Hypothermia is increasingly being used as a treatment modality for many conditions. Therapeutic hypothermia is any technique in which the body temperature is lowered for reducing oxygen demand and metabolic rate as a means to prevent or minimize organ damage. The purpose of this thesis is to describe current applications of therapeutic hypothermia, including types of cooling techniques, patients who benefit from hypothermia, target temperature, and associated side effects. There are two clinical situations where large randomized studies have demonstrated benefit of therapeutic hypothermia in humans. The first is in treatment of neonates with asphyxia, and the second is for treating survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Most cooling research focuses on treatment with mild to moderate hypothermia, 32°C - 34°C. Noninvasive cooling methods include the traditional ice packs, fans, alcohol baths, and cooling blankets not attached to any monitoring device. Invasive cooling techniques consist of the infusion of ice-cold fluids, ice slurries, endovascular, and nasopharyngeal cooling. Patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia require close monitoring due to the increased risk of infections, skin break down, vital sign changes such as bradycardia, and electrolyte balances such as hypokalemia. Optimal depth and duration of hypothermia and optimal rate of re-warming are unknown. Further nursing research is needed for induced hypothermia guidelines as well as education.

<p> Asphyxia (hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis) sensing by neonatal adrenal chromaffin cells (AMC) plays a key role in the adaptation of the neonate to extrauterine environment. During birth, exposure of the neonate to episodes of acute asphyxia results in secretion of catecholamines from AMC, independent of neural inputs. This catecholamine (CAT) secretion promotes re-absorption of fluid and surfactant production in the lung, improved cardiac conductance, and assists in neonatal arousal. The asphyxia-sensing responses in AMC are lost postnatally during a time course that parallels splanchnic innervation. </p> </p> <p> The primary goal of this thesis was to uncover the mechanisms of asphyxia sensing in neonatal rat AMC, using primary and immortalized chromaffin cells, and to elucidate the potential role of innervation in the postnatal loss of these mechanisms. The experimental approaches relied on patch clamp techniques to record ionic currents and membrane potential, carbon fiber amperometry to monitor CAT secretion, chemiluminescence to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ATP secretion, and molecular techniques to examine protein and gene expression. </p> <p> In primary neonatal, but not juvenile AMC, hypoxia (PO₂ = 15 mmHg) caused a suppression of outward K⁺ current, membrane depolarization, and increased secretion. These effects were associated with a decrease in mitochondrial ROS production, were reversed by exogenous H₂O₂, and where mimicked by antioxidants. Of several mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitors tested, only rotenone, a complex I blocker, mimicked and occulded the effects of hypoxia. The immortalized chromaffin cell line (MAH cells) behaved similarly, and became hypoxia-insensitive when depleted of functional mitochondria (ρ0 MAH). Both neonatal AMC and immortalized MAH cells also responded to increased CO₂ (hypercapnia) with K⁺ current inhibition, membrane depolarized, increased intracellular Ca²⁺, and CAT secretion. However, these responses were independent of functional mitochondria and were associated with the expression of carbonic anhydrase II (CAII). </p> <p> Since the splanchnic nerve supplies both cholinergic and opioid peptidergic innervation to AMC, I tested the hypothesis that postsynaptic activation of the corresponding receptors might underlie the postnatal loss of asphyxia-sensing. First, to determine whether nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation was involved, pregnant rats were exposed to nicotine (or saline) during gestation and AMC were examined in the offspring, soon after birth. Control AMC isolated from pups born to saline-treated dams displayed typical responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia, including inhibition of outward K⁺ current, membrane depolarization, increased cytosolic calcium, and CAT secretion. In contrast, AMC from pups born to nicotine-treated dams showed a dramatic loss of hypoxic sensitivity, though hypercapnic sensitivity and the expression of CO₂ markers (i.e. carbonic anhydrase I and II) appeared normal. This effect of chronic nicotine could be reproduced in cultured chromaffin cells in vitro and was mediated via activation of α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), leading to upregulation of ATP-dependent (K_ATP) K⁺ channels, which open during hypoxia and cause membrane hyperpolarization. The upregulation