In this study I examined the moderating effect of three profiles of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA at baseline, in response to a stressor, and in recovery from a stressor) on the relationship between parental emotion socialization during an emotion-related discussion and parental report of child internalizing symptoms 6 months later. Parents were observed during an emotion discussion task and coded for their use of emotion encouragement and general positive involvement. A total of 65 families with children between the ages of eight and ten years old completed this task while RSA scores were obtained from children during baseline, task, and recovery phases. Regression analyses were conducted to test for main effects of parental emotion socialization and RSA, as well as two-way emotion socialization x RSA interactions, in the development of internalizing symptoms 6 months following the initial interview. Interactions were further examined for the degree they statistically conformed to either a diathesis-stress or biological sensitivity to context framework (BSC). Hypotheses were partially supported: main effects were found for RSA baseline and recovery, whereas RSA reactivity moderated the association between parental emotion encouragement and child internalizing symptoms, such that parents of children exhibiting RSA withdrawal reported greater internalizing symptoms in the context of low emotion encouragement and lesser internalizing symptoms in the context of high emotion encouragement. This study highlights the importance of considering child psychophysiology, particularly reactivity to stress, in the study of the effects of parental emotion socialization on the development of psychopathology during childhood.

Les techniques de traitement du signal numérique prennent une place grandissante en rythmologie clinique. Ces outils offrent de nouvelles perspectives d'amélioration de la détection d'anomalies rythmiques subtiles et d'interprétation des arythmies complexes. Notre travail se focalise sur l'apport des techniques de traitement du signal pour les arythmies ventri­culaires. Il s'intéresse à trois champs complémentaires: les signaux unidimensionnels (ECG et EGM), la cartographie non-invasive, et la cartographie invasive. Concernant les signaux unidimensionnels, nous proposons tout d'abord une méthodologie d'amélio­ration du rapport signal sur bruit des enregistrements ECG par des méthodes de moyennage et de gating respiratoire. Cette méthodologie offre des perspectives intéressantes pour [a détection de si­gnaux anormaux de faible amplitude et pour la mesure non-invasive de l'intervalle HV. Nous détaillons ensuite les liens entre signaux endocardiques et ECG en fibrillation ventriculaire (FV), en montrant notamment que les fréquences dominantes sont fortement corrélées et qu'une fragmentation endocardique se traduit sur l'ECG de surface par une chute de l'amplitude. Enfin, nous démontrons par une analyse fréquentielle de 63épisodes de FV le lien entre les caractéristiques de ces épisodes et les caractéristiques cliniques des patients qui en sont victimes. Notamment, la fréquence dominante est très corrélée à la cardiopathie sous jacente. Le mode et le site d'induc tion ont également un impact important sur l'arythmie, aussi bien sur les fréquences que le degré de fragmentation et la phase de l'ECG de surface. Concernant la cartographie non-invasive, nous présentons une comparaison de différentes méthodes de résolution en potentiel du problème inverse. Cette comparaison démontre que la méthodologie ECGi fait partie des meilleures approches évaluées. Nous proposons ensuite une étude de validation des cartes d'activation ventriculaires par ECGi dans un contexte clinique sur 55 patients. Cette étude retrouve une corrélation médiocre entre les cartes non-invasives et les cartes de référence. Les résultats sont hétérogènes, avec une bonne corrélation sur les rythmes avec QRS larges. Nous proposons ensuite quelques pistes d'amélioration de ces cartes d'activation, par une analyse nouvelle de la solution fondamentale ECGi qui s'intéresse au gradient et au laplacien du potentiel et par un post-traitement des potentiels reconstruits, en combinant une évaluation des délais entre points voisin avec une mesure locale de temps d'activation. Ces deux techniques permettent une amélioration significative de la qualité des cartes reconstruites. Concernant la cartographie invasive, nous nous intéressons aux domaines et aux techniques d'inter­ polation de mesures ponctuelles. Nous montrons l'importance de ces techniques sur le rendu final d'une carte d'activation. Nous utilisons ensuite une de ces méthodologies pour produire des cartes améliorées chez les pa­tients porteurs d'un syndrome de