Comment reconnaît –on que l'apprentissage est efficace ? C’est une de nos questions à laquelle nous cherchons à répondre dans notre fonction de conseillère pédagogique. Bon nombre d'enseignants se plaignent que les élèves ne font pas l'unité des connaissances qu'ils acquièrent. Nous soulignons en particulier les mathématiques et les sciences physiques qui restent des vases étanches. Ce sont des îlots qu'il faut découvrir un à un sans se soucier de leur complémentarité. Certaines questions nous retiennent, est-ce que la présentation du programme et des contenus favorise l'articulation transdisciplinaire des connaissances ? Est-ce que la méthode de l'enseignant guide l'élève à articuler les connaissances acquises ? Est-ce que l'élève lui-même est capable de faire le transfert des connaissances acquises ? A l'exemple de la notion de proportionnalité, dans quelle mesure la présentation des contenus relatifs à la proportionnalité dans les disciplines des mathématiques et sciences physiques, favorise-t-elle l'articulation par les élèves des connaissances et des compétences ? Notre étude va essayer d'expliciter et de comprendre comment les élèves conceptualisent les connaissances, car la première difficulté tient au fait que la capacité de transfert des connaissances de l'élève dépend de sa méthode d'intégration. Une des conditions de transfert est la construction de sens. Le transfert de compétences n'est pas l'affaire de l'élève seul bien que la plus grande partie s'impose au dernier. Chacun a son propre rapport au savoir, ce qui nous invite à tenir compte de la place de la culture malgache dans l'apprentissage. L’élève est partagé entre différents cadres. De ce fait, le cadre de rationalité est important dans l'analyse des ruptures et les filiations des connaissances et des compétences dans les disciplines. / How can we assess the way we teach is efficient? This is one of the many questions. I’ll try to answer as a teacher trainer. Many teachers complain that students are unable to unify their knowledge. We wish to emphasize the fact this particularly true of mathematics and physics which still remain as subjects taught in class as “insulated vessels”. They’re like isolated islands one has to explore one after the other, indifferent to their complementary. Various questions arise at this stage. Does the layout of curriculum and its contents help link up the knowledge, the skills developed in various subjects? Does the teacher’s approach offer the students the necessary guidance to link up the knowledge acquired in various disciplines? Are the students capable of transferring the knowledge they have acquired we’ll take the example of proportionality. To what extent the layout of the content concerning proportionality help students to link up knowledge and skill? The present work aims at explicating and analyzing how students conceptualize knowledge: the main difficulty lies in the student’s ability to transfer to transfer knowledge this depends on how the students integrate this. One of the conditions for transferring efficiently is making sense. Transferring skill doesn’t only depend on the student’s abilities although the greater part lies on the latter. Each student develops his own perception of knowledge, we have take Madagascar culture into account the process of learning students remain divided between different frameworks. Consequently the framework of rationality remains essential in the analysis of breaks and links in the knowledge and skill developed in the discipline.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 98401.pdf.jpg: 18155 bytes, checksum: 7878798b0c765f2ba045407a500ace4f (MD5) 98401.pdf: 1790457 bytes, checksum: 008620286692c19b422a4bb22269c19d (MD5) 98401.pdf.txt: 930766 bytes, checksum: 953551ff8bb3eac613d164ec55d3ee8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-24T00:00:00Z / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar se programas de relação entre universidade e sociedade orientados para a valorização e articulação de diferentes saberes são espaços privilegiados de aprendizagem organizacional. Foram estudados oito programas de relação entre universidade e sociedade, criados entre 1992 e 2001 e ainda em curso, no Brasil. Foram exploradas características de processos de aprendizagem no contexto das atividades desses programas, bem como mecanismos pelos quais articulam diferentes saberes, tanto entre segmentos nas próprias universidades, como em suas relações com a sociedade. O Programa de Desenvolvimento e Gestão Social (PDGS), da Universidade Federal da Bahia, foi estudado em profundidade, por meio da observação participante, entre agosto de 2003 e fevereiro de 2005. O foco da análise foi uma experiência de residência social – metodologia desenvolvida pelo PDGS para a formação de gestores sociais, baseada na articulação entre saberes científicos multidisciplinares e saberes não-científicos. Os demais sete programas foram estudados por meio de recursos para estudos de casos múltiplos, buscando-se ampliar a compreensão do fenômeno em análise: aprendizagem e articulação de saberes nas relações entre universidade e sociedade. O estudo baseou-se na abordagem social da aprendizagem, o que implica na ênfase às interações sociais que propiciam oportunidades de aprendizagem individual e organizacional, sobretudo no âmbito de comunidades de prática, em lugar da ênfase à aprendizagem que acontece na mente dos indivíduos, própria da abordagem cognitiva da aprendizagem. Foram, também, discutidas as relações entre o conhecimento científico e outros tipos de conhecimentos presentes na sociedade, buscando-se identificar a possibilidade de um padrão de relação mais horizontalizado entre eles do que o padrão definido a partir da ruptura da ciência com o senso comum, que fundou a ciência moderna. O estudo permitiu concluir que os programas analisados podem ser considerados espaços privilegiados de aprendizagem organizacional, embora enfrentem limites de diversas ordens para que esse potencial seja plenamente exercido. Conclui-se, ainda, que a aprendizagem e a articulação de diferentes saberes potencializam-se mutuamente e que ambas são propiciadas em situações que envolvem o engajamento de pessoas de diferentes formações e trajetórias em torno de práticas e empreendimentos compartilhados. / This work aims to identify if programmes based on the relationship between universities and the society, oriented to the valorisation of knowledge interaction are privileged spaces of organizational learning. One studied eight programmes based on the relationship between university and the society, created between 1992 and 2001, which are still running in Brazil. It was explored characteristics of learning process in the context of activities of these programmes, as well as mechanisms through which different forms of knowledge are linked, both in segments of universities themselves and in their relation with society. The Programa de Desenvolvimento e Gestão Social (PDGS), from the Universidade Federal da Bahia, was deeply studied using participant observation, between August 2003 and February 2005. The focus of this analysis was an experience called residência social (social internship) – a methodology developed by PDGS to form social managers, rooted on the interaction and sharing of multidisciplinary scientific knowledge and non-scientific knowledge. The other programmes were studied using multiple case study approach and sought to extend the comprehension of the phenomena under analysis: learning and articulation of knowledge between universities and society. The study was grounded in the social learning approach, which implies the emphasis of social interactions to create opportunities of individual and organizational learning, particularly in the context of communities of practice, replacing the emphasis on individual’s minds, as the cognitive learning approach emphasizes. It was also discussed the relationships among scientific knowledge and other types of knowledge found in society, seeking to identify the possibility of constituency of a more horizontal pattern of interaction between them, instead of focusing on the rupture between science and common sense that launched modern science. This study allows concluding that the programmes analysed can be considered privileged spaces of organizational learning, despite the limitation of different sorts posed on the development of this potential. Ones also conclude that learning and interaction of different knowledge can be mutually reinforced and that both occur in situations that involve people with different backgrounds and histories around practices and shared initiatives.