published_or_final_version / Comparative Asian Studies / Master / Master of Arts

by Yvette Shadikhan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-168). / PREFACE --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / LIST OF ABBREVATIONS --- p.vii / CHAPTER / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter PART I. --- RESHUFFLINGS OF REGIONAL MILITARY LEADERS IN THE MAO ERA / Chapter 2. --- THE 1967 RESHUFFLING --- p.9 / Conflict between Mao Zedong and Peng Dehuai / A Small-Scale Reshuffling in1959 / Steps After Reshuffling for the Consolidation of Power / The Cultural Revolution and the Field Army System / The 1967 Reshuffling / Other Causes of the 1967 Reshuffling / Chapter 3. --- THE 1971 AND 1973 RESHUFFLINGS --- p.31 / The Domination of the PLA in Non-Military Organizations / Conflict between Mao Zedong and Lin Biao / The 1971 Reshuffling / The End of PLA's Domination and the 1973 Reshuffling / Chapter PART II. --- RESHUFFLING OF REGIONAL MILITARY LEADERS IN THE DENG ERA / Chapter 4. --- THE 1980，1982 AND 1985 RESHUFFLINGS --- p.54 / Deng Xiaoping and his PLA men / The 1980 Reshuffling / Steps After the 1980 Reshuffling / The 1982 Reshuffling / The Continued Streamlining of the PLA after the 1982 Reshuffling / The 1985 Reshuffling / The Continued Streamlining of the PLA after the 1985 Reshuffling / Chapter 5. --- THE 1990 RESHUFFLING --- p.86 / Student Movements and Intra-Party Struggles / The Behaviour of PLA in the June 4 Incident / The 1990 Reshuffling / Steps After the 1990 Reshuffling / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.100 / NOTES --- p.107 / APPENDIX --- p.126 / CHRONOLOGY OF CHINESE MILITARY AFFAIRS --- p.132 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.156

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This study argues that the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan survived the years between the signing of the Baghdad Pact in 1955 and the outbreak of the June 1967 war due primarily to the cohesion of its National Security Establishment (NSE), a ruling coalition of security and foreign policy professionals from the monarchy, the political elite, and the military. By examining the national security policymaking process in Jordan between 1955 and 1967, this study shows that NSE members often disagreed over the means of protecting Jordanian national security, but agreed on the ultimate end of security policy: the preservation of the Hashemite monarchy and the protection of the territorial integrity of Jordan. This thesis examines in detail the foreign and domestic challenges to Jordanian national security during the kingdom's most turbulent period. The thesis makes extensive use of primary sources from the British, American, and Jordanian archives, Arabic and English language memoirs, and interviews with surviving Jordanian decisionmakers. In addition, the study builds on the work of previous scholars by making use of the published literature on Jordan. The first three chapters are organised thematically, while the remaining chapters are organised chronologically.

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Since its independence, the Latin America has been prone to unstable and military dominated politics. Mexico, however, has proven to be an exception. The purpose of this dissertation, therefore, is to explain Mexico's stability and civilian dominated polity. The dissertation draws upon personal interviews with Mexican and American military officers, Mexican military documents and secondary sources. From these sources four foci, professionalization, social background of military and civilian leaders, civilian political behavior, and extranational influences, appeared to offer the greatest amount of explanation for the Mexican case. Professionalization's impact appears to result from the low level of political efficacy generated by the Mexican military educational system and the inculcation of values encouraging loyalty to civilian institutions. The social background of Mexican officers appears to support the values and norms common to the military institution, including those conducive to civilian domination. The social disparity between the more humble family background of most officers and the higher family social background of civilian politicians also appears to be a factor. The civilians political party system appears to be critical. In a multiparty system, like Brazil, multiple civilian opposition groups, through co-optation, generate corresponding military support groups. Civilian opposition groups with military backing therefore will always be present and represent a potential threat. In a single party dominant system, like Mexico, though, military identification will always be with the government, rather than an opposition political group. Finally, the influences of the United States and Soviet Union do have an impact on Mexican civil-military relations. However, rather than the super powers' manipulating the Mexican military and causing coups supportive of super power foreign policy objectives, Mexico appears to use the super powers' resources and images to stabilize civil-military relations. The importance of this dissertation is that it offers explanations for the difference in behavior between the stable, civilian dominated Mexican model, and the military dominated models found throughout most of the Latin American region. The dissertation also presents new interpretations regarding the relationships between professionalization and political efficacy, and social background and social efficacy.