The discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as the endothelial-derived relaxing factor has led to significant research on NO and the proteins involved in its function, generation, location and regulation. Synthesis of NO by blood vessel endothelial cells results from the enzymatic oxidation of arginine by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) resulting in the formation of equimolar amounts of NO and citrulline. Citrulline is sequentially recycled to arginine by successive reactions involving the enzymes argininosuccinate synthase (AS) and argininosuccinate lyase (AL), respectively. eNOS activity has been shown to be regulated by post-translational modifications including dynamic phosphorylation on multiple serine/threonine and tyrosine residues and dynamic O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modifications on serine/threonine residues.Previous studies showed that even though intracellular endothelial arginine levels range from 0.1 to 0.8 mM and the Km of eNOS for arginine is 3 uM, the addition of exogenous arginine caused an increase in NO production. To explain this "arginine paradox" we hypothesize that there is a separate and distinct cellular source of arginine substrate directed to NO production and that this source is maintained through the regeneration of arginine via a citrulline-NO cycle. The presented research has provided the following evidence in support of this hypothesis: Citrulline stimulates NO production in an arginine-rich medium, without an increase in intracellular arginine. The enzymes of the citrulline-NO cycle, eNOS, AS and AL, co-fractionate with caveolin-1 in an endothelial cell caveolar membrane fraction. In vitro interaction assays demonstrate protein-protein interactions between fusion tagged AS or AL with eNOS or caveolin-1. Simultaneous monitoring of apparent citrulline and NO production demonstrates an efficient and essential coupling of the reactions of the citrulline-NO cycle. Glucosamine treatment of endothelial cells results in increased NO production in the basal state and decreased NO production in the stimulated state.Our findings demonstrate the enzymes of the citrulline-NO cycle, eNOS, AS and AL, are functionally associated, the reactions are efficiently coupled and enzyme activities are changed by post-translational modifications based on nutrient levels. These alterations ensure a constant and distinct source of arginine which is available for NO production to ensure vascular health.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2006. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-144). Also available online.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Until recently, the main mechanism of argininosuccinate synthase (AS) regulation was described to exist mainly at the level of transcription. Transcriptional regulation of AS has been shown to be coordinate with eNOS in response to shear stress, hypoxia, tumor necrosis factor á (TNF-á), and PPAR ã agonist troglitizone. However, it is now understood that one level of NO regulation is cellular control of arginine availability to eNOS via post-translational modifications of AS such as phosphorylation. The purpose of this investigation was to determine under what conditions AS is phosphorylated at S328, identify the pathway that AS phosphorylation at S328 plays a role, and how phosphorylation affects AS function in endothelial cells. We developed a phospho-specific antibody directed against pS328 AS and assayed for increases or decreases in phosphorylation relative to physiological factors. We found that AS phosphorylation at S328 occurred when endothelial cells were stimulated with physiological factors that stimulate nitric oxide production through calcium-dependent stimulation of eNOS. Furthermore, by utilizing kinase inhibitors and kinase knockdown experiments, we showed that phosphorylation at S328 significantly decreased when PKCá was knocked down, suggesting that S328 phosphorylation of AS is involved in PKCá signaling. In addition, by confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, and membrane fractionation, we showed that phosphorylation at S328 of AS promotes its co-localization with eNOS in the perinuclear region. These findings describe a novel pathway involving AS regulation of nitric oxide production, and may serve as a novel drug target in the restoration of vascular nitric oxide homeostasis.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2005. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-187). Also available online.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-31. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-063.pdf: 1283927 bytes, checksum: 89787a2a88db59b03f60213385f6b0ba (MD5) / Nosso laboratório mostrou que um único gene codifica um precursor protêico, cujo processamento gera o peptídeo natriurético tipo C (CNP) e uma variedade de peptídeos ricos em prolina, conhecidos como peptideos potenciadores da bradicinina ou BPPs. Com pequenas diferenças, esse precursor é expresso na glândula do veneno e na região neuro-endócrina do cérebro da Bothrops jararaca. Todos os produtos desse processamento têm como característica comum sua ação sob o sistema cardiovascular, levando à redução da pressão arterial e da frequência cardíaca. Esse fato intrigante levou-nos a questionar se esses diferentes peptídeos teriam mecanismo de ação semelhante. Surpreendentemente, esse trabalho mostrou que a resposta é negativa embora ainda não possamos explicar detalhadamente como cada um desses peptídeos atua no complexo mecanismo responsável pelo tônus vascular e pela frequência cardíaca. Historicamente, a demonstração de que os peptídeos potenciadores da bradicinina da Bothrops jararaca (Bj-BPPs) eram inibidores naturais da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) teve ampla repercussão médica. Essa inibição parecia explicar a forte ação anti-hipertensiva desses peptídeos, dai servirem de modelo estrutural para o desenvolvimento de um inibidor sítio-dirigido, o Captopril, medicamento mundialmente utilizado para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica humana. Contudo, recentes evidências experimentais sugerem que a atividade anti-hipertensiva dos Bj-BPPs não está relacionada somente com a inibição da ECA. Nosso grupo demonstrou para o Bj-BPP-10c que sua ação anti-hipertensiva se deve à ativação da geração de L-arginina, essencial para produção de óxido nítrico, potente vasodilatador, bem como pela regulação do barorreflexo arterial e pela sinalização de cálcio intracelular, ações que contribuem para a produção de NO em células endoteliais e neurais. Outros Bj-BPPs derivados do mesmo precursor foram aqui analizados. Demonstramos que o mecanismo de ação do Bj-BPP-5a envolve receptores B2 da bradicinina, o receptor muscarínico do subtipo M1 e a produção de NO. Curiosamente, o Bj-BPP-9a que serviu de modelo para a síntese do Captopril, parece atuar predominantemente como um clássico inibidor da ECA. O Bj-BPP-11e deve ter ação num receptor de membrana, assim explicando seus efeitos sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares. O mecanismo de ação do Bj-BPP-12b poderia ser explicado pela potenciação da BK e/ou pela inbição da ECA e do Bj-BPP-13a por ação em receptor muscarínico do subtipo M3 e sobre a ASS. Adicionalmente, o presente trabalho mostrou, pela primeira vez na área de toxinologia, que toxinas de serpentes já se valem do recurso bem conhecido na geração de hormônio-peptídeos em mamíferos, isto é, utilizam o processamento de uma poliproteina para gerarem peptídeos de ação sinérgica. / Our laboratory has shown that one gene codes for the protein precursor that yields the natriuretic peptide type C (CNP) after having been processed, along with a variety of proline-rich peptides, known as bradykinin-potentiating peptides or BPPs. Showing little differences, this precursor is expressed in the venom gland and the neuroendocrine region of the Bothrops jararaca brain. All processing products have in common that they act on the cardiovascular system, lowering arterial blood pressure and heart frequency. This intriguing fact led us to question whether the different peptides display similar mechanisms of action. Surprisingly, the present study showed that the answer is negative, although we cannot, at the present time, explain in full detail how each peptide acts in the complex mechanism, responsible for vascular tonus and cardiac frequency. Historically, the demonstration that the Bradykinin-Potentiating Peptides from Bothrops jararaca (Bj-BPPs) were natural inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) had a wide medical impact. In fact, this inhibition seemed to fully explain the strong anti-hypertensive action of these peptides, therefore being employed as structural models for the development of a site-directed inhibitor, Captopril, a drug used worldwide for the treatment of systemic human arterial hypertension. Recent experimental evidences, however, suggest that the anti-hypertensive activity of the Bj-BPPs is not due exclusively to the inhibition of the ACE. Our group demonstrated that the antihypertensive action of Bj-BPP-10c, for instance, is due to the activation of L-arginine generation, which is essential for NO production, a potent vasodilator. Moreover, it also regulates the arterial baroreflex and intracellular calcium signaling, which contribute to NO production in endothelial and neuronal cells. In the present work we studied the mechanism of action of other Bj-BPPs found in the above mentioned precursor. We showed that the mechanism of action of Bj-BPP-5a involves bradykinin B2 receptor, the muscarinic receptor, subtype M1, and NO production. Bj-BPP-11e probably acts on a membrane receptor, thereby explaining its effects on cardiovascular parameters. The mechanism of action of Bj-BPP-12b might be explained by Bk potentiation and/or by ACE inhibition and Bj- BPP-13a action on by muscarinic receptor subtype M3 and the ASS. Interestingly, Bj-BPP-9a, which was the model molecule for the synthesis of Captopril, seems to act predominantly as a classic ACE inhibitor. Beside the pharmacological interest, our work also revealed, for the first time, that snake toxins also employ the well-known strategy in hormone-peptide generation, that is, they use the processing of a polyprotein to generate peptides which display a synergistic action. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações