de exigências projetuais. Os fatores acústicos devem ser claramente compreendidos e incorporados no início da conceitualização do projeto arquitetônico, para que a qualidade sonora seja alcançada. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é investigar como os conceitos da acústica arquitetônica interferem na composição arquitetônica durante a fase projetual. Algumas tipologias de edifícios possuem propostas arquitetônicas mais complexas e exigem a participação de muitos especialistas, compondo equipes multidisciplinares. Esses fatores tornam indispensável a aplicação de uma metodologia de projeto, para tornar o processo projetual compreensível e transparente. O método de projeto baseado no desempenho foi identificado como um método adequado para a concepção de edifícios que envolvem vários requisitos de desempenho acústico. A presente pesquisa não pretende impor regras ou diretrizes projetuais, mas busca investigar como o projeto arquitetônico de edifícios pode ser enriquecido a partir do atendimento dos requisitos de conforto acústico e qualidade sonora. A partir da revisão bibliográfica, os aspectos arquitetônicos considerados mais relevantes e abrangentes aos edifícios contemporâneos foram: implantação e meio urbano, forma, dimensões e volume, materiais, mecanismos de variabilidade acústica e metodologia projetual. Para os estudos de caso foram analisadas as seguintes obras: a Sala São Paulo, projetada pelo arquiteto Nelson Dupré e equipe; Casa da Música, do arquiteto Rem Koolhaas; o Centro de Mídia Experimental e Artes Performáticas (EMPAC), do escritório Grimshaw Architects; e a Walt Disney Concert Hall, do arquiteto Frank Gehry. A análise dos resultados obtidos por meio dos estudos de caso foi feita a partir dos mesmos aspectos levantados na revisão bibliográfica, além da análise das metodologias projetuais aplicadas, com o intuito de se fazer uma verificação de como acústica e projeto arquitetônico dialogam em situações reais. Para uma visualização sintetizada, uma tabela foi elaborada relacionando parâmetros acústicos objetivos com os parâmetros subjetivos e as respectivas estratégias arquitetônicas para atendê-los. Espera-se que os requisitos acústicos não sejam somente uma fração da técnica de qualidade sonora, mas também um elemento que enriqueça o partido arquitetônico e a composição da arquitetura contemporânea / Abstract: During the design process, it is necessary for the architect to seek integrated solutions for a number of design requirements. Acoustic factors must be clearly understood and incorporated at the beginning of the design for the sound quality is achieved. The objective of this research is to investigate how the concepts of architectural acoustics affect the architectural composition during the design process. Some types of buildings have architectural proposals more complex and require the participation of many experts, forming multidisciplinary teams. These factors make it essential to apply a design methodology to make the design process understandable and clear. The performance based design method was identified suitable for designing buildings that involve a number of acoustic requirements. This research does not intend to impose rules or design guidelines, but seeks to investigate how the architectural design of buildings can be enhanced by compliance with the requirements of acoustic comfort and sound quality. From the literature review, the architectural aspects deemed most relevant and embracing to contemporary buildings were implantation and urban environment, shape, size and volume, materials, devices of acoustic variability and architectural design methodology. For the case studies the following projects were analyzed: the Sala Sao Paulo, by architect Nelson Dupré and team, Casa da Musica, designed by architect Rem Koolhaas, the Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center (Empac), by Grimshaw Architects, and the Walt Disney Concert Hall, by architect Frank Gehry. The analysis of the results obtained through the case studies was made from the same issues raised in the literature review, and also the analysis of design methods applied in order to make an investigation of how acoustic and architectural design dialogue in real cases. For a synthesized view, a table relates objective acoustic parameters with subjective acoustic parameters and the architectural strategies to meet them. It is expected that the acoustic requirements are not only a fraction of the technique for sound quality, but also an element that enriches the architectural party and the composition of contemporary architecture / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Wind energy is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy technologies, and horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) have been the most common device to convert wind kinetic energy into electrical energy. As the capacities of wind turbines and scales of wind farm constructions are rapidly increasing over time, environmental impacts of wind energy are becoming more relevant and raising more attention than ever before. One of the major environmental concerns is noise emission from wind energy facilities, especially low-frequency noise and infrasound that allegedly cause so-called wind turbine syndrome. Therefore, a numerical simulation program capable to predict low-frequency noise and infrasound emission from wind turbines is a useful tool to aid future wind energy development. In this study of this thesis, a computer program named TDRIP (Time Domain Rotor Infrasound Prediction) is developed based on acoustic analogy theories. Farassat’s formulation 1A, a solution to Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation, is implemented in the TDRIP program to compute aerodynamically generated sound. The advantage of this program is its capability to simultaneously compute infrasound emission of multiple wind turbines in time domain, which is a challenging task for other aerodynamic noise prediction methods. The developed program is validated against results obtained from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The program is then used to compute aerodynamic noise emitted from wind turbine rotors. The effects of wind direction, wind turbine siting, and phase of wind turbine rotation on consequent aerodynamic noise are investigated. Results of aerodynamic noise computation imply that wind turbine siting configuration or wind turbine phase adjustment can help reducing noise level at certain locations, which make the program ideal to be integrated into wind farm siting or control tools.

Near-field Acoustical Holography is a tool that is conventionally used to visualize sound fields through an inverse process in a three-dimensional space so that either sound field projections or sound source localization can be performed. The visualization is conducted by using sound pressure measurements taken in the near-field region close to the surface of the unknown sound source. Traditional Fourier-based Near-field Acoustical Holography requires a large number of measurement inputs to avoid spatial truncation effects. However, the use of a large number of measurements is usually not feasible since having a large number of microphones is costly, and usually the array is limited in size by the physical environment, thus limiting the practicality of this method. In the present work, because of the desire to reduce the number of microphones required to conduct acoustical holography, a method known as Statistically Optimized Near-field Acoustical Holography initially proposed by Steiner and Hald was analyzed. The main difference between the present work and the concept mentioned by Steiner and Hald is the cylindrical coordinate system employed here for the purpose of experimenting on a bladeless fan, which resembles a cylindrical structure and which could be assumed to be a cylindrical source. The algorithm was first verified <i>via</i> simulations and measurements, and was then applied to experimental data obtained <i>via</i> pressure measurements made with a cylindrical microphone array. Finally, suggestions for noise control strategies for the bladeless fan are described, based on the measurement results.<br>

<p dir="ltr">As speeds and directions of the vehicle and wind change, the unsteady flow creates variations in wind noise, which can be referred to as non-stationary wind noise. To investigate people's perceptions of non-stationary wind noise, a method to simulate the non-stationary wind noise is needed. Previously, a method was developed that used stationary recordings taken at several wind speeds and directions to form functions that relate the 1/3 octave sound pressure level with wind speed and direction. These functions are used to create time-varying filters based on provided time histories of wind speed and direction. A reference wind noise measurement is then filtered to produce the sounds. To reduce the time cost of taking many stationary measurements, an improved method was investigated. At each yaw angle, one speed sweep wind tunnel measurement was used to estimate the relationship between sound pressure level and wind speed. Two partially correlated white noise signals were then filtered to simulate binaural sounds that had a similar coherence structure between the left and right ear sounds to that observed in binaural measurements in the vehicle. The accuracy of the simulations was validated by comparing wind noise simulations with wind tunnel and on-road vehicle interior noise measurements. For the on-road measurements, a noise decomposition method based on noise source measurements was used to estimate the road/tire noise, which was then added to the simulated wind noise to make it comparable with the measured on-road noise. The time-varying loudness, and power spectral densities of the simulated and measured sounds were found to be well consistent. Besides, a method to simulate the turbulent wind speed time histories, which can be used as inputs to the wind noise simulation method, was developed. The von Karman model predicts the spectra of wind turbulence by assuming it to be a stationary random process. White noise signals can then be filtered to simulate the stable variations of wind speeds. The discrete gusts, which are the transient events in wind speed time histories, were also simulated by using an 8-parameter piecewise function. Eventually, the non-stationary wind noise and the turbulent wind speed simulation method can be a powerful tool when investigating sound perceptions of vehicle interior wind noise.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Low frequency noise has been a challenge to noise control strategies for a long time due to its relatively long wavelength compared with practical thicknesses of acoustical treatments. A series of studies have drawn increasing attention to the acoustical behavior of porous granular materials such as activated carbon due to their good performance at low frequency. To better characterize this type of material, a 1-dimensional poro-elastic model is introduced in this work, which accounts for both the inner particle structure and the elasticity of the granule stack, allowing a better match of resonance features between the model prediction and measurement results. This model was then extended to a 2-dimensional finite difference (2DFD) approach under an axisymmetric assumption, with the depth-dependent stiffness of the granule stack considered. The shape of the computational domain of this 2DFD approach is close to the realistic geometry of the cylindrical standing wave tube, and it provides flexibility in assigning different types of boundary conditions at the circumferential wall of the container. The model is validated by comparing the simulation output and measurements of the acoustic response of porous granular materials in a cylindrical standing wave tube with rigid backing. The comparison demonstrates that the proposed 2DFD model is able to closely match the test results even down to detailed features, thus providing a means of accurate acoustic characterization of granular materials. The application scenarios of porous granular materials are also discussed in this work. A hybrid model based on the classical Johnson-Champoux-Allard (JCA) model and the rigid model describing the multi-level porosity within the granules is proposed to predict the performance of composite materials made of non-woven fiber matrices and porous granular materials. The performance of other practical applications such as that of a sound absorber consisting of a membrane and a cavity partially filled with the porous granular material is also discussed. These applications are shown to be promising strategies of addressing the low frequency noise problems.</p>