of K_ATP channels involved expression ofthe hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF 2α). Second, to determine whether opioid receptor stimulation was also involved, cultured chromaffin cells were chronically exposed to mu, delta, or kappa opioid agonists in vitro. Treatment with both mu and delta, but not kappa, agonists resulted in the loss of both hypoxia and hypercapnia sensing and a decrease in CAII expression. </p> <p> Taken together, these studies suggest that neonatal chromaffin cells sense hypoxia via a reduction in ROS generation located at or upstream of mitochondrial complex I. Chronic stimulation of nicotinic α7 ACh receptors leads to a selective loss of hypoxia sensing and this appears to be mediated via a HIF 2α-dependent upregulation of K_ATP channels. These channels open during hypoxia causing membrane hyperpolarization and reduced excitability. The result of this upregulation of K_ATP channels results in cells deficient in the ability to respond to hypoxia. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This document presents five published journal articles all of which investigate the safety and effectiveness of interventions for aggression in mental health nursing. Early work focuses upon studies of the safety and effectiveness of interventions in the clinical setting. In the first article the research project examined the safety and effectiveness of a course of training in ‗control and restraint‘ (C&R) at a medium secure mental health unit. Mixed findings are reported, with some aspects of the study showing an increase in injuries whilst the overall outcome showed no significant change. The second article reports the pattern of incidents, and staff interventions, over a three year period in a different medium secure unit. A low threshold of reporting was encouraged and substantial numbers of incidents are described. Later work narrows the focus of the study onto a specific area of the safety of physical interventions for aggression: sudden death related to restraint. A published review of the literature on ‗positional asphyxia‘ is presented, discussing the key literature and developing the concept of ‗positional asphyxia.‘ Two research publications are also presented. In the first article the effect of body position on the rate of recovery from exercise is studied using pulse oximetry as a proxy measure of respiration. Equivocal results are reported. The second study shows a development of the methodology, following a similar design but using computer assisted pneumotachography to provide direct measurement of lung function. A clear pattern is demonstrated showing significant changes in lung function in prone restraint positions where the participant is flexed and/or body weight is applied. 4 The development of the concept of positional asphyxia and the contribution of the articles, academic and professional, is discussed. It is suggested that positional asphyxia should be viewed as one factor in a multi-factorial model of risk. The body of work is presented as having clear implications for practice. Early work examining the pattern of incidents in clinical settings has relevance to staff training, particularly in terms of a clearer understanding of the potential risks which need to be addressed by training. Later work has considerable implication for both policy and training by identifying those restraint positions which present less risk to the restrained person. Directions for future research are discussed.

A asfixia perinatal e sua mais grave complicação, a encefalopatia hipóxicoisquêmica (EHI) são causas de elevada mortalidade e de sequelas neurológicas no recém-nascido (RN). Evidencias de comprometimento cerebral podem ser detectadas logo na primeira semana de vida e o diagnóstico precoce é de grande importância para o tratamento e seguimento. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a prevalência de asfixia perinatal e de EHI; analisar a utilidade de quatro marcadores sanguíneos: transaminase glutâmica oxalacética (TGO), transaminase glutâmica pirúvica (TGP), desidrogenasse láctica (DHL) e Creatina Quinase MB (CK-MB) coletados ao nascimento, com 24 e 72 horas de vida, como sinalizadores de lesões cerebrais nos RN asfixiados; identificar a presença de alterações neurológicas clínicas pelo Escore de Sarnat e Sarnat (1976) com 24 e 72 horas e com 28 dias de vida e identificar e descrever a presença de lesões cerebrais detectadas pela ultrassonografia de crânio com 24 e 72 horas e com 28 dias de vida. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte prospectivo no qual foram incluídos RN de termo que apresentaram asfixia perinatal pelo critério de Buonocore (presença ao nascimento de pelo menos dois das seguintes condições clínico-laboratoriais: acidose metabólica com níveis de pH 7,20, Boletim de Apgar no quinto minuto de vida < 6, necessidade de fração inspirada de oxigênio 0,40 para manter uma saturação de oxigênio de 86%). Para realização do pH e dos marcadores bioquímicos foi coletado sangue logo ao nascimento, com 24 e 72 horas de vida. O exame clínico segundo critérios de Sarnat e Sarnat foi realizado com 24 e 72 horas e com 28 dias de vida e a ultrassonografia de crânio nos mesmos momentos. RESULTADOS: De 2.989 nascidos vivos durante o período do estudo, 28 recém-nascidos apresentaram asfixia perinatal (1% do total de nascimentos) e a EHI foi evidenciada em 21,42%. A enzima CK-MB se mostrou um bom marcador de asfixia, pois todos os valores foram superiores a 5,10 ng/ml, e se correlacionaram positivamente com as alterações apresentadas no exame clínico de Sarnat e com a ultrassonografia transfontanela. Os valores das outras enzimas como TGO (24h), TGO e TGP (72h) também se correlacionaram positivamente com as alterações ultrassonográficas as quais mostraram alteração em 3,5% dos pacientes com 24 horas de vida, 25% com 72 horas e 28,6% com 28 dias. A ultrassonografia de crânio com 28 dias mostrou aumento estatisticamente significante, no percentual de resultados anormais quando comparado com o observado com 24h (p=0,039), apesar dos estágios de Sarnat terem melhorado, com maior número de pacientes com estágio I no decorrer dos 28 dias. CONCLUSOES: A prevalência de asfixia perinatal e da EHI estão dentro da faixa citada na literatura. O melhor marcador bioquímico nesta casuística foi a isoenzima CK-MB e se correlacionou com as alterações apresentadas no exame clínico de Sarnat e na USG de crânio. A curva ROC mostrou: os valores de CK-MB de 24 horas em relação à USG de crânio de 72 horas Sensibilidade de 85,7%, Especificidade de 85,7% e Acurácia de 85,7%. O escore clínico de Sarnat não se alterou depois de 72 horas e apresentou correlação com as alterações na USG de crânio e este método de imagem foi adequado para detecção de lesões crebrais precoces e com 28 dias de vida / Perinatal asphyxia and its most serious complication, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are causes of high mortality and neurological sequelae in the newborn (NB). Evidence of cerebral impairment can be detected in the first week of life and early diagnosis is very important for the treatment and follow-up. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of perinatal asphyxia and HIE; consider the usefulness of four blood markers: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) collected the birth, with 24 and 72 hours of life, as markers of brain damage in asphyxiated infants, to identify the presence of neurological clinical score by Sarnat and Sarnat (1976) with 24 and 72 hours and 28 days of life and describe the presence of brain lesions detected by cranial ultrasound with 24 and 72 hours and 28 days. METHOD: A prospective cohort study which included fullterm infants who had perinatal asphyxia by Buonocore criteria (presence at birth of at least two of the following clinical and laboratory conditions: metabolic acidosis with pH levels of the umbilical vein 7.20, Apgar score in the fifth minute of life <6, need for inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) 0.40 to maintain an oxygen saturation of 86%). To perform the pH and biochemical markers of blood was collected at birth, 24 and 72 hours of life. Clinical examination according to criteria of Sarnat and Sarnat was performed with 24 and 72 hours and 28 days of life and cranial ultrasound was performed in the same time. RESULTS: Of 2989 live births during the study period, 28 had asphyxia (1% of total births) and HIE was found in 21.42%. The CK-MB showed that all above normal values (<5.10ng/ml) and correlated with the changes presented in the clinical examination of Sarnat and the USG transfontanelle. The values of other enzymes such as GOT (24h), GOT and GPT (72h) also correlated positively with the brain lesins detected by cranial ultrasound in 3.5% of patients with 24 hours of life, 25% at 72 hours and 28 6% after 28 days. Ultrasonography of brain at 28 days showed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of abnormal results when compared with that observed at 24h (p = 0.039), despite the Sarnat stages have improved, with larger numbers of patients with stage I during the 28 days. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of perinatal asphyxia and HIE is within the range cited in literature. The best biochemical marker in this series was the CK-MB and correlated with the changes presented in the clinical examination of Sarnat and ultrasound transfontanelle. The ROC curve showed: values of CK-MB of 24 hours and USG 72 hours sensitivity of 85.7%, specificity of 85.7% and accuracy of 85.7%. The clinical Sarnat score did not change after 72 hours and correlated with changes in ultrasound transfontanelle and this imaging method proved to be an appropiate study to detect brain lesions early and with 28 days of life

A asfixia perinatal e sua mais grave complicação, a encefalopatia hipóxicoisquêmica (EHI) são causas de elevada mortalidade e de sequelas neurológicas no recém-nascido (RN). Evidencias de comprometimento cerebral podem ser detectadas logo na primeira semana de vida e o diagnóstico precoce é de grande importância para o tratamento e seguimento. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a prevalência de asfixia perinatal e de EHI; analisar a utilidade de quatro marcadores sanguíneos: transaminase glutâmica oxalacética (TGO), transaminase glutâmica pirúvica (TGP), desidrogenasse láctica (DHL) e Creatina Quinase MB (CK-MB) coletados ao nascimento, com 24 e 72 horas de vida, como sinalizadores de lesões cerebrais nos RN asfixiados; identificar a presença de alterações neurológicas clínicas pelo Escore de Sarnat e Sarnat (1976) com 24 e 72 horas e com 28 dias de vida e identificar e descrever a presença de lesões cerebrais detectadas pela ultrassonografia de crânio com 24 e 72 horas e com 28 dias de vida. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte prospectivo no qual foram incluídos RN de termo que apresentaram asfixia perinatal pelo critério de Buonocore (presença ao nascimento de pelo menos dois das seguintes condições clínico-laboratoriais: acidose metabólica com níveis de pH 7,20, Boletim de Apgar no quinto minuto de vida < 6, necessidade de fração inspirada de oxigênio 0,40 para manter uma saturação de oxigênio de 86%). Para realização do pH e dos marcadores bioquímicos foi coletado sangue logo ao nascimento, com 24 e 72 horas de vida. O exame clínico segundo critérios de Sarnat e Sarnat foi realizado com 24 e 72 horas e com 28 dias de vida e a ultrassonografia de crânio nos mesmos momentos. RESULTADOS: De 2.989 nascidos vivos durante o período do estudo, 28 recém-nascidos apresentaram asfixia perinatal (1% do total de nascimentos) e a EHI foi evidenciada em 21,42%. A enzima CK-MB se mostrou um bom marcador de asfixia, pois todos os valores foram superiores a 5,10 ng/ml, e se correlacionaram positivamente com as alterações apresentadas no exame clínico de Sarnat e com a ultrassonografia transfontanela. Os valores das outras enzimas como TGO (24h), TGO e TGP (72h) também se correlacionaram positivamente com as alterações ultrassonográficas as quais mostraram alteração em 3,5% dos pacientes com 24 horas de vida, 25% com 72 horas e 28,6% com 28 dias. A ultrassonografia de crânio com 28 dias mostrou aumento estatisticamente significante, no percentual de resultados anormais quando comparado com o observado com 24h (p=0,039), apesar dos estágios de Sarnat terem melhorado, com maior número de pacientes com estágio I no decorrer dos 28 dias. CONCLUSOES: A prevalência de asfixia perinatal e da EHI estão dentro da faixa citada na literatura. O melhor marcador bioquímico nesta casuística foi a isoenzima CK-MB e se correlacionou com as alterações apresentadas no exame clínico de Sarnat e na USG de crânio. A curva ROC mostrou: os valores de CK-MB de 24 horas em relação à USG de crânio de 72 horas Sensibilidade de 85,7%, Especificidade de 85,7% e Acurácia de 85,7%. O escore clínico de Sarnat não se alterou depois de 72 horas e apresentou correlação com as alterações na USG de crânio e este método de imagem foi adequado para detecção de lesões crebrais precoces e com 28 dias de vida / Perinatal asphyxia and its most serious complication, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are causes of high mortality and neurological sequelae in the newborn (NB). Evidence of cerebral impairment can be detected in the first week of life and early diagnosis is very important for the treatment and follow-up. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of perinatal asphyxia and HIE; consider the usefulness of four blood markers: glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) collected the birth, with 24 and 72 hours of life, as markers of brain damage in asphyxiated infants, to identify the presence of neurological clinical score by Sarnat and Sarnat (1976) with 24 and 72 hours and 28 days of life and describe the presence of brain lesions detected by cranial ultrasound with 24 and 72 hours and 28 days. METHOD: A prospective cohort study which included fullterm infants who had perinatal asphyxia by Buonocore criteria (presence at birth of at least two of the following clinical and laboratory conditions: metabolic acidosis with pH levels of the umbilical vein 7.20, Apgar score in the fifth minute of life <6, need for inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) 0.40 to maintain an oxygen saturation of 86%). To perform the pH and biochemical markers of blood was collected at birth, 24 and 72 hours of life. Clinical examination according to criteria of Sarnat and Sarnat was performed with 24 and 72 hours and 28 days of life and cranial ultrasound was performed in the same time. RESULTS: Of 2989 live births during the study period, 28 had asphyxia (1% of total births) and HIE was found in 21.42%. The CK-MB showed that all above normal values (<5.10ng/ml) and correlated with the changes presented in the clinical examination of Sarnat and the USG transfontanelle. The values of other enzymes such as GOT (24h), GOT and GPT (72h) also correlated positively with the brain lesins detected by cranial ultrasound in 3.5% of patients with 24 hours of life, 25% at 72 hours and 28 6% after 28 days. Ultrasonography of brain at 28 days showed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of abnormal results when compared with that observed at 24h (p = 0.039), despite the Sarnat stages have improved, with larger numbers of patients with stage I during the 28 days. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of perinatal asphyxia and HIE is within the range cited in literature. The best biochemical marker in this series was the CK-MB and correlated with the changes presented in the clinical examination of Sarnat and ultrasound transfontanelle. The ROC curve showed: values of CK-MB of 24 hours and USG 72 hours sensitivity of 85.7%, specificity of 85.7% and accuracy of 85.7%. The clinical Sarnat score did not change after 72 hours and correlated with changes in ultrasound transfontanelle and this imaging method proved to be an appropiate study to detect brain lesions early and with 28 days of life

[Truncated abstract] In this thesis the role of lactate measurement has been evaluated in intrapartum assessment of fetal wellbeing. Specifically, I have addressed the question of whether fetal lactate measurement is better than the assessment of fetal heart rate patterns or the measurement of pH at predicting fetal brain injury after intrapartum asphyxia. Using an ovine model of repeated umbilical cord occlusion designed to mimic events which may occur during human labour, I have shown that the measurement of fetal lactate levels after repeated cord occlusion is significantly associated with the severity of brain injury after the asphyxial insult. No significant associations were identified with fetal pH measurements or with the duration of decelerative or compound fetal heart rate patterns; however, this is the first study to describe an association between the duration of both increased fetal heart rate variability and fetal heart rate overshoot with the severity of subsequent brain injury. Although no significant association was identified between fetal arterial pressure measured between umbilical cord occlusions and the grade of brain injury, the studies performed in this thesis are the first to show a strong correlation between the duration of specific arterial pressure responses during cord occlusions and the grade of brain injury, accounting for approximately 90% of the variability seen in the severity of injury. The mechanism responsible for the improved ability of lactate measurement to predict fetal brain injury is unknown. It may be because fetal lactate levels are a more stable marker of anaerobic metabolism of glucose than fetal pH levels, which are influenced by both increasing levels of carbon dioxide and anaerobic metabolism of amino-acids and fatty acids. In addition fetal pH levels can be rapidly normalised through placental exchange of carbon dioxide whereas fetal lactate levels are slow to normalise across the placenta as they rely on facilitated diffusion.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 suarez_oax_me_botfm.pdf: 656572 bytes, checksum: abeb20dbfb7202f9f09aa053ef22fc6c (MD5) / As limitações dos métodos diagnósticos da asfixia perinatal levaram-nos a investigar se o monitoramento dos movimentos corporais do sono (MCS) e do ritmo de sono-vigília (S/V) pode ser utilizado como marcador diagnóstico deste processo patológico. Para tanto, os registros eletromiográfico e eletrocardiográfico de 8 ratos recém-nascidos, Wistar, com 6 a 48h de vida, foram obtidos durante 4 períodos experimentais: período controle - com ratos respirando ar atmosférico, por 30min; período de asfixia - com ratos submetidos a dois períodos de asfixia de 30min (T1 e T2), com seus corpos inteiramente envolvidos por filme de polivinil (PVC); e período de recuperação - com ratos respirando ar ambiente novamente, por 30min. A freqüência cardíaca diminuiu significantemente durante a asfixia, em relação à fase controle. Nós concluímos que o monitoramento dos MCS e do ritmo de sono-vigília se mostrou um parâmetro promissor no diagnóstico da asfixia perinatal e de suas complicações. Este fato, todavia, requer novas investigações para se estabelecer a real viabilidade do método para o uso rotineiro na prática clínica. / The limitations of current diagnostic methods of perinatal asphyxia induced to investigate if monitoring of body movements and of the sleep-wake rhythm can be used as diagnostic marker of this pathologic process. So, electromyogram and electrocardiogram records of 8 newborn Wistar rats, 6 to 48 hours postnatal, were obtained throughout 4 experimental periods: control period - with rats breathing room air for 30 min (ARpre); asphyxia periods - with rats submitted to two 30 min asphyxia periods (T1 and T2) with Its entire body covered with a polyvinyl sheet (PVC); and recovering period - with rats breathing room air for 30 min again. Asphyxia Heart rate was significantly decreased all over the asphyxia period compared with the control phase. In conclusion the monitoring of SBM, and of the sleep-wake rhythm seems to be of utmost value to the perinatal asphyxia diagnosis and its complications. This fact, however, requires new investigations to establish the real viability of the method for clinical practice routine.

Background: According to the World Health Organization, between four to nine million newborns develop birth asphyxia. It is estimated that 1.2 million fatal outcomes and at least the same number develop disabling neurological sequelae and developmental delay. Early neurological evaluation promotes the improvement of the life expectancy of serious asphyxiated babies and It can be incorporated into the routine of neonatal intensive care units. Glasgow Coma Scale adapted for children can be an assessment tool used in high-risk newborns. Objective: To compare the clinical outcome of term infants with perinatal asphyxia (PA) moderate and severe that underwent a neurological neonatal serial evaluation protocol during hospital stay, with those not undergoing evaluation. Method: This is an epidemiologic, observational and analytical study, using a quantitative approach. The study considered two groups, intervention and control. For the control group, at first, it was made a survey data in charts and then the longitudinal, prospective, observational approach was adopted during the period of outpatient care. For the intervention group, a longitudinal approach, prospective, observational was used during the hospital stay and follow-up clinic. We sought to investigate the neurological clinical course of children, the length of stay in hospital and delay presence in the development of neuromotor skills. Results: The sample consisted of 112 newborns, 86 infants in the control group and 26 infants in the intervention group. The intervention group showed a median of less hospital stay (p<0.001) than the control group. Full-term newborns diagnosed with PA, which remained for a shortest time in hospital length and were subjected to a serial neurological evaluation protocol, incorporated into standard clinical procedures in the NICU for the management of PA, did not show disturbances in neuromotor development. Conclusion: The use of serial neurological evaluation protocol influenced significantly, the prevalence of delayed neuromotor development. / Introdução: Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, cerca de quatro a nove milhões de recém-nascidos (RN) desenvolvem asfixia ao nascer. Estima-se que 1,2 milhão evoluem para óbito e, pelo menos, o mesmo número desenvolve sequelas neurológicas incapacitantes e atraso no desenvolvimento. A avaliação neurológica precoce promove melhora da perspectiva de vida dos anoxiados graves, podendo, esta, ser incorporada à rotina das unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal. A escala de coma de Glasgow adaptada para crianças poderá ser utilizada em RN de alto risco. Objetivo: Comparar a evolução clínica neurológica dos RN a termo com asfixia perinatal (AP) moderada e grave que foram submetidos a um protocolo de avaliação neurológica neonatal seriada durante período de internamento hospitalar, com aqueles não submetidos à avaliação. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, observacional, analítico, com abordagem quantitativa. O estudo considerou dois grupos, intervenção e controle. Para o grupo controle foi feito um levantamento de dados em prontuários e, em seguida, adotada a abordagem longitudinal, prospectiva, observacional, durante o período de atendimento ambulatorial. Para o grupo intervenção, foi utilizada uma abordagem longitudinal, prospectiva, observacional, durante o período intra-hospitalar e em ambulatório de seguimento. Buscou-se investigar a evolução clínica neurológica da criança, o tempo de permanência no serviço hospitalar e presença de atraso no desenvolvimento das habilidades neuromotoras. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 112 RN, sendo 86 RN do grupo controle e 26 RN do grupo intervenção. O grupo intervenção mostrou uma mediana de tempo de internamento hospitalar menor (p<0,001) que o grupo controle. RN a termo, diagnosticados com AP, que permaneceram por menor tempo em internamento hospitalar e foram submetidos a um protocolo de avaliação neurológica seriada, incorporado às condutas clínicas padronizadas na UTIN para a gestão da AP, não apresentaram distúrbios no desenvolvimento neuromotor. Conclusão: A utilização do protocolo de avaliação neurológica seriada influenciou a prevalência de atraso no desenvolvimento neuromotor.

Orientador: Katsumasa Hoshino / Banca: Lígia Maria Suppo de Souza Sugolo / Banca: Mônica Levy Andersen / Resumo: As limitações dos métodos diagnósticos da asfixia perinatal levaram-nos a investigar se o monitoramento dos movimentos corporais do sono (MCS) e do ritmo de sono-vigília (S/V) pode ser utilizado como marcador diagnóstico deste processo patológico. Para tanto, os registros eletromiográfico e eletrocardiográfico de 8 ratos recém-nascidos, Wistar, com 6 a 48h de vida, foram obtidos durante 4 períodos experimentais: período controle - com ratos respirando ar atmosférico, por 30min; período de asfixia - com ratos submetidos a dois períodos de asfixia de 30min (T1 e T2), com seus corpos inteiramente envolvidos por filme de polivinil (PVC); e período de recuperação - com ratos respirando ar ambiente novamente, por 30min. A freqüência cardíaca diminuiu significantemente durante a asfixia, em relação à fase controle. Nós concluímos que o monitoramento dos MCS e do ritmo de sono-vigília se mostrou um parâmetro promissor no diagnóstico da asfixia perinatal e de suas complicações. Este fato, todavia, requer novas investigações para se estabelecer a real viabilidade do método para o uso rotineiro na prática clínica. / Abstract: The limitations of current diagnostic methods of perinatal asphyxia induced to investigate if monitoring of body movements and of the sleep-wake rhythm can be used as diagnostic marker of this pathologic process. So, electromyogram and electrocardiogram records of 8 newborn Wistar rats, 6 to 48 hours postnatal, were obtained throughout 4 experimental periods: control period - with rats breathing room air for 30 min (ARpre); asphyxia periods - with rats submitted to two 30 min asphyxia periods (T1 and T2) with Its entire body covered with a polyvinyl sheet (PVC); and recovering period - with rats breathing room air for 30 min again. Asphyxia Heart rate was significantly decreased all over the asphyxia period compared with the control phase. In conclusion the monitoring of SBM, and of the sleep-wake rhythm seems to be of utmost value to the perinatal asphyxia diagnosis and its complications. This fact, however, requires new investigations to establish the real viability of the method for clinical practice routine. / Mestre

Background: According to the World Health Organization, between four to nine million newborns develop birth asphyxia. It is estimated that 1.2 million fatal outcomes and at least the same number develop disabling neurological sequelae and developmental delay. Early neurological evaluation promotes the improvement of the life expectancy of serious asphyxiated babies and It can be incorporated into the routine of neonatal intensive care units. Glasgow Coma Scale adapted for children can be an assessment tool used in high-risk newborns. Objective: To compare the clinical outcome of term infants with perinatal asphyxia (PA) moderate and severe that underwent a neurological neonatal serial evaluation protocol during hospital stay, with those not undergoing evaluation. Method: This is an epidemiologic, observational and analytical study, using a quantitative approach. The study considered two groups, intervention and control. For the control group, at first, it was made a survey data in charts and then the longitudinal, prospective, observational approach was adopted during the period of outpatient care. For the intervention group, a longitudinal approach, prospective, observational was used during the hospital stay and follow-up clinic. We sought to investigate the neurological clinical course of children, the length of stay in hospital and delay presence in the development of neuromotor skills. Results: The sample consisted of 112 newborns, 86 infants in the control group and 26 infants in the intervention group. