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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Zur Erzeugung von Dehydrobenzol durch Thermolyse von N- Nitrosoacetanilid oder substituierten aromatischen Diazoniumsalzen sowie eine Vereinfachung der Jacobsonschen Indazol-Synthese

Hassmann, Volker, January 1973 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster, 1973. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-191).
222

Synthetic, spectroscopic and computational studies of aromatic compounds : structure, fragmentation and novel dimerisation of indoles under electrospray conditions, and innovative nitrogen to carbon rearrangement of orthogonally protected sulphonamides and related compounds

Saidykhan, A. January 2015 (has links)
The complementary value of vibrational spectroscopy and mass spectrometry in obtaining structural information on a range of tricyclic indoles with various ring patterns has been investigated, focusing particularly on whether these heterocycles with a functional group containing oxygen in the third ring should be described as ketoindoles or hydroxindolenines. Parallels between certain fragmentations of ionised indoles and electrophilic substitution in solution have been identified. A mechanistically interesting and analytically useful interesting dimerisation, leading to the formation of [2M-H]+ ions, has been discovered in the positive ion electrospray mass spectra of 3-alkylindoles. This dimerisation, which occurs in the nebuliser of the instrument, offers a potential new route to bisindoles under milder conditions than those employed in classical solution chemistry. Facile formation of C=N bonds by condensation of C=O and H2N has been shown to provide a means of preparing protonated imines and protonated quinoxalines from mixtures of the requisite (di)carbonyl compounds and (di)amines, thus further illustrating how organic synthesis is possible in the droplets in the nebuliser of the instrument. Possible metal catalysed coupling reaction routes to bisindoles have been explored. Acyl transfer reactions from nitrogen to carbon have been investigated in 1-acyl-2-methylindoles and orthogonally protected sulphonamides. These processes have been shown to be intermolecular and intramolecular, respectively. The latter rearrangement, which may be prevented when necessary by choosing the nitrophenylsulphonamide protecting group, offers a route to acyl, carboalkoxy and carboaryloxy aromatic compounds, some of which are difficult to prepare.
223

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de micropartículas de amido reticuladas com agente fosfatado e avaliação da adsorção do azul de metileno / Development and characterization of starch microparticles crosslinked by phosphated agent and evaluation of methylene blue adsorption

Bandeira, Estela Iara 30 March 2016 (has links)
CAPES / O amido é obtido das mais diversas fontes renováveis e tem características que o tornam um dos biopolímeros mais estudados na atualidade. Além da alta disponibilidade e do baixo custo de obtenção, é biodegradável, biocompatível, estável e não tóxico. A essência deste trabalho está na síntese de micropartículas de amido solúvel e fécula de mandioca comercial, através de modificação química por reticulação com o agente tripolifosfato de sódio nas concentrações 7,5 e 15% (m/m), e posterior caracterização físico-química, morfológica, superficial, espectroscópica, estrutural e térmica. O conteúdo de amilose foi mensurado para o amido e fécula em 21,8% e 28,6 %, respectivamente. Segundo o índice de solubilidade, o processamento em meio básico não modifica a solubilidade do material, porém a adição do agente reticulante aumenta significativamente esse índice, que passa de 12,8 % para o controle não processado, para 22,4 %, para a amostra A5R15. Os materiais à base de amido solúvel tiveram aumento significativo na densidade de reticulação com o aumento da concentração do reticulante, passando de 1,4 na amostra A5R7,5, para 1,9 em A5R15. Os materiais à base de fécula apresentaram comportamento inverso: ao aumentar a concentração do reticulante a densidade de reticulação diminuiu significativamente de 2,9 em F5R7,5, para 1,9 na amostra F5R15. O ponto de carga zero (PCZ) demonstra que abaixo de pH 4 a superfície apresenta-se carregada positivamente. A área superficial das amostras estão compreendidas entre 3,04 e 1,15 m2.g-1. O volume de poros entre 2,94 e 1,33 cm3.g-1 e o tamanho de poro em torno de 1,5 nm. O MEV indica micropartículas de distribuição irregular, lisas e sem rugosidades. As capacidades máximas de adsorção dos materiais foram testadas em pH 7,7 e, para as amostras A5R15 e CA, nos pHs 2, 5, 6 e 9. Observa-se que o processamento em meio básico reduz a capacidade de adsorção de CA e CF em relação a A e F. A adsorção, na amostra A5R15, apresenta grande dependência do pH, atingindo um valor de 587 μg.g-1 no pH 7,7. As amostras A5R15 e F5R7,5 adsorveram quantidades semelhantes, segundo a análise estatística, e expressivamente maiores do que seus respectivos controles e foram as que apresentaram menor dessorção, indicando que o processo de modificação foi efetivo para controlar a liberação do azul de metileno. Nos espectros de infravermelho não foi possível visualizar as bandas características das ligações de fosfato ao material formado, porém, desdobramentos na banda característica de hidroxila sugerem modificação na maneira como esse grupo ficou ligado após a reação. Após a adsorção, os espectros de infravermelho passaram a ter formato diferenciado na banda da hidroxila. A análise de PCA comprova que as maiores modificações observadas nos espectros de infravermelho são observadas na região de 3500 cm-1. A análise térmica mostrou três eventos térmicos relacionados à desidratação e degradação do material. Observa-se que o processamento aumenta a temperatura relacionada à primeira perda de massa, fixada em 12%, porém não se observa aumento de estabilidade devido ao processo ou presença do reticulante. / Starch has properties that make it one of the most studied biopolymers today. It is biodegradable, biocompatible, stable and non-toxic. This work has synthesis of starch and tapioca microparticles, through chemical modification by crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate agent in concentrations 7.5 and 15% (m / m). The amylose content was measured for starch and commercial cassava starch at 21.8% and 28.6%, respectively. According to the solubility index, processing in basic medium does not change the solubility of the material, but the addition of crosslinking agent increases this index, which changed from 12.8% for the control unprocessed, to 22.4% for the A5R15 sample. Soluble starch-based materials had a significant increase in the crosslinking density by increasing the concentration of crosslinker, from 1.4 in A5R7,5 sample, to 1.9 in A5R15. The cassava starch-based materials exhibited an opposite behavior: to increase the concentration of crosslinker crosslinking density decreased significantly in F5R7.5 from 2.9, to 1.9 in F5R15 sample. The point of zero charge (PZC) shows that below pH 4 the surface is positively charged. The surface area data is between 3,04 and 1,15 m2.g-1. The pore volume between 2.94 and 1.33 cm3.g-1 and pore size around 1.5 nm. The SEM indicates uneven distribution of microparticles, which are smooth, with no ridges. The maximum adsorption capacity of the materials were tested at pH 7.7 and for A5R15 and CA sample, at pH 2, 5, 6 and 9. It is noted that the processing in basic medium reduces the adsorption capacity of CA and CF in respect fo A and F. The adsorption in A5R15 sample has great dependency on the pH, reaching a value of 587 μg.g-1 in pH 7.7. The samples A5R15 and F5R7,5 adsorbed similar amounts, according to the statistical analysis, and significantly higher than their respective controls and showed lower desorption, indicating that the modification process was effective to control the release of methylene blue. The infrared spectra not show the characteristic bands of the phosphate bonds to the material formed, however, developments in hydroxyl characteristic band suggest modification in the way this group was linked after the reaction. After adsorption, the infrared spectra show different format in the band of hydroxyl. PCA analysis shows that the greatest changes observed in the IR spectra are observed in the region of 3500 cm-1. Thermal analysis showed three thermal events related to dehydration and material degradation. It is observed that the processing increases the temperature to the first mass loss, fixed at 12%, but not observed increased stability due to the presence of crosslinker or process.
224

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de micropartículas de amido reticuladas com agente fosfatado e avaliação da adsorção do azul de metileno / Development and characterization of starch microparticles crosslinked by phosphated agent and evaluation of methylene blue adsorption