Brugada. Nous montrons qu'il existe chez ces patients des arguments cliniques en faveur d'un bloc partiel de conduction endo-épicardique prédominant au niveau de l'infundibulum et de la partie latérobasale du ventricule droit. Enfin, nous montrons à l'aide d'un modèle in silico les conséquences arythmogènes d'une telle dis­ sociation, qui se traduit par une inductibilité accrue lorsque le nombre de connexions fonctionnelles résiduelles diminue. Au TOTAL, notre travail utilise les techniques de traitement du signal pour différentes applications autour des arythmies ventriculaires. Nous proposons plusieurs innovations méthodologiques per­mettant d'extraire et de traiter de manière nouvelle le signal électrique cardiaque. Les techniques de cartographie non-invasives doivent encore être améliorées pour tenir toutes leurs promesses. L'élec­trocardiographie et la cartographie de contact pourront voir leur champ d'utilisation étendu par ces innovations. / Signal processing tools are increasingly present in the electrophysiologist' s daily practice. These tools have the potential to enhance the detection of small electrical anomalies, and to enable the analysis of complex arrhythmia. Our work focuses on ventricular arrhythmia, and more specifically on how signal processing tech­ niques can help usbetter understand these diseases. lt is made up of three parts,focusing on different topics: uni-dimensional signal analysis (ECG and endocardial electrograms), non-invasive mapping, and invasive contact mapping. Concerning uni-dimensional signal analysis, we first propose a method to enhance the signal to noise ratio of ECG recordings. We use a combination of signal averaging and respiration gating to achieve this goal, and offer interesting perspectives for the detection of abnormal low amplitude potentials and non-invasive measurement of the HV interval. We then analyze the relationship between endocardial and ECG signais during ventricular fibrilla­ tion (VF) episodes. We demonstrate that endocardial and ECG dominant frequencies are similar,and that higher endocardial fragmentation results in a drop of the waveform amplitude on the surface ECG. Finally, we demonstrate through frequency domain analysis of 63 VF episodes a clear correlation between VF characteristics and clinical factors. Dominant frequency is particularly useful to dis­ criminate between different underlying causal substrates. We also demonstrate that VF characteris­ tics depend on the induction mode and induction site, in terms of dominant frequency, amount of fragmentation and ECG phase. Concerning non-invasive mapping, we compare different potential-based inverse problem resolution techniques. ECGi appears as one of the most reliable techniques. A clinical validation study of non-invasive ventricular activation mapping using ECGi isthen carried­ out. Fifty-five patients were included for whom non-invasive maps are compared to contact maps. We show a very poor overall correlation between non-invasive and invasive maps. Results are het­ erogeneous, with good correlation in patients with wide QRS activation patterns. Wethen propose different techniques to improve non-invasive activation mapping. A first study uses the surface laplacian and the gradient of the inverse-computed potential as inputs to activation map­ ping. A second study combines estimated delays between neighboring points and local activation time estimates to create a more globally coherent solution. Both studies demonstrate a significant improvement of activation maps. Concerning contact mapping, we first give an overview of interpolation domains and techniques that can be used to provide dense activation maps from sparse measures. We illustrate the influence of these techniques on the clinician's ability to make a correct diagnosis. We then use one of these interpolation techniques to create epicardial activation maps in Brugada patients. We show that these patients harbor epicardial electrical activity compatible with partial endo-epicardial conduction block. This phenomenon predominates in the right ventricular lateral wall and outflow tract. Finally,using an in silico model, we demonstrate the arrhythmogenic potential of such a dissociation. lnducibility peaks as the number of residual functional connections between endo and epicardium falls. ÜVERALL, our work uses signal processing techniques for different applications conceming ven­ tricular arrhythmia. We propose different methodological innovations that allow us to record and process cardiac electrical activity with increasing precision. Further progress is still required before non-invasive mapping can live up to its promises. The proposed methodological innovations can extend the use of electrocardiography and invasive mapping.

Orientador: Mario Roberto Hatayde / Banca: Mirela Tinucci Costa / Banca: Wanderson Adriano Biscola Pereira / Resumo: O N. oleander é uma planta com ampla distribuição mundial, principalmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Esses arbustos são frequentemente usados como plantas ornamentais e possuem mais de 30 glicosídeos cardíacos, causadores do quadro clínico de intoxicação em caninos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações clínicas, eletrocardiográficas, bioquímicas, hematológicas e histológicas do rim e avaliar o efeito do uso da frutose 1,6 difosfato e da glicose como alternativas de tratamento em cães intoxicados com 0,25g/Kg de folhas frescas trituradas e adicionadas à ração em única dose. Foram utilizados 10 cães adultos, hígidos, sem raça definida, com 10 a 25Kg de peso, de 4 a 8 anos de idade. Foram distribuídos em dois grupos (Gl e Gll) com 5 animais cada. Para o Gl o tratamento consistiu na administração de uma solução a 10 % de glicose a 50mg/Kg via intravenosa (IV) e em seguida uma infusão continua a 10% de glicose IV por uma hora a 10ml/kg e Gll recebeu frutose 1,6 difosfato, IV a 50mg/Kg, e em seguida uma infusão a 10% da mesma solução, durante uma hora a 10ml/kg. Nenhum dos animais do experimento veio a óbito e todos apresentaram sinais após a intoxicação como: vômito, sialorréia, náuseas, apatia, conjuntiva ocular congesta, desidratação, dor abdominal, tremores, diarréia, inapetência e tenesmo. Observou-se elevação principalmente da GGTU, CK e CKMB. Pela análise do eletrocardiograma encontrou-se arritmias como: bradicardia sinusal, bloqueios atrioventriculares de segundo grau, taquicardia ventricular paroxística e complexos ventriculares prematuros. Na histopatologia não se encontrou alterações no rim. Não observou-se diferença significativa entre tratamentos e na parte clínica houve melhora para Gll observada no consumo de alimento ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: N. oleander is a plant with worldwide distribution, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. These shrubs are frequently used as ornamental plants and have more than 30 cardiac glycosides that can cause poisoning in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate alterations in clinical, electrocardiographic, biochemical, hematological parameters, as well as kidney histology, and to evaluate the effect of the use of fructose 1,6 diphosphate and glucose as alternative treatments in dogs poisoned by 0.25 g/kg of fresh ground leaves added to the kibble in a single dose. Ten adult, healthy, mongrel dogs weighing 10 to 25kg and 4 to 8 years old were selected for the study. They were distributed into two groups (GI and GII) of 5 animals each. For GI, treatment consisted of intravenous (IV) administration of 50 mg/kg of a 10% glucose solution followed by continuous IV infusion of 10% glucose at 10 ml/kg for one hour. GII received a solution of fructose 1,6 diphosphate at a dose of 50 mg/kg intravenously followed by infusion of 10 ml/kg of the same 10 % solution for one hour. None of the animals died and all exhibited signs of poisoning as: vomiting, sialorrhea, nausea, apathy, conjunctiva congestion, dehydration, abdominal pain, tremors, diarrhea, loss of appetite and tenesmus. An increase in values of biochemical parameters, especially urinary γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTU), creatinine kinase (CK) and myocardial bound creatinine kinase (CKMB) were mainly. The electrocardiogram revealed arrhythmias such as: sinus bradycardia, second degree atrioventricular block, paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and ventricular premature complexes. No alterations were found for kidney histology. No significant difference was seen when comparing treatments. Clinically, there was improvement in feed consumption observed for GII ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Peter A. Bonee, Jr. / B.S.

Thesis. 1976. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Barker. / Includes bibliographical references. / M.S.

