Xylella fastidiosa is a small, xylem-limited bacterium that causes a number of diseases in over 100 species of plants. Many of the species infected are economically important (such as coffee, grapevines, citrus, and almond) and billions of dollars worldwide are lost annually due to X. fastidiosa infection of crops. The bacterium colonises both plant and insect hosts, using the insect host to transfer it from plant to plant. Sequencing of the X. fastidiosa genome in 2000 discovered that while the genome is reduced, it contains a high number of putative bifunctional enzymes. One of these enzymes, aspartate kinase:diaminopimelate decarboxylase (AK:DapDc), occurs in only a handful of species and is predicted to catalyse the first and last steps of lysine biosynthesis. This study reports the first experimental characterisation of this enzyme. AK:DapDc was over-expressed in the pET30dSE plasmid in Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 cells. It was purified by Ni2+ His-Trap chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography. Homology models of AK:DapDc were created in SWISS-MODEL, which indicate homology with the aspartate kinase from Arabidopsis thaliana and the diaminopimelate decarboxylase from E. coli. Circular dichroism, and analytical ultracentrifugation were used to obtain information about the secondary and quaternary structure of AK:DapDc. This data, in combination with the homology models, suggests that AK:DapDc exists as a dimer or tetramer in solution. A coupled enzyme assay to assay for diaminopimelate decarboxylase activity has been set up, and preliminary crystal screens have been carried out.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2003. / Advisor: Gerard Wright. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Les relais de phosphorylation de type histidine/aspartate constituent des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la perception et la transduction des signaux jusqu’à la mise en place de réponses spécifiques. Ils mettent en jeu un récepteur ou Histidine aspartate Kinase (HK), des protéines navettes en charge de la transmission du phosphate (HPt) et des Régulateurs de Réponse (RR). L’implication d’un tel système dans la transduction du signal de la contrainte osmotique est avérée chez la levure et fortement suspectée chez Arabidopsis. Ce travail de thèse visait d’une part à caractériser l’implication de cette voie de transduction de la contrainte osmotique chez le peuplier, avec l’identification de partenaires HPt et RR en aval du récepteur HK1 et d’autre part à caractériser le mode de fonctionnement d’un RR de type-B. HK1, un osmosenseur membranaire détecterait le signal et le transmettrait à trois HPt préférentielles. De plus, un partenariat d’interaction se dégagerait entre ces trois HPt et certains RR-B. La régulation transcriptionnelle observée lors d’une contrainte osmotique pour deux des représentants des RR-B témoigne d’une possible implication de ces RR dans cette voie. Ces protéines sont des facteurs de transcription dont la fonction a été confirmée in planta pour l’un d’entre eux. La dimérisation du domaine receveur du RR et son interaction avec le domaine de fixation à l’ADN ou domaine GARP apparaissent comme des points de contrôle clés dans la régulation de l’activité effectrice des RR-B. De plus, la capacité d’un RR-B à se fixer sur ses motifs de reconnaissance (boîtes AGAT) a pu être vérifiée in vitro et la présence de ces séquences a d’ailleurs été retrouvée dans des gènes régulés par la contrainte osmotique. Ce travail prospectif ouvre des perspectives concernant l’implication des RR-B dans la voie de transduction du signal de la contrainte osmotique, et propose notamment des mécanismes fins pour l’élaboration d’une réponse hautement spécifique. / Multistep His-to-Asp phosphorelay systems are signaling pathways devoted to signal perception and transduction for establishment of specific responses. These systems are composed of three successive partners: Histidine-aspartate Kinases (HKs), Histidine-containing Phosphotransfer proteins (HPts), and Response Regulators (RRs). One of the best characterized corresponding systems is the osmo-responsive pathway in yeast. Such systems are also suspected in Arabidopsis. This work aimed to characterize the involvement of an osmosensing pathway in Populus by identifying HPt and RR elements downstream of HK1 and to reveal the underlying mechanisms for the activity of a RR-B. HK1, membrane osmosensor, is expected to be responsible for signal detection and propagation by triggering the activation of three preferential HPt. Furthermore, an interacting partnership between those HPts and particular B-type RRs was observed. Two of them appear to be regulated by an osmotic stress, suggesting their possible involvement in this pathway. The B-type RR members, the final output elements of the pathway, act as transcription factors, as shown for at least for one of them in planta. Taken together, the dimerization of the RR receiver domain and its interaction with its DNA binding domain (GARP), are likely key checkpoints in the regulation of RR-B activity. Besides, the ability of one RR-B to bind its cognate specific DNA sequences (AGAT boxes) was confirmed in vitro and those were found in promoters of osmotic response genes. This work opens up prospects for the involvement of RR-B in the osmotic stress signaling pathway and suggests mechanisms tuning induction of specific responses.

Esta pesquisa bibliográfica teve o propósito de elucidar a via do acido aspártico, apontando como fonte deste estudo os cereais. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa consistiu em estudar a via do acido aspártico, visando descrever uma variedade de técnicas de engenharia genética e bioquímicas que podem ser empregadas para aumentar a qualidade nutricional de cereais, podendo, assim, compreender o que acarreta o aumento do acumulo de lisina, metionina e treonina nos grãos para suprir essa necessidade na formação de uma proteína balanceada nutricionalmente. Foi realizada uma busca exaustiva em bases de dados Google Scholar, Portal Capes, ISI web of Science, no período de publicação de 1970 a 2012. Foram adotados textos de referencia internacional e nacional. Esta pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas: via do acido aspártico e seus aminoácidos derivados em plantas superiores de 1970 a 1997, via metabólica do acido aspártico no período de 1997 a 2006 e estratégias interessantes para aumentar o nível dos aminoácidos essenciais da via do acido aspártico em plantas no período de 2006 ate o momento. A primeira etapa foi desenvolvida relatando o acido aspártico como precursor dos aminoácidos essenciais: metionina, lisina, treonina e isoleucina. Entre os essenciais, a lisina e um dos mais estudados devido a escassez em muitos cereais, o que contribuiu para o estudo extensivo da via do acido aspártico, revelando, assim, a importância da aspartato quinase (AK), homoserina desidrogenase (HSDH) e dihidrodipicolinato sintase (DHDPS) como enzimas chaves para a regulação da síntese de lisina. A aspartato quinase (AK) exerce um controle sobre via do acido aspártico. A enzima dihidrodipicolinato sintase (DHDPS) regula a síntese de lisina. Na segunda etapa foi apresentada a importância dos aminoácidos sintetizados nas plantas através de complexas vias metabólicas que são controladas por enzimas, intermediários, substratos e aminoácidos. Este estudo também relata os aspectos importantes para uma melhor compreensão da síntese e o acumulo de aminoácidos solúveis e incorporados em proteínas. A terceira etapa foi apresentar estratégias interessantes para utilização em estudos, visando aumentar o nível de aminoácidos essenciais através da manipulação de genes já existentes, como também a introdução de genes estranhos nas plantas. Devido a importância nutricional, essa via tem sido extensivamente estudada, utilizando técnicas de engenharia genética e bioquímica. Pesquisadores tem apresentado esforços considerados no estudo desta via a fim de contribuir para futuras manipulações genéticas, cujo objetivo e produzir plantas com alto conteúdo de lisina, metionina e treonina. / The aim of this research was to elucidate the aspartate metabolic pathway using grains of cereal as a source of study. Therefore, it was necessary to understand the aspartate metabolic pathway in order to depict various biochemical and genetic techniques which can be used to enhance the nutritional value in cereals. After studying theses issues, it was possible to understand the results of having cereals with a high lysine, methionine, and threonine content, so that grains can have balanced protein content. For that reason, an exhaustive research was done by using international and national scientific data published in 1970 to 2012. These data were found in Google Scholar, Portal Capes, and ISI Web of Science. This research was divided in three parts: studies of aspartate metabolic pathway and their essential amino acids derived from plants published in 1970 to 1997, studies of aspartate metabolic pathway published in the period of 1997 to 2006, and interesting strategies to enhance the level of essential amino acids of the aspartate metabolic pathway in plants from 2006 to this moment. Firstly, this investigation reported about the aspartic acid as a precursor of essential amino acids such as methionine, lysine, threonine, and isoleucyne. Among the essential amino acids, lysine has been the most researched due to its lack in many kinds of grains. Needless to say, it has contributed to the intensive study showing the relevancy of aspartate kinase (AK), homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH), dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), as key enzymes for lysine regulation. The aspartate kinase (AK) has an important role on the aspartate metabolic pathway, meanwhile the dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is intrinsically involved on lysine synthesis regulation. Secondly, this investigation presented the importance of the amino acids which are synthesized by plants through metabolic pathways that are controlled by enzymes, intermediates, substrates, and amino acids. In addition, this research reported relevant aspects whereby scientists can improve their understanding about the synthesis and accumulation of soluble amino acids which are incorporated in proteins. Finally, the third part showed interesting strategies which can be used in future researches in order to increase not only the level of essential amino acids by manipulating genes, but also the introduction of odd genes in plants. Given the nutritional relevancy, this pathway has been extensively investigated by using techniques used by biochemical and genetic engineering. Hence, researchers have demonstrated a considerable effort on this matter contributing for future genetic manipulations, so that plants with high lysine, methionine, and threonine content can be produced.

La voie de l'aspartate a été étudiée chez le maïs au travers de l'expression des gènes ask1, ask2, akh1 et akh2 codant pour des aspartates kinases, le dosage des acides aminés et le suivi isotopique de l'incorporation du 15N, issu de l'asp-15N, dans les acides aminés dérivés. Il apparaît que la voie de l'aspartate diffère entre deux lignées (lente et rapide) de maïs : une vitesse de germination lente serait associée à un effet inhibiteur de l'accumulation de lysine ou à un contenu limité en thréonine et méthionine. L'étude de l'effet de la lysine, par une recherche de QTLs (T50) en présence d'acides aminés, met en évidence un QTL spécifique à la germination en présence de lysine qui co-localise avec un QTL spécifique à la germination en condition de stress « froid ». L'ensemble des résultats obtenus indique que la teneur en lysine du grain serait en partie responsable de la vitesse de germination

Esta pesquisa bibliográfica teve o propósito de elucidar a via do acido aspártico, apontando como fonte deste estudo os cereais. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa consistiu em estudar a via do acido aspártico, visando descrever uma variedade de técnicas de engenharia genética e bioquímicas que podem ser empregadas para aumentar a qualidade nutricional de cereais, podendo, assim, compreender o que acarreta o aumento do acumulo de lisina, metionina e treonina nos grãos para suprir essa necessidade na formação de uma proteína balanceada nutricionalmente. Foi realizada uma busca exaustiva em bases de dados Google Scholar, Portal Capes, ISI web of Science, no período de publicação de 1970 a 2012. Foram adotados textos de referencia internacional e nacional. Esta pesquisa foi dividida em três etapas: via do acido aspártico e seus aminoácidos derivados em plantas superiores de 1970 a 1997, via metabólica do acido aspártico no período de 1997 a 2006 e estratégias interessantes para aumentar o nível dos aminoácidos essenciais da via do acido aspártico em plantas no período de 2006 ate o momento. A primeira etapa foi desenvolvida relatando o acido aspártico como precursor dos aminoácidos essenciais: metionina, lisina, treonina e isoleucina. Entre os essenciais, a lisina e um dos mais estudados devido a escassez em muitos cereais, o que contribuiu para o estudo extensivo da via do acido aspártico, revelando, assim, a importância da aspartato quinase (AK), homoserina desidrogenase (HSDH) e dihidrodipicolinato sintase (DHDPS) como enzimas chaves para a regulação da síntese de lisina. A aspartato quinase (AK) exerce um controle sobre via do acido aspártico. A enzima dihidrodipicolinato sintase (DHDPS) regula a síntese de lisina. Na segunda etapa foi apresentada a importância dos aminoácidos sintetizados nas plantas através de complexas vias metabólicas que são controladas por enzimas, intermediários, substratos e aminoácidos. Este estudo também relata os aspectos importantes para uma melhor compreensão da síntese e o acumulo de aminoácidos solúveis e incorporados em proteínas. A terceira etapa foi apresentar estratégias interessantes para utilização em estudos, visando aumentar o nível de aminoácidos essenciais através da manipulação de genes já existentes, como também a introdução de genes estranhos nas plantas. Devido a importância nutricional, essa via tem sido extensivamente estudada, utilizando técnicas de engenharia genética e bioquímica. Pesquisadores tem apresentado esforços considerados no estudo desta via a fim de contribuir para futuras manipulações genéticas, cujo objetivo e produzir plantas com alto conteúdo de lisina, metionina e treonina. / The aim of this research was to elucidate the aspartate metabolic pathway using grains of cereal as a source of study. Therefore, it was necessary to understand the aspartate metabolic pathway in order to depict various biochemical and genetic techniques which can be used to enhance the nutritional value in cereals. After studying theses issues, it was possible to understand the results of having cereals with a high lysine, methionine, and threonine content, so that grains can have balanced protein content. For that reason, an exhaustive research was done by using international and national scientific data published in 1970 to 2012. These data were found in Google Scholar, Portal Capes, and ISI Web of Science. This research was divided in three parts: studies of aspartate metabolic pathway and their essential amino acids derived from plants published in 1970 to 1997, studies of aspartate metabolic pathway published in the period of 1997 to 2006, and interesting strategies to enhance the level of essential amino acids of the aspartate metabolic pathway in plants from 2006 to this moment. Firstly, this investigation reported about the aspartic acid as a precursor of essential amino acids such as methionine, lysine, threonine, and isoleucyne. Among the essential amino acids, lysine has been the most researched due to its lack in many kinds of grains. Needless to say, it has contributed to the intensive study showing the relevancy of aspartate kinase (AK), homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH), dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), as key enzymes for lysine regulation. The aspartate kinase (AK) has an important role on the aspartate metabolic pathway, meanwhile the dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is intrinsically involved on lysine synthesis regulation. Secondly, this investigation presented the importance of the amino acids which are synthesized by plants through metabolic pathways that are controlled by enzymes, intermediates, substrates, and amino acids. In addition, this research reported relevant aspects whereby scientists can improve their understanding about the synthesis and accumulation of soluble amino acids which are incorporated in proteins. Finally, the third part showed interesting strategies which can be used in future researches in order to increase not only the level of essential amino acids by manipulating genes, but also the introduction of odd genes in plants. Given the nutritional relevancy, this pathway has been extensively investigated by using techniques used by biochemical and genetic engineering. Hence, researchers have demonstrated a considerable effort on this matter contributing for future genetic manipulations, so that plants with high lysine, methionine, and threonine content can be produced.