En 2017, la publication d’un manuel scolaire par la maison d’édition française Hatier a fait polémique du fait de son usage de l’écriture inclusive. La présente thèse, « Écriture inclusive : analyse définitionnelle et socio-discursive d’un phénomène linguistique », analyse 10 études publiées entre les années 2017 et 2019 inclusivement. Son objectif est de mettre en relief la lutte idéologique qui se joue autour de cette « écriture » en examinant les différentes définitions qui en sont données, ainsi que les divers arguments qui sont invoqués en sa faveur ou en sa défaveur. Nous commençons par présenter les origines du phénomène et nos assises théoriques et méthodologiques avant de consacrer nos deux principaux chapitres à l’analyse des définitions de l’écriture inclusive et des arguments avancés. Puisque ce travail se situe dans une démarche avant tout féministe, nous empruntons de nombreux outils et concepts de ce domaine scientifique, notamment l’écriture féministe, le point de vue situé, le féminisme matérialiste et la notion de genre. À partir d’une approche transdisciplinaire combinant notamment la linguistique, le féminisme, la théorie queer et l’analyse du discours, nous tentons de mieux comprendre le phénomène de l’écriture inclusive et la part plus ou moins scientifique qu’y jouent les spécialistes qui s’y intéressent. Nos résultats montrent une variété de définitions qui se recoupent néanmoins sur les critères suivants : constituer un ensemble de pratiques linguistiques, contrer la règle grammaticale du « masculin qui l’emporte sur le féminin » et inscrire l’entièreté des genres sociaux du spectre. Les arguments évoqués par les auteurs révèlent que ces derniers se situent parfois du côté de la scientificité, de celui du militantisme, ou parfois dans un mélange des deux. Cette vue d’ensemble nous a permis de dégager une définition générale du phénomène et une méthode pour appréhender le positionnement objectif et subjectif des personnes qui s’y intéressent.

The Syrian regime used chemical weapons against its own citizens in 2013, and since then the U.S. has debated whether they should intervene or not. The purpose of this study is to find, analyze and explain the arguments presented by American politicians regarding the intervention in Syria. The study will be a qualitative and abductive desk study, that is done through a text analysis. This study will examine the different arguments from the politicians over the years and explain the arguments over the years through the theoretical lenses used. The theoretical lenses that will be used in thesis study is humanitarian intervention, democratic peace, just war, realism, and liberalism. The findings of this thesis will be arguments that are coming directly from the politicians, by looking into published statements, speeches, press-releases et cetera. This study will look into three selected representatives each from the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. What this study has found is that the representatives from the two parties present rather similar arguments for intervention as well as non-intervention in Syria. They argue that interventions are necessary for humanitarian reasons, as well as for protecting American national security and interests. For non-intervention they argued that the U.S. was not affected by the conflict, and that intervention would drag the U.S. into another war. The theoretical lenses in this study could all somewhat explain the arguments presented by the politicians, and it became clear that the politicians are stuck in the same pattern when it comes to policies on this issue. Thus, the American foreign policies regarding Syria became rather predictable. For future research it is necessary to find if this is true in other western countries, or if it is a phenomonen isolated to the U.S.

Estudo das crenças integrantes do Argumento de Vida de mulheres que sofreram agressão de seus maridos ou companhei ros. Trata-se de uma pesquisa \"ex-post facto\" realizada com populações atendidas na 2ª Delegacia de Polícia de Defesa da Mulher e no Centro de Saúde Dr. Rubens Monteiro Arruda, no bairro de Santo Amaro, na cidade de são Paulo (SP), Brasil. Na forma como é apresentada, esta pesquisa pode ser considerada inédita na área de Análise Transacional. Com ela procurou-se conhecer as crenças resultantes das experiências de vida com que cada mulher respondente construiu seu modelo de mundo. Reconhece-se que tal comportamento, por mais incongruente que seja, possui um sentido quando é analisado dentro do contexto limitado de escolhas geradas pelo próprio modelo. A interpretação dos resultados permitiu concluir que as mulheres da 2ª Delegacia de Polícia de Defesa de Mulheres e as do Centro de Saúde Rubens Monteiro Arruda, diferem em relação a maioria das crenças. As do primeiro grupo tendem a ter crenças de baixa autovalorização e de supervalorização do parceiro e, por isso, tendem a ser ,agredidas. / Study of believes integrating life script of women that suffered agression from their husbands or companions. It is an \"ex-post facto\" research done with the population attended by the Second Police District of Women Defense and Health Center Doctor Rubens Monteiro Arruda, in the district of Santo Amaro, in the city of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. In the form that it is presented, this research can be considered unheard in the area of Transactional Analysis. With it one tried to get to know the believes resulting from life experiences with which every respondent woman built their life model. It is recognized that every behaviour, the more incongruent it is, owns a sense, when analysed inside the limited context of choices generated by the own model. The interpretation of results permitted to conclude that, those women from the Second Police District and those from the Health Center Rubens Monteiro Arruda, differ in relation to the majority of the believes. The ones from the first group tend to have, believes of low self-value and super valorization of the companion and, for this reason, they tend to be victims of agression.

Estudo das crenças integrantes do Argumento de Vida de mulheres que sofreram agressão de seus maridos ou companhei ros. Trata-se de uma pesquisa \"ex-post facto\" realizada com populações atendidas na 2ª Delegacia de Polícia de Defesa da Mulher e no Centro de Saúde Dr. Rubens Monteiro Arruda, no bairro de Santo Amaro, na cidade de são Paulo (SP), Brasil. Na forma como é apresentada, esta pesquisa pode ser considerada inédita na área de Análise Transacional. Com ela procurou-se conhecer as crenças resultantes das experiências de vida com que cada mulher respondente construiu seu modelo de mundo. Reconhece-se que tal comportamento, por mais incongruente que seja, possui um sentido quando é analisado dentro do contexto limitado de escolhas geradas pelo próprio modelo. A interpretação dos resultados permitiu concluir que as mulheres da 2ª Delegacia de Polícia de Defesa de Mulheres e as do Centro de Saúde Rubens Monteiro Arruda, diferem em relação a maioria das crenças. As do primeiro grupo tendem a ter crenças de baixa autovalorização e de supervalorização do parceiro e, por isso, tendem a ser ,agredidas. / Study of believes integrating life script of women that suffered agression from their husbands or companions. It is an \"ex-post facto\" research done with the population attended by the Second Police District of Women Defense and Health Center Doctor Rubens Monteiro Arruda, in the district of Santo Amaro, in the city of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. In the form that it is presented, this research can be considered unheard in the area of Transactional Analysis. With it one tried to get to know the believes resulting from life experiences with which every respondent woman built their life model. It is recognized that every behaviour, the more incongruent it is, owns a sense, when analysed inside the limited context of choices generated by the own model. The interpretation of results permitted to conclude that, those women from the Second Police District and those from the Health Center Rubens Monteiro Arruda, differ in relation to the majority of the believes. The ones from the first group tend to have, believes of low self-value and super valorization of the companion and, for this reason, they tend to be victims of agression.

Em muitos momentos na sociedade contemporânea, a ciência se mostra importante para que as pessoas critiquem, argumentem e se posicionem, para tanto, conhecer os mecanismos de funcionamento e de produção desta forma de conhecimento é importante. Atualmente, a ciência é reconhecida como uma forma de cultura com os seus próprios valores, linguagem, práticas, percepções, teorias e crenças. No ensino de Ciências, diversos autores têm utilizado a ideia da aprendizagem de ciências como enculturação. Tal concepção prevê o desenvolvimento de múltiplas práticas em sala de aula, de modo a facilitar a aproximação dos alunos nessa cultura, proporcionando a aquisição de novos conhecimentos. Em relação à linguagem da ciência, a argumentação é uma característica marcante e, na interface argumentação e ensino de Ciências, muitas pesquisas apontam que há poucas oportunidades para que jovens desenvolvam sua habilidade de construir argumentos. Com este cenário, este estudo analisou argumentos gerados por turmas do Ensino Médio, com o intuito de identificar, entre os conhecimentos mobilizados pelos estudantes para a construção de suas falas, a relação com o conhecimento científico; buscou, também, caracterizar tais argumentos, verificando se o conhecimento demonstrado evidencia o trânsito entre a cultura científica e o conhecimento científico enunciado na escola. Utilizamos como referências para análise dos dados o layout de argumento de Toulmin (2006) e, para caracterizar o conhecimento mobilizado pelos alunos em suas falas, refêrencias que analisam a dimensão epistêmica da aprendizagem em Ciências Jimenez-Aleixandre et al. (1998, 2000). Analisamos duas sequências didáticas para coleta de dados, de tais sequências, utilizamos duas aulas, em especial, como universo gerador de dados; na primeira, os alunos discutiam sobre um problema científico e, na segunda, sobre um problema sociocientífico. Nossos dados evidenciaram que quando os alunos discutem sobre temática científica, esses demonstram em suas falas, resgatar o conhecimento científico. Já quando discutem sobre um problema sociocientífico, resgatam, parcialmente, o conhecimento científico, evidenciando, também, conhecimento de distintos campos. Tais observações corroboram com os dados discutidos pela literatura levantada, contudo, observamos a necessidade de maiores estudos e reflexões acerca das características do conhecimento mobilizado em discussões de natureza científica e sociocientífica. / In contemporary society, science proves important for people to criticize, argue, and position themselves. It is, therefore, important to understand the mechanisms of operation and production of this form of knowledge. Currently, science is recognized as a form of culture with its own values, language, practices, perceptions, theories and beliefs. In science education, several authors have used the idea of science learning as enculturation. This design provides for the development of multiple practices in the classroom in order to facilitate alignment of the students in this culture and foster the acquisition of new knowledge. Regarding the language of science, the argument plays a distinctive feature, and it has been shown by many researches that, in terms of the interface between argumentation and science teaching, there are few opportunities for students to develop their argument-building skills. With this background, this study examined the arguments raised by secondary education classes, in order to identify, among the knowledge mobilized by the students to construct their speeches, the relationship with scientific knowledge. We also sought to characterize such argumentsby analyzing whether they ratify the link between scientific culture and the scientific knowledge transmitted at school. . Our reference to analyze the data is the argument\'s layout as presented by Toulmin (2006) and, to analyze the knowledge mobilized by students, we used references that work with the epistemic dimension of science education, namely Jimenez-Aleixandre et al (1998, 2000). We analyzed two teaching sequences for data collection, out of which two specific classes were thoroughly analyzed. In the first class students were discussing a scientific problem and, in the second, a social-scientific one. Our data showed that when students discuss scientific issues, they refer to scientific knowledge on their speeches.. However when they discuss a social-scientific issue, they partially refer to scientific knowledge, resorting to other fields of knowledge as well. These observations corroborate the data discussed on our reference literature, however, further studies are required, as well as reflection on the characteristics of knowledge mobilized in scientific and social-scientific discussions.

This study examines the following research question: Are couples that exercise on a given day more likely to experience fewer and less intense arguments in their relationship that day? Other variables examined include relationship effect, stress level, and argument topics. Participants were 36 couples in a treatment-as-usual setting who completed the Daily Diary of Events in Couple Therapy (DDECT). Results suggested that female hours of exercise were significantly related to increased report of relationship argument intensity for both men and women. Male hours of exercise were not significantly related to any variables, however male daily stress was significantly related to female report of argument intensity.

In contemporary philosophy of mind, the issue of consciousness has taken center stage. Broadly speaking, those who deal with consciousness fall into two camps: those who prioritize empirical work and those who favor conceptual investigation. One prominent argument has served to deepen the divide: the argument for the possibility of zombies. In this paper I intend to examine closely this argument, as it’s presented by David Chalmers, and some of the attempts to discredit it. In so doing, I present some of my own arguments against it, as well as the claim that if it’s sound, then materialism is false. Finally, I present a sketch of a new way of thinking about consciousness that would, I argue, guard against the threat—real or merely apparent—of arguments such as the zombie-argument.

Individuals view an overwhelming number of mediated messages every day, even if most of these messages are merely glanced at or given minimal amounts of attention. It is not possible or advantageous for individuals to critically evaluate all messages they encounter. In that first glance or initial impression, however, our brains process the visual arguments designed by photo manipulation presented in messages. This happens instinctually, almost instantaneously, and most often underneath our radar of consciousness. Following, individuals decide to attend to the information (or not) though conscious processing. Regardless of decisions for elaborative processing, however, the initial visual processing of photo manipulated arguments influences how individuals think, feel, and behave – whether they are aware of it or not. This dissertation contributes to our understanding of the role of implied visual arguments for persuasive message processing in three ways. First, Experiment 1 identified and provided empirical evidence for effects of photo manipulation as a visual persuasion technique. This experiment was a necessary first step in exploring the cause-and-effect relationship of photo manipulation and attitudes to better understand influences on message perception. Second, Experiment 2 tested currently used dual processing approaches for persuasive messages to overcome the gaps that currently exist. Theoretical frameworks widely used in advertising and communication research – ELM and HSM – largely overlook the influence of visual communication and visual processing. These models do not account for the current understand of the brain mechanisms and processes for message processing. Findings from Experiment 2 provide evidence for the need to refine these models to account for influential visual processing variables that are largely absent from the literature. Third, findings from both experiments contributed to the conceptual refinement of visual literacy with evidenced-based support for the boundaries of when this concept is (or is not) influential for assigning meaning to visual messages. / text

This paper proposes a judicial advocacy strategy aimed to challenge the constitutionality of the law that imposes an absolute prohibition of abortion in Chile. Examines the origin of the criminalization provisions in light to the constitutional mandate to protect the life of the unborn, presents an overview of the arguments used in the legislative to request the partial decriminalization of abortion, the tendency of the executive in the past years in this matter, and the criminal strategy that has been used in cases where women have been prosecuted by abortion, based on what has been intended so far the paper conclude a solicitude to declare unconstitutional the criminal abortion provisions because they do not protect the life of the unborn.

This paper proposes a judicial advocacy strategy aimed to challenge the constitutionality of the law that imposes an absolute prohibition of abortion in Chile. Examines the origin of the criminalization provisions in light to the constitutional mandate to protect the life of the unborn, presents an overview of the arguments used in the legislative to request the partial decriminalization of abortion, the tendency of the executive in the past years in this matter, and the criminal strategy that has been used in cases where women have been prosecuted by abortion, based on what has been intended so far the paper conclude a solicitude to declare unconstitutional the criminal abortion provisions because they do not protect the life of the unborn.