Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is a key posttranslational modification enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of specific arginine residues in histone and nonhistone protein substrates, regulating diverse cellular processes such as transcriptional initiation, RNA splicing, DNA repair, and signal transduction. Recently the essential roles of PRMT1 in cancer and cardiovascular complications have intrigued much attention. Developing effective PRMT inhibitors therefore is of significant therapeutic value. The research on PRMT inhibitor development however is greatly hindered by poor understanding of the biochemical basis of protein arginine methylation and lack of effective assays for PRMT1 inhibitor screening. Herein, we report our effort in the kinetic mechanism study as well as the fluorescent probe and inhibitor development for PRMT1. New fluorescent reporters were designed and applied to perform single-step analysis of substrate binding and methylation of PRMT1. Using these reporters, we performed transient-state fluorescence measurements to dissect the rate constants along the PRMT1 catalytic coordinate. The data give evidence that the chemistry of methyl transfer is the major rate-limiting step, and that binding of the cofactor SAM or SAH affects the association and dissociation of H4 with PRMT1. Importantly, we identified a critical kinetic step suggesting a precatalytic conformational transition induced by substrate binding. On the other hand, we discovered a type of naphthyl-sulfo (NS) compounds that block PRMT1- mediated arginine methylation at micromolar potency through a unique mechanism: they directly target the substrates but not PRMT enzymes for the observed inhibition. We also found that suramin, an anti-parasite and anti-cancer drug bearing similar functional groups, effectively inhibited PRMT1 mediated methylation. These findings about novel PRMT inhibitors and their unique inhibition mechanism provide a new way for chemical regulation of protein arginine methylation. Addionally, to dissect the interplaying relationship between different histone modification marks, we investigated how individual lysine acetylations and their different combinations at the H4 tail affect Arg-3 methylation in cis. Our data reveal that the effect of lysine acetylation on arginine methylation depends on the site of acetylation and the type of methylation. While certain acetylations present a repressive impact on PRMT-1 mediated methylation (type I methylation), lysine acetylation generally is correlated with enhanced methylation by PRMT5 (type II dimethylation). In particular, Lys-5 acetylation decreases activity of PRMT1 but increases that of PRMT5. Furthermore, hyperacetylation increases the content of ordered secondary structures of H4 tail. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of Arg-3 methylation by H4 acetylation, and unravel that complex intercommunications exist between different posttranslational marks in cis.

Caspases are important players in programmed cell death. Normal activities of caspases are critical for the cell life cycle and dysfunction of caspases may lead to the development of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. They have become a popular target for drug design against abnormal cell death. In this study, the recognition of P5 position in substrates by caspase-3, -6 and -7 has been investigated by kinetics, modeling and crystallography. Crystal structures of caspase-3 and -7 in complexes with substrate analog inhibitor Ac-LDESD-CHO have been determined at resolutions of 1.61 and 2.45 Å, respectively, while a model of caspase-6/LDESD is constructed. Enzymatic study and structural analysis have revealed that Caspase-3 and -6 recognize P5 in pentapeptides, while caspase-7 lacks P5-binding residues. D-arginine dehydrogenase catalyzes the flavin-dependent oxidative deamination of D-amino acids to the corresponding imino acids and ammonia. The X-ray crystal structures of DADH and its complexes with several imino acids were determined at 1.03-1.30 Å resolution. The DADH crystal structure comprises a product-free conformation and a product-bound conformation. A flexible loop near the active site forms an “active site lid” and may play an essential role in substrate recognition. The DADH Glu87 forms an ionic interaction with the side chain of iminoarginine, suggesting its importance for DADH preference of positively charged D-amino acids. Comparison of the kinetic data of DADH activity on different D-amino acids and the crystal structures demonstrated that this enzyme is characterized by relatively broad substrate specificity, being able to oxidize positively charged and large hydrophobic D-amino acids bound within a flask-like cavity. Understanding biology at the system level has gained much more attention recently due to the rapid development in genome sequencing and high-throughput measurements. Current simulation methods include deterministic method and stochastic method. Both have their own advantages and disadvantages. Our group has developed a deterministic-stochastic crossover algorithm for simulating biochemical networks. Simulation studies have been performed on biological systems like auto-regulatory gene network and glycolysis system. The new system retains the high efficiency of deterministic method while still reflects the random fluctuations at lower concentration.

Plants are sessile organisms and thus more exposed to stressful environments. By changing the expression of stress related genes, plants are able to cope with stress. Alternative splicing (AS) of pre-mRNA is a major contributor to proteome diversity in eukaryotes. It has been shown that different abiotic stresses affect AS patterns, suggesting a functional role of AS in stress tolerance. The Serine/Arginine-rich proteins (SR proteins) are a conserved family of splicing regulators in eukaryotes. SR proteins are essential for AS and studies have shown that they are themselves subjects to AS after stress exposure which means that they can control their own splicing. In this study, the aim was to characterize the different SR-proteins in the SR subfamily in P. patens, analyze their phylogeny and measure the change in expression of the genes after exposure to five types of stress; osmotic, salinity, dehydration, cold and hormonal. The result showed both individual and overlapping changes in their expression profiles of the three genes. Furthermore, there was an alteration in the alternative splicing pattern for two genes during three of the stresses which resulted in intron retention and possibly a premature termination codon and subseqent non-sense mediated decay.

Hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) aquaculture is a major commercial enterprise in the United States and internationally. Efforts to decrease diet costs and limit dependence on fishmeal, have led to the development of plant-based diets as an alternative aquafeed. Due to limiting concentrations of amino acids such as methionine, cystine, and taurine in plant meals such as soybean meal, supplementation of these plant-based diets with methionine or other sulfur amino acid compounds is typically required. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate different amino acid supplements in soybean-meal-based diets for hybrid striped bass for possible refinement of diets and reduction of production costs. One feeding trial evaluated methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) and Mintrex® which is MHA containing chelated zinc relative to L-methionine. The second trial evaluated the effects of supplemental taurine or arginine on fish performance and potential health benefits. In the first feeding trial, a basal soybean-meal-based diet (56% soybean meal and 15% fishmeal) marginally deficient in total sulfur amino acids (TSSA) (1.10% methionine and cystine) was supplemented with either L-methionine, Mintrex® or MHA calcium salt and fed to triplicate groups of juvenile hybrid striped bass for 10 weeks. The different methionine supplements provided similar weight gain, feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values that tended to be greater than observed in fish fed the basal diet. Mintrex® supplementation provided much higher plasma zinc concentrations compared to fish fed the other methionine supplements. In the second feeding trial, soybean-meal based diets which satisfied the requirement for TSAA were supplemented with either taurine or arginine at 1.5% of dry weight. Supplemental taurine or arginine did not provide any improvements in weight gain, FER, PER or survival compared to the basal diet. Thus, taurine or arginine supplementation of soybean-meal-based diets does not appear warranted. However, sulfur amino acid supplementation of plant-based diets is critical, and Mintrex® appears to be an effective supplement to meet the methionine and zinc needs of hybrid striped bass.

We hypothesized that supplementation of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and arginine singly or in combination would increase animal performance and meat quality by decreasing adiposity and increasing lean mass in growing-finishing pigs. Sixteen pigs (80 kg) were assigned to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design, differing in dietary fatty acid and amino acid composition [control: 2.05% alanine (isonitrogenous control) plus 1% canola oil (lipid control); CLA: 2.05% alanine + 1% CLA; arginine: 1% arginine + 1% canola oil; arginine + CLA: 1% arginine + 1 CLA]. Preliminary tests indicated that up to 2% arginine was acceptable without interfering with lysine absorption. Pigs were allowed to feed free choice until reaching 110 kg. There were no significant differences across treatments in feed intake, weight gain, or feed efficiency. CLA tended to decrease carcass length (P = 0.06), whereas backfat thickness tended to be greater in pigs supplemented with arginine (P = 0.08). Arginine decreased muscle pH at 45 min postmortem (P = 0.001) and tended to increase lightness of muscle at 24 h postmortem (P = 0.07). CLA supplementation increased the concentrations of trans-isomers of 18:1 (P = 0.001) and SFA (P = 0.01) in s.c. and r.p. adipose tissue. CLA supplementation increased palmitate incorporation into total lipids in longissimus muscle (P = 0.01). Glucose oxidation to CO₂ in r.p. and s.c. adipose tissue were greater in pigs supplemented with CLA in the absence or presence of arginine (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). The volume of s.c. adipocytes in s.c. and r.p. adipose tissues was greater in pigs supplemented with CLA, arginine, or CLA plus arginine than in control pigs (P = 0.001). Neither CLA nor arginine affected the expression of PGC-1[alpha],AMPK, mTOR, CPT-1A, FAS, or SCD (P > 0.05) in any tissues. We conclude that there was no significant interaction between arginine and CLA. Supplementary CLA or arginine to finishing-growing pigs did not modulate growth performance and did not reduce adiposity. CLA increased intramuscular fat content without deteriorating meat quality traits and increased saturated fatty acids and substrate oxidation in adipose tissues. In the presence of 1% of canola oil or CLA in the diet, arginine has the potential to deteriorate meat quality by reducing early postmortem pH and by increasing carcass fatness.

The discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as the endothelial-derived relaxing factor has led to significant research on NO and the proteins involved in its function, generation, location and regulation. Synthesis of NO by blood vessel endothelial cells results from the enzymatic oxidation of arginine by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) resulting in the formation of equimolar amounts of NO and citrulline. Citrulline is sequentially recycled to arginine by successive reactions involving the enzymes argininosuccinate synthase (AS) and argininosuccinate lyase (AL), respectively. eNOS activity has been shown to be regulated by post-translational modifications including dynamic phosphorylation on multiple serine/threonine and tyrosine residues and dynamic O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modifications on serine/threonine residues.Previous studies showed that even though intracellular endothelial arginine levels range from 0.1 to 0.8 mM and the Km of eNOS for arginine is 3 uM, the addition of exogenous arginine caused an increase in NO production. To explain this "arginine paradox" we hypothesize that there is a separate and distinct cellular source of arginine substrate directed to NO production and that this source is maintained through the regeneration of arginine via a citrulline-NO cycle. The presented research has provided the following evidence in support of this hypothesis: Citrulline stimulates NO production in an arginine-rich medium, without an increase in intracellular arginine. The enzymes of the citrulline-NO cycle, eNOS, AS and AL, co-fractionate with caveolin-1 in an endothelial cell caveolar membrane fraction. In vitro interaction assays demonstrate protein-protein interactions between fusion tagged AS or AL with eNOS or caveolin-1. Simultaneous monitoring of apparent citrulline and NO production demonstrates an efficient and essential coupling of the reactions of the citrulline-NO cycle. Glucosamine treatment of endothelial cells results in increased NO production in the basal state and decreased NO production in the stimulated state.Our findings demonstrate the enzymes of the citrulline-NO cycle, eNOS, AS and AL, are functionally associated, the reactions are efficiently coupled and enzyme activities are changed by post-translational modifications based on nutrient levels. These alterations ensure a constant and distinct source of arginine which is available for NO production to ensure vascular health.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ᴅ-arginine dehydrogenase (PaDADH) is a flavin-dependent enzyme. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidative deamination of a broad range of ᴅ-amino acids to their corresponding imino-acids, which are non-enzymatically hydrolyzed to α-keto-acids and ammonia. A46, S45 and I335 residues are located in flexible loops, which form a flask-like substrate-binding pocket. In this study, I335, A46, and S45 were mutated to histidine, glycine, and alanine, respectively and individually, through site-directed mutagenesis, to investigate their role in binding and catalysis in PaDADH. The results showed that A46 and S45 residues participate in the optimal orientation of the substrate α-amino group and I335 modulate the active site flexibility.

Οι ασθενείς με αποφρακτικό ίκτερο έχουν αυξημένη συχνότητα επιπλοκών και θανάτου ιδιαιτέρως μετά από επεμβατικούς διαγνωστικούς ή θεραπευτικούς χειρισμούς. Ο νετερικός βλεννογόνος αποτελεί ανατομικό και λειτουργικό φραγμό ο οποίος περιορίζει εντός του αυλού τα βακτηρίδια και τις ενδοτοξίνες εμποδίζοντας τους την δίοδο στη συστηματική κυκλοφορία και την διασπορά τους. Υπάρχουν όμως παθολογικές καταστάσεις κατά τις οποίες ο εντερικός βλεννογόνος ανεπαρκεί επιτρέποντας την είσοδο στην κυκλοφορία και την διασπορά ενδοτοξινών και ενερικών μικροβίων – το φαινόμενο είναι γνωστό με τον όρο βακτηριακή μετακίνηση (bacterial translocation) – με αποτέλεσμα σηπτικές επιλοκές, ανεπάρκεια πολλαπλών οργάνων και υψηλή θνητότητα. Πειραματικές και κλινικές μελέτες έδειξαν ότι ο αποφρακτικός ίκτερος προκαλεί δυσλειτουργία του βλεννογόνιου εντερικού φραγμού με αποτέλεσμα την ενδοτοξιναιμία και βακτηριακή μετακίνηση που διαδραματίζουν κεντρικό ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη επιπλοκών στους ασθενείς με αποφρακτικό ίκτερο. Η έκθεση στην ενδοτοξίνη είναι σημαντική γιά την ανάπτυξη του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος του ξενιστή, αλλά όταν εκτεθεί σε υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις τα αποτελέσματα είναι επιβλαβή. Υπό φυσιολογικές συνθήκες ο εντερικός φραγμός εμποδίζει την δίοδο των μικροβίων στο στείρο περιβάλλον της περιτοναικής κοιλότητας, της πυλαίας φλέβας και της συστηματικής κυκλοφορίας. Στο ήπαρ ο πληθυσμός των κυττάρων Kuppfer αποτελεί τον κύριο όγκο του δικτυοενδοθηλιακού συστήματος κι είναι στρατηγικά τοποθετημένος στην συμβολή του συστήματος της πυλαίας για την εξουδετέρωση κι απομάκρυνση ενδοτοξινών και βακτηριδίων της πυλαίας. Λειτουργικές διαταραχές είτε του εντερικού βλεννογόνου είτε των κυττάρων Kuppfer -λόγω κατασταλμένης εκκαθαριστικής ικανότητας εξαιτίας της χολόστασης - έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την διαφυγή ενδοτοξινών και μικροβίων αρχικά στους μεσεντέριους λεμφαδένες, στην πυλαία και στην συνέχεια μέσω της συστηματικής κυκλοφορίας σε απομακρυσμένα όργανα. Ο σκοπός της διατριβής αυτής είναι η επιβεβαίωση και η μελέτη της ενδοτοξαιμίας και βακτηριακής μετακίνησης στο πειραματικό μοντέλο του αποφρακτικού ικτέρου , καθως και η προσπάθεια αποτροπής του φαινομένου μέσω χορήγησης τροφικών κι ανοσοδιεγερτικών παραγόντων και συγκεκριμένα γλουταμίνης κι αργινίνης. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας μελέτης επιβεβαίωσαν την ύπαρξη πυλαίας και συστηματικής ενδοτοξιναιμίας και βακτηριακής μετακίνησης στην εξωηπατική απόφραξη των χοληφόρων. Παρατηρήθηκε επίσης αύξηση της απόπτωσης στον εντερικό βλεννογόνο όπως τεκμηριώθηκε με βάση την μορφομετρική ανάλυση και τις μετρήσεις DNA και πρωτείνης, μηχανισμός που οδηγεί στην περαιτέρω ατροφία του βλεννογόνου πιθανώτατα μέσω διαταραχής στην αναλογία κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού και κυτταρικού θανάτου. Η γλουταμίνη διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στον εντερικό μεταβολισμό, δομή και λειτουργία όπως και σε αλλα ταχέως πολλαπλασιαζόμενα κύτταρα Η χορήγησή της φαίνεται να ελαττώνει την ΒΜ και να βελτιώνει την επιβίωση σε αρκετά μοντέλλα σήψης εντερικής προελεύσεως πιθανώς με τροφική δράση στον εντερικό βλεννογόνο και στα κύτταρα του ανοσοποιητικού Η αργινίνη, ειναι σημαντικό αμινοξύ για την λειτουργια των λεμφοκυττάρων και βελτιώνει την κυτταρική απάντηση του ανοσοποιητικού όταν χορηγηθεί τοσο σε ανθρώπους όσο και σε πειραματοζωα. Η αργινίνη όμως, επιπλέον συγκεντρώνει το ενδιαφέρον των μελετητών γιατι αποτελεί πρόδρομο μόριο του μονοξειδίου του αζώτου, μόριο με πολλαπλές λειτουργίες τόσο στην ανοσία και φλεγμονή όσο και στη εντερική διαπερατότητα και βακτηριακή μετακίνηση Η χορήγηση των δύο αυτών ανοσοθρεπτικών αμινοξέων μείωσε την ενδοτοξιναιμία και βακτηριακή μετακίνηση δρώντας πιθανώς τόσο στο ανοσοποιητικό σύστημα όσο και στην ακεραιότητα του εντερικού βλεννογόνου με μείωση της απόπτωσης και στην περίπτωση της γλουταμίνης παράλληλη αύξηση του κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού, όπως αναδείχθηκε στην μέτρηση των μιτώσεων και στην αύξηση του εντερικού DNA και πρωτείνης. Σε περιπτώσεις εξωηπατικής απόφραξης των χοληφόρων έχει παρατηρηθεί σημαντική καταστολή του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος με επίδραση τόσο στα Τ-κύτταρα όσο και στα κύτταρα Kuppfer. Προηγούμενες αναφορές στη δυσλειτουργία της κυτταρικής ανοσίας εισηγούνται ότι η καταστολή της δραστηριότητας των Τ-κυττάρων έχουν άμεσο αποτέλεσμα στη συστηματική ενδοτοξιναιμία, ενώ η καταστολή του μιτογονικού ερεθίσματος των Τ- κυττάρων συμβαίνει δευτερογενώς ως αποτέλεσμα βακτηριακής μετακίνησης. Στη δική μας μελέτη η χορήγηση των ανοσοθρεπτικών αυτών πεπτιδίων ελάττωσε την βακτηριακή μετακίνηση και βελτίωσε σημαντικά τις ιστολογικές αλλοιώσεις που προκαλεί η εξωηπατική χολόσταση στα πυλαία διαστήματα του ήπατος με πιθανώτερο αιτιοπαθογενετικό μηχανισμό την μείωση της ενδοτοξιναιμίας στην πυλαία φλέβα. Συμπερασματικά τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας μελέτης επιβεβαιώνουν την ενδοτοξιναιμία και βακτηριακή μετακίνηση στον πειραματικό αποφρακτικό ίκτερο και δείχνουν πως η χορήγηση ανοσοθρεπτικών αμινοξέων όπως η γλουταμίνη και αργινίνη περιορίζουν το φαινόμενο με παράλληλη βελτίωση της ιστολογικής εικόνας τόσο τού ήπατος όσο και του λεπτού εντέρου. / Invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the presence of obstructive jaundice are associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate, primarily due to septic complications and renal impairement. Bacterial translocation is known as the passage of viable bacteria or endotoxins from the gut to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs which may commence or exacerbate the septic state. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of experimental obstructive jaundice in wistar rats on portal and systematic (aortal) endotoxaemia, on bacterial translocation (ΒΤ) to mesenteric lymph nodes and distant organs, and on liver and ileal histology and apoptosis. In addition, in an attempt for therapeutic intervention we have explored the possible beneficial effect of immunonutrition in obstructive jaundice by administration of glutamine or arginine per os. The amino-acid glutamine although non essential and in abundance, is required as an enterocyte fuel while it seems to possess anabolic properties for the liver, skeletal muscle, intestinal mucosa and the immune system (e.g. lymphocytes, macrophages) and its supplementation has resulted in beneficial clinical outcomes. Glutamine supplements have been used to protect the intestinal mucosa and enhance the immune system. Various authors have postulated that glutamine may prevent or attenuate BT. Arginine plays an important role in many functions including protein synthesis and katabolism. Arginine is important in the function of lymphocytes and improves cellular immune response when administered. In addition it is the sole precursor amino acid in the generation of the immunity-enhancing agent nitric oxide (NO) by NO-synthase. In animals and humans in sepsis plasma L-arginine concentrations are markedly low, may become an indispensable amino acid, and low arginine concentrations are correlated with a worse prognosis. Arginine deficiency was demonstrated in bile duct ligated rats. Dietary L- arginine has been shown to enhance the immune system and wound healing. In obstructive jaundice the absence of intraluminal bile deprives the gut from its bacteriostatic, endotoxin neutralizing and mucosal trophic effect leading to increased intestinal bacterial and endotoxin load together with mucosal atrophy. These alterations promote bacterial and endotoxin translocation into the portal circulation and subsequently, through a decreased clearance capacity of Kupffer cells due to cholestasis, into the systemic circulation. Systemic endotoxaemia activates further a systemic inflammatory response, with dysfunctions of remote organs which in a vicious circle aggrevates the intestinal barrier dysfunction and liver injury. Sevenry-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided in four groups (15 each): I controls, II sham operated, III bile duct ligation (BDL), IV BDL + glutamine (3%in drinking water) and V BDL + arginine (2% in drinking water). Ileal samples for histology, DNA and protein content, liver biopsies, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) for cultures, portal and systemic blood samples for endotoxin measurements were obtained 10 days later. Compared to control, a significant increase in contaminated MLN and liver samples and in endotoxaemia was noted in group III (P < 0.01) which was significantly reduced in group IV and V (P < 0.05). Group IV presented also a significantly higher number of mitoses/crypt (M/c) , less apoptotic body counts (as did group V) and a higher DNA content compared to group III (P < 0.05). Liver biopsies from group III displayed typical changes of large duct obstruction that were significantly improved after glutamine or arginine treatment, with decreased ductular proliferation. Two main features highlight the forementioned dual role of the liver in sepsis: the first is the importance of the liver blood supply and particularly the portal flow, which arises from the splachnomesenteric vascular bed, a region especially subject to vasoconstriction and bacterial translocation. The second is the cellular heterogenicity of the liver, which is mainly hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and endothelial sinusoidal cells. All of these cell types are involved in the immune, anti-infectious, and metabolic responses through multiple cell cross-talk and interactions. We had a beneficial effect on alterations of portal triads in the liver of glutamine or arginine supplemented rats. The mechanisms involved are not fully elucidated but possible explanations could be either the reduction of BT or an immunostimulatory up regulation by administered two immunonutrients. In conclusion, the present study verifies the increased incidence of bacterial and endotoxin translocation in experimental obstructive jaundice. Apoptosis in the small bowel of bile duct ligated rats is also increased. Oral administration of glutamine or arginine was shown to reduce both BT and endotoxaemia, improved histology in the terminal ileum and liver and also decreased apoptosis in the small bowel in extrahepatic experimental jaundice. These findings offer further insight in the pathophysiology of obstructive jaundice and suggest important biological effects of immunonutrition. Understanding the pathophysiology of barrier alterations in obstructive jaundice at the cellular and molecular level will allow novel treatment approaches and a better prognosis for patients in clinical settings.

No description available.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of arginine, vitamin E, and their combination on cardiopulmonary performance and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in broilers undergoing cold-induced ascites (pulmonary hypertension) after an acute challenge with epinephrine. One day-old male broilers ( n = 25/treatment) were supplemented with arginine (0.3% water supplementation), vitamin E (400 IU/L or kg, water or feed supplementation; experiment 1 and 2 respectively) or both compounds, above NRC (1994) recommendations. From day 28 to 42, a catheterization was performed (n = 8/treatment) to evaluate pulmonary and mean arterial pressures, and heart rate. After recording baseline values, two injections of epinephrine (1 or 0.5 mg/kg body weight, experiment 1 and 2, respectively) were administered in a 20 min interval. The NOS activity was estimated through the conversion of 14C-arginine to 14C-citrulline in isolated pulmonary arteries ( n = 8/treatment). Overall, the time taken for pulmonary arterial pressure to return to values no different from initial baseline levels was longer for the birds consuming high levels of vitamin E (alone or in combination with arginine) compared to birds supplemented only with arginine. Although NOS activity was highly variable, birds fed with high arginine levels tended to have the lowest NOS activity. These results showed that vitamin E supplementation at the levels used in these experiments has detrimental effects on cardiopulmonary performance, and does not improve NOS activity in isolated pulmonary arteries.