This thesis examines the evolution of the junior officer positions of the Roman army in the period 91BC – AD14, and the motivations, background, and status of their holders. Two introductory chapters consider the nature of the available evidence and the way in which the agendas and survival patterns of our sources have influenced modern perceptions. There follow three chapters of diachronic analysis, each analysing the number of officer positions available, the roles and functions of the junior officers, and the status of the junior officer positions in the periods 91 – 50BC, 49 – 31BC, and 30BC – AD14, and finally three thematic chapters examining professionalism and other motivations for service, the perception of service as a junior officer, and the role of the municipal elite within the junior officer corps. In addressing these issues, the thesis challenges the modern view that the junior officer corps suffered a dramatic decline in status at the start of the first century BC through unwillingness to serve on the part of the Roman social elite. Instead, emphasis is placed on the important changes which occurred within the junior officer corps during the period 49 – 31BC, when the increasing demands for both manpower and loyalty among the warring commanders had a significant impact on both the junior officer positions and the men who held them, and which also led to innovation in the organisation of auxiliary forces. The reforms of Augustus that followed, and the junior officer corps of the earliest years of the Principate are also discussed, in particular the notable military innovations of the Augustan period and the role of the Italian and provincial equestrian ordo. Furthermore, this thesis analyses the development of professionalism within the junior officer corps and the perceptions of service as a junior officer as expressed in literature as well as in epigraphic and iconographic commemoration. The thesis concludes with a series of appendices which list all attested junior officers of the period, as well as those considered junior officers by modern authorities, with discussion of those officers whose careers or dating might be considered controversial.

The U.S. Army has undergone extreme transformation to meet new national security needs of the nation due to the Global War on Terror (GWOT). In order to meet the needs of Soldiers and families exposed to increased stressors, the Army behavioral health system has undergone much transformation as well. The Army Social Work Care Manger Program (CMP) is one program recently developed to enhance Army behavioral health services to this population. It provides care for Soldiers and their families who experience psychological or interpersonal difficulties throughout the deployment cycle. This study investigates the ability of this new program to create effective services throughout several locations across the Army. More specifically, the study evaluates the extent to which the CMP has been implemented as intended, reaches the target population and accomplishes the intended tasks. Soldier survey data, multiple Care Manager (CM) activity reports, interviews and focus groups were analyzed in a triangulated methodology. CMPs studied were found to reach the target population and address target issues across installations; however, senior enlisted as well as white male Soldiers appeared to be exposed to trauma at higher rates than they received treatment. Burnout, lowered health benefits, overtasking, and recommendations for program formalization through manuals were identified as areas of program development.

The Western Apache Scouts of the 1870s who assisted the United States Army in tracking down the Chiricahua Apaches that had escaped from the federal reservations in the Arizona Territory laid the foundation for what became seventy-six years of military service in the U.S. Army. Consolidated and reassigned to Ft. Huachuca, Arizona in 1922, these scouts continued to serve with distinction long after the Army needed their skills as trackers. In 1947, the final four scouts retired from United States military service, each having served for over twenty-five years. This thesis explores how these men used their military service in order to survive, serving with honor while maintaining their cultural traditions within a changing world.

This thesis explores how fear is used as a communication strategy to create and enhance power in conflict setting. I drew the data from six in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted in northern Uganda, a region that was ravaged by war for over two decades, as well as from my own experiences of fear in the field, because terror shaped the very nature of my interactions in Uganda. Building on symbolic interaction theory, the analysis explores how the participants created the meaning of "fear" through symbols, culture, language and experiences during and after the war and how fear was used as an agent of control externally and as a dis-enabler internally. The findings support the idea that fear, perceived or otherwise, is strategically important because of its influence on conflict outcomes.

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Extended periods of parent-child separation is a stressor that some families face due to vocational factors, immigration, incarceration and other interruptions in family living arrangements. Research suggests that these families are at increased risk for child behavioral and academic difficulties, mental health issues, and other psycho-social challenges. Within military families, extended periods of separation are relatively common, but are also compounded by additional risks that accompany a military deployment. The present study employed a cross-sectional mixed-methods research design to examine adaptations that occurred across the deployment cycle in a sample of 28 military couples (with at least one child), who had recently experienced a deployment. Quantitative analyses showed that the military parents found the post deployment period more challenging than the pre deployment period, while the home parents rated the deployment period as the most challenging. Additionally, a number of interesting associations were found; for example, increased military risk during deployment was linked with higher relationship satisfaction and reduced mental health challenges after deployment. Qualitative analyses supported these interesting findings and provided examples of common resilience factors across these families along with additional indicators of how these military families adapted to separation and reunion. Results are discussed in regards to how they align with family systems theory and previous research in the area.