Bandeira, Estela Iara 30 March 2016 (has links)
CAPES / O amido é obtido das mais diversas fontes renováveis e tem características que o tornam um dos biopolímeros mais estudados na atualidade. Além da alta disponibilidade e do baixo custo de obtenção, é biodegradável, biocompatível, estável e não tóxico. A essência deste trabalho está na síntese de micropartículas de amido solúvel e fécula de mandioca comercial, através de modificação química por reticulação com o agente tripolifosfato de sódio nas concentrações 7,5 e 15% (m/m), e posterior caracterização físico-química, morfológica, superficial, espectroscópica, estrutural e térmica. O conteúdo de amilose foi mensurado para o amido e fécula em 21,8% e 28,6 %, respectivamente. Segundo o índice de solubilidade, o processamento em meio básico não modifica a solubilidade do material, porém a adição do agente reticulante aumenta significativamente esse índice, que passa de 12,8 % para o controle não processado, para 22,4 %, para a amostra A5R15. Os materiais à base de amido solúvel tiveram aumento significativo na densidade de reticulação com o aumento da concentração do reticulante, passando de 1,4 na amostra A5R7,5, para 1,9 em A5R15. Os materiais à base de fécula apresentaram comportamento inverso: ao aumentar a concentração do reticulante a densidade de reticulação diminuiu significativamente de 2,9 em F5R7,5, para 1,9 na amostra F5R15. O ponto de carga zero (PCZ) demonstra que abaixo de pH 4 a superfície apresenta-se carregada positivamente. A área superficial das amostras estão compreendidas entre 3,04 e 1,15 m2.g-1. O volume de poros entre 2,94 e 1,33 cm3.g-1 e o tamanho de poro em torno de 1,5 nm. O MEV indica micropartículas de distribuição irregular, lisas e sem rugosidades. As capacidades máximas de adsorção dos materiais foram testadas em pH 7,7 e, para as amostras A5R15 e CA, nos pHs 2, 5, 6 e 9. Observa-se que o processamento em meio básico reduz a capacidade de adsorção de CA e CF em relação a A e F. A adsorção, na amostra A5R15, apresenta grande dependência do pH, atingindo um valor de 587 μg.g-1 no pH 7,7. As amostras A5R15 e F5R7,5 adsorveram quantidades semelhantes, segundo a análise estatística, e expressivamente maiores do que seus respectivos controles e foram as que apresentaram menor dessorção, indicando que o processo de modificação foi efetivo para controlar a liberação do azul de metileno. Nos espectros de infravermelho não foi possível visualizar as bandas características das ligações de fosfato ao material formado, porém, desdobramentos na banda característica de hidroxila sugerem modificação na maneira como esse grupo ficou ligado após a reação. Após a adsorção, os espectros de infravermelho passaram a ter formato diferenciado na banda da hidroxila. A análise de PCA comprova que as maiores modificações observadas nos espectros de infravermelho são observadas na região de 3500 cm-1. A análise térmica mostrou três eventos térmicos relacionados à desidratação e degradação do material. Observa-se que o processamento aumenta a temperatura relacionada à primeira perda de massa, fixada em 12%, porém não se observa aumento de estabilidade devido ao processo ou presença do reticulante. / Starch has properties that make it one of the most studied biopolymers today. It is biodegradable, biocompatible, stable and non-toxic. This work has synthesis of starch and tapioca microparticles, through chemical modification by crosslinking with sodium tripolyphosphate agent in concentrations 7.5 and 15% (m / m). The amylose content was measured for starch and commercial cassava starch at 21.8% and 28.6%, respectively. According to the solubility index, processing in basic medium does not change the solubility of the material, but the addition of crosslinking agent increases this index, which changed from 12.8% for the control unprocessed, to 22.4% for the A5R15 sample. Soluble starch-based materials had a significant increase in the crosslinking density by increasing the concentration of crosslinker, from 1.4 in A5R7,5 sample, to 1.9 in A5R15. The cassava starch-based materials exhibited an opposite behavior: to increase the concentration of crosslinker crosslinking density decreased significantly in F5R7.5 from 2.9, to 1.9 in F5R15 sample. The point of zero charge (PZC) shows that below pH 4 the surface is positively charged. The surface area data is between 3,04 and 1,15 m2.g-1. The pore volume between 2.94 and 1.33 cm3.g-1 and pore size around 1.5 nm. The SEM indicates uneven distribution of microparticles, which are smooth, with no ridges. The maximum adsorption capacity of the materials were tested at pH 7.7 and for A5R15 and CA sample, at pH 2, 5, 6 and 9. It is noted that the processing in basic medium reduces the adsorption capacity of CA and CF in respect fo A and F. The adsorption in A5R15 sample has great dependency on the pH, reaching a value of 587 μg.g-1 in pH 7.7. The samples A5R15 and F5R7,5 adsorbed similar amounts, according to the statistical analysis, and significantly higher than their respective controls and showed lower desorption, indicating that the modification process was effective to control the release of methylene blue. The infrared spectra not show the characteristic bands of the phosphate bonds to the material formed, however, developments in hydroxyl characteristic band suggest modification in the way this group was linked after the reaction. After adsorption, the infrared spectra show different format in the band of hydroxyl. PCA analysis shows that the greatest changes observed in the IR spectra are observed in the region of 3500 cm-1. Thermal analysis showed three thermal events related to dehydration and material degradation. It is observed that the processing increases the temperature to the first mass loss, fixed at 12%, but not observed increased stability due to the presence of crosslinker or process.
225

Equilibrio liquido-liquido em sistemas contendo hidrocarbonetos aromaticos, alifaticos e sulfolano / Liquid-liquid equilibrium in systems including aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic and sulfolane

Santiago, Rilvia Saraiva de 07 November 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Martin Aznar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T19:24:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santiago_RilviaSaraivade_M.pdf: 3763135 bytes, checksum: 92374e996f11beb024dd0dd1b103e2b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Uma etapa importante dentro dos processos na indústria petroquímica utiliza o solvente sulfolano na recuperação de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos de alta pureza. Estes compostos aromáticos são separados dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos por meio da extração com solvente, já que a destilação é inviável. Dados experimentais do equilíbrio líquido-líquido multicomponente são essenciais para o projeto, a operação e a otimização dos processos de extração. Para sistemas ternários envolvendo hidrocarbonetos aromáticos, hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e sulfalano, existem vários estudos na literatura; entretanto, dados para sistemas quaternários e quinários soa ainda escassos, assim como também dados que envolvam hidrocarbonetos com número de carbonos maior do que nove. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi determinar dados de equilíbrio líquido-líquido para sistemas quaternários do tipo alifático + alifático + aromático + sulfolano e quinários do tipo alifático + alifático + aromático + aromático + sulfolano a duas temperaturas, 25 e ¿40 GRAUS¿C. Os alifáticos usados foram nonano e undecano, enquanto os aromáticos foram benzeno, tolueno e m-xileno. Os experimentos foram feitos em células de equilíbrio líquido-líquido, mantendo a temperatura constante. A determinação experimental foi feita por cromatografia gasosa, com detecção por ionização de chama. A metodologia analítica foi validade pela reprodução experimental de dados da literatura contendo hidrocarbonetos aromáticos, alifáticos e sulfolano para um sistema ternário, um quaternário e um quinário, todos a ¿25 GRAUS¿C... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: An important stage within the processes in the petrochemical industry uses the solvent sulfolane in the recovery of high-purity aromatic hydrocarbons. These aromatic compounds are separated from the aliphatic hydrocarbons through solvent extraction, since distillation is not suitable. Experimental data of the multicomponent liquid-liquid equilibrium are essential for the project, the operation and the optimization of the extraction process. For ternary systems involving aromatic hydrocarbon + aliphatic hydrocarbon + sulfolane there are several studies in the literature; however, data for quaternary and quinary systems are still scarce, as well as data involving hydrocarbons with carbon number greater than nine. The main objective of this work was to determine data of liquid-liquid equilibria for quaternary systems of the type aliphatic + aliphatic + aromatic + sulfalano and quinary of the type aliphatic + aliphatic + aromatic + aromatic + sulfolano at two temperatures, 25 and ¿40 DEGREES¿C. The aliphatic hydrocarbons were nonane and undecane, while the aromatics were benzene, toluene and m-xylene. The experimental determination was accomplished by gas chromatography, with flame ionization detection. The experimental methodology was validated through the experimental reproduction of the literature data involving aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic and sulfolane for a ternary system, a quaternary one and a quinary one at ¿25 DEGREES¿C... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
226

Aluminium triflate as a Lewis acid catalyst in some epoxide and aromatic transformations

Lawton, Michelle Claire 14 March 2012 (has links)
M.Sc. / Lewis acids play an important role in catalysis; they are associated with mild conditions, high selectivities and unique reactivities. Traditional Lewis acids such as AlCb and BF3 successfully catalyse such well known reactions as the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, Aldol condensation reactions and many more. These catalysts, however, must be used in a stoichiometric amount and are destroyed during the aqueous workup procedures. Lately, there has been a lot of interest in the role of metal triflate as Lewis acid catalysts. They were found to be effective in a wide range of reactions when used in catalytic amounts. They were also found to be recyclable and reusable without the loss of activity. Most of this research has been centred around the lanthanide triflates as well as scandium, bismuth and yttrium triflates. Very little research has been done using aluminium triflate and this triflate forms the focus ofthis study. The work contained in this dissertation demonstrates that Al(OTf)3 is an efficient catalyst for the ring opening of a variety of epoxides by alcohols when present in only ppm amounts. These reactions provided products in very high yields and selectivities. Simple acyclic and cyclic epoxides readily underwent ring opening reactions with a range of alcohols, typically providing the monoglycol ethers as single compounds (from the cyclic epoxides) or as mixtures of the two possible glycol monoethers (from the acyclic epoxides). In the case of styrene oxide, essentially a single compound was isolated. In contrast, the glycidyl ethers required slightly higher catalyst loadings before similar rates and conversions to product were observed. Additionally, an interesting selectivity was observed in the orientation of the attack of the alcohol onto the epoxide, which appeared to be chelation controlled. Similarly, the Al(OTf)3 also catalysed the aminolysis of a variety of epoxides. These reactions proceeded smoothly with catalytic amounts of the triflate present, and served to nicely highlight the role that steric and electronic factors played in these reactions. A preliminary study was carried out into the efficacy of Al(OTf)3 as a catalyst for Friedel-Crafts acylation and aromatic nitration reactions. From these studies it is evident that the Al(OTf)3 is indeed an effective catalyst for these reactions when present in substoichiometric levels and further studies will be carried out in this area in the future.
227

Synthesis, characterization and properties of rigid macromolecules with extended conjugation, using palladium-catalyzed alkynylated polyhaloarenes.

Akintomide, Temiloluwa 12 1900 (has links)
A synthetic approach to macromolecules of acetylenic arrays and luminescent properties is proposed and the execution of initial steps is described. Palladium-catalyzed coupling of 1,3,5-triiodobenzene with trimethylsilylbuta-1,3-diyne, trimethylsilylocta-1,3,5,7-tetrayne, and trimethylsilylhexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octayne to yield the new 1,3,5-tris(trimethylsilylbuta-1,3-diynyl)benzene and the proposed 1,3,5-tris(8-(trimethylsilyl)octa-1,3,5,7-tetraynyl)benzene and 1,3,5-tris(trimethylsilyl)hexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octaynyl)benzene respectively. The proposed three-coordinate Au (I) complexed macromolecules will be derived from the metallation of the aforementioned alkynylated arenes.
228

Sensitization of Lanthanides and Organic-Based Phosphorescence via Energy Transfer and Heavy-Atom Effects

Arvapally, Ravi K. 05 1900 (has links)
The major topics discussed are the phosphorescence sensitization in the lanthanides via energy transfer and in the organics by heavy atom effects. The f-f transitions in lanthanides are parity forbidden and have weak molar extinction coefficients. Upon complexation with the ligand, ttrpy (4'-p-Tolyl-[2,2':6',2"]-terpyridine) the absorption takes place through the ligand and the excitation is transferred to the lanthanides, which in turn emit. This process is known as "sensitized luminescence." Bright red emission from europium and bright green emission from terbium complexes were observed. There is ongoing work on the making of OLEDs with neutral complexes of lanthanide hexafluoroacetyl acetonate/ttrpy, studied in this dissertation. Attempts to observe analogous energy transfer from the inorganic donor complexes of Au(I) thiocyanates were unsuccessful due to poor overlap of the emissions of these systems with the absorptions of Eu(III) and Tb(III). Photophysics of silver-aromatic complexes deals with the enhancement of phosphorescence in the aromatics. The heavy atom effect of the silver is responsible for this enhancement in phosphorescence. Aromatics such as naphthalene, perylene, anthracene and pyrene were involved in this study. Stern Volmer plots were studied by performing the quenching studies. The quenchers employed were both heavy metals such as silver and thallium and lighter metal like potassium. Dynamic quenching as the predominant phenomenon was noticed.
229

Metagenômica comparativa e perfil metabólico in silico de solos no município de Cubatão, SP. / Comparative metagenomics and metabolic soil profiling in Cubatão County, SP.

Bruno Karolski 19 June 2013 (has links)
Cubatão, o maior pólo industrial da américa latina também já foi uma das cidades mais poluídas do mundo. Os 30 anos de intensa atividade industrial vêm pressionando o meio ambiente com substâncias tóxicas e afetando gravemente a saúde da população. Dentre as substâncias contaminantes mais importantes da região estão os derivados de petróleo como o benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos. Conhecidos como BTEX, eles são produzidos e utilizados em larga escala e a contaminação ocorre frequentemente através de vazamentos. Nos solos, devido à sua solubilidade em água, essas substâncias podem se espalhar por longas distâncias a partir do ponto afetado contaminando locais distantes. Já foi comprovada a capacidade de micro-organismos de sobreviver e até utilizar BTEX como fonte de carbono. Os micro-organismos adaptados catabolizam os contaminantes transformando-os em substâncias menos tóxicas e até mesmo eliminando-os do ambiente, capacidade de grande interesse econômico e ambiental. Nessa linha, nossa proposta visa o estudo das comunidades microbianas de solos afetados e não afetados por BTEX. Para isso foi utilizada a metagenômica como abordagem de estudo identificando-se diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas nas estruturas microbianas de três diferentes locais do município de Cubatão, sendo um deles afetado diretamente por BTEX. Pelo método utilizado e aqui desenvolvido, foi possível identificar um panorama metabólico geral identificando-se genes relevantes e o potencial de degradação de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos de micro-organismos conhecidos e desconhecidos, revelando melhor o potencial metabólico dos solos identificados. Os resultados apresentados podem contribuir para um melhor entendimento da dinâmica in situ de uma comunidade microbiana afetada por BTEX assim como melhorar o conhecimento sobre a comunidade microbiana de um local altamente impactado como Cubatão. / Cubatão is the largest industrial site in Latin America and was in the past one of the most polluted cities in the world. 30 years of intense industrial activity has pushed environmental limits with toxic substances and has severely affected the inhabitants\' health. Among the contaminants found in the region, the petroleum derivatives benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes are the most important. Known collectively as BTEX, they are produced and used at a large scale and contamination frequently occurs. Because it is highly soluble in water, when in soil BTEX can spread long distances from the original contamination site, thus affecting large areas. Some microorganisms are known to live in contaminated environments and use contaminants such as BTEX as a unique carbon source for energy production. They catabolize contaminants into less dangerous products or even eliminate them from environment, a feature which has great commercial and environmental interest. We therefore compared the microbial communities in soils which were affected and un-affected by BTEX contamination. To this end, we used a metagenomics approach and developed a comparison method to identify microorganisms and degradation potential of soils studied. We found qualitative and quantitative differences in microbial structures from three different sites in Cubatão County, one of which is contaminated with BTEX. We constructed a metabolic overview identifying important genes, degradation potential and microorganisms related to BTEX degradation. The results presented here could contribute to understanding the in situ dynamics of a BTEX affected microbial community as well as improving our knowledge of the microbial community of Cubatão, a highly environmentally impacted place.
230

Emprego da maceração a frio na extração e estabilização de compostos fenólicos em vinhos de Syrah cultivada em ciclo de outubro-inverno / Influence of cold maceration technique on extraction and stabilization of phenolic compounds in Syrah wines from grapevines cultivated in autumnwinter cycle

Marite Carlin Dal'Osto 16 April 2012 (has links)
Na busca por vinhos tintos de grande cor, aroma, corpo e identidade, enólogos forçam a extração dos compostos fenólicos durante a maceração. Nesta etapa, que ocorre durante a fermentação do mosto, estes compostos são extraídos da casca e sementes e modificados em sua estrutura à formas mais estáveis ao longo do tempo. Fatores como sistema de encubagem e remontagem do mosto, tempo de contato entre o mosto e as partes sólidas da baga, e a temperatura são críticos neste processo. A alteração do ciclo da videira para colheita no período de inverno na região sudeste do Brasil permitiu avanço na maturação fenólica das bagas. As uvas colhidas neste período apresentam potencial para a elaboração de vinhos de guarda, entretanto faltam estudos para estabelecer as melhores técnicas de vinificação para este novo ciclo de produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o emprego de baixas temperaturas na extração e estabilidade de antocianinas, taninos e do precursor de aroma acetato de isoamila. Uvas da variedade Syrah colhidas no inverno foram submetidas a vinificação com maceração pré-fermentativa a frio (5 - 8°C) e posterior fermentação alcoólica na presença das cascas a baixa temperatura (15 °C), e também pelo método tradicional (maceração e fermentação alcoólica entre 20 e 23°C). Teores de polifenóis totais, antocianinas, intensidade e tonalidade de cor, compostos fenólicos, flavanóis, índice de pigmentos polimerizados e acetato de isoamila foram avaliados durante a maceração e nas etapas de fermentação malolática, engarrafamento e envelhecimento em garrafa. Os vinhos com 14 meses de envelhecimento foram submetidos a um painel sensorial. O método de maceração tradicional permitiu maior extração de antocianinas e, consequentemente, maior intensidade de cor. Entretanto, o emprego do frio preservou os tons azuis (OD 620%) durante o envelhecimento, o que indica menor oxidação do vinho. A concentração de compostos fenólicos também foi maior na maceração tradicional. O vinho submetido ao frio apresentou maior índice de pigmentos polimerizados e maior preservação de tons vermelhos e compostos fenólicos totais durante o envelhecimento, além de menores teores de acetato de isoamila. Não houve diferença estatística entre os descritores apresentados na análise sensorial; entretanto, a média do parâmetro de preferência global foi maior no método tradicional. Os resultados indicam potencial de preservação dos compostos fenólicos pelo uso do tratamento a frio, entretanto outras técnicas devem ser avaliadas para melhorar a extração desses compostos em uvas colhidas no inverno. / In an attempt to elaborate red wines of great color, aroma, body and identity, winemakers overextract phenolic compounds at maceration. At this step, which occurs during must fermentation, grape solids are extracted from skins and seeds and their structure are modified to more stable forms over time. Factors such as types of maceration, pumping-over, maceration time and temperature are critical in this red winemaking step. The modification of grapevine cycle in the southeastern region of Brazil to harvest grapes in the winter season has improved phenolic ripeness of the berries. Grapes harvested at this period have potential to ageing, however there are few studies to establish the best winemaking techniques for these berries. This study aimed to evaluate the use of low temperature in the extraction and stability of anthocyanins, tannins and flavor precursor isoamyl acetate. Syrah grapes harvested in winter season were processed with pre-fermentative cold maceration (5 - 8 °C) and then allowed to start alcoholic fermentation in the presence of pomace at low temperature (15 °C), and also processed by the conventional method (maceration and alcoholic fermentation between 20 and 23°C). Total polyphenols, anthocyanins, intensity and color hue, phenolic compounds, flavanols, polymerized pigments index and isoamyl acetate were evaluated during maceration, malolactic fermentation, bottling and bottle ageing steps. Wines aged in bottles for 14 months were subjected to a sensory panel. The conventional method allowed more anthocyanins extraction and consequently resulted in wines with more color intensity. However, the use of cold temperatures preserved the blue component (OD 620%) during ageing, which indicates less wine oxidation. The concentration of phenolic compounds was also higher in wines from the conventional method. Cold macerated wines showed higher polymerized pigments index and preservation of the red component of color and total phenolic compounds during ageing, and lower levels of isoamyl acetate. There was no statistical difference among sensory descriptors presented in the sensorial analysis; however, the parameter of overall preference was higher scored for the conventional method. Results showed potential for phenolic compounds stabilization by the use of cold treatment, but other techniques should be evaluated to improve the extraction of these compounds in grapes harvested in winter season.

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