Sickle cell trait (SCT), sickle cell disease’s carrier status, is a common genetic variant found in many people of African, South Asian, Middle Eastern and Mediterranean descent. While overall considered a benign carrier status, it has been associated with an increased risk of several diseases, including exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER), and chronic kidney disease. While epidemiological evidence links SCT with ER, the actual pathophysiological mechanism less understood. Additionally, while there is an increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) documented in people with sickle cell disease, studies in individuals with SCT are lacking. The objectives of this thesis are twofold: The first chapter is a literature review of studies to examine the physiological mechanisms linking SCT and exertional rhabdomyolysis. The second chapter is original research into the associations of SCT with AF. The first chapter reviews studies that identify aggravating factors that may promote ER. It then reviews observed pathophysiological changes in people with SCT that may increase the risk of ER. It summarizes studies that assess mitigating factors that decrease the risk of ER. It then presents a postulated pathway of mechanisms that associate SCT with ER. The second chapter uses data from African-American participants in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study to assess the association of SCT with prevalent AF (by electrocardiogram or medical history) using logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, income, education, history of stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. In 10,409 participants with baseline ECG data and genotyping, 778 (7.5%) had SCT and 811 (7.8%) had prevalent AF. After adjusting for age, sex, education and income, SCT was associated with AF, OR 1.32 (95% CI 1.03-1.70). SCT remained associated with prevalent AF after adjusting for potential factors on the causal pathway such as hypertension and chronic kidney disease suggesting alternate mechanisms for the increased risk. SCT was associated with a higher prevalence of AF and a non-significantly higher incident AF over a 9.2 year period independent of AF risk factors.

Extant literature suggests that experiences of childhood adversity put individuals at increased risk for deleterious emotional-behavioral and metabolic outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms through which early adversity confers risk for such outcomes remains poorly understood. Therefore, this project sought to examine the extent to which Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia reactivity (RSA-R), a metric of Parasympathetic Nervous System functioning, influences the relationship between adversity exposure and metrics of emotional-behavioral and metabolic health during childhood. Based on prior literature, we hypothesized that RSA-R would significantly moderate the association between exposure to childhood adversity and both emotional-behavioral and metabolic health. This hypothesis was partially supported. Indeed, RSA-R interacted with experiences of childhood adversity to predict internalizing symptoms and metabolic dysfunction. The implications of these findings and directions for future research will be discussed.

Neuronal, cardiac, and skeletal muscle electrical signaling is achieved through the highly regulated activity of several types of voltage-gated ion channels to produce an action potential (AP). Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are responsible for repolarization of the AP. Kv channels are uniquely and heavily glycosylated proteins. Previous reports indicate glycosylation modulates gating of some Kv channel isoforms; often, terminal sialic acid residues alter Kv channel gating. Here, we questioned whether alterations in glycosylation impact Kv channel gating, thus altering APs and cardiac excitability. ST3Gal-IV, a sialyltransferase expressed at uniform levels throughout the heart, adds sialic acids to N- and O-glycans through alpha 2-3 linkages. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) suggest that cardiac conduction/rhythm are altered in ST3Gal-IV(-/-) animals, which show an increased incidence of arrhythmic beats. AP waveform parameters and two components of IK, the transient outward, Ito, and the slowly inactivating, IK,slow, were compared in neonatal control versus ST3Gal-IV(-/-) and glycosidase treated atrial and ventricular myocytes. Action potential durations (APDs) measured from ST3Gal-IV(-/-) and glycosidase treated atrial myocytes were lengthened significantly (~25-150%) compared to control; however, ventricular APDs were unaffected by changes in glycosylation. Consistently, atrial Ito and IK,slow activation were shifted to more depolarized potentials (by ~9-17 mV) in ST3Gal-IV(-/-) and glycosidase treated myocytes, while ventricular K+ currents were unaltered. Those channels responsible for producing Ito and IK,slow were examined under conditions of full and reduced glycosylation. Sialylation and N-glycosylation uniquely and differently impact gating of two mammalian Shaker family Kv channel isoforms, Kv1.4 and Kv1.5; Kv1.4 gating was unaffected by changes in channel glycosylation, while N-linked sialic acids, acting through electrostatic mechanisms, fully account for glycan effects on Kv1.5 gating. In addition, sialic acids modulate the gating of three Kv channel isoforms that are not N-glycosylated, Kv2.1, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3, through apparent electrostatic mechanisms. Click chemistry was utilized to confirm that these three isoforms are O-glycosylated and sialylated; thus, O-linked sialylation modulates gating of Kv2.1, Kv4.2, and Kv4.3. This study suggests that regulated or aberrant glycosylation alters the gating of channels producing IK in a chamber-specific manner, thus altering the rate of cardiac repolarization and potentially leading to arrhythmias.

Bibliography: leaves 97-112. / vii, 112 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 2003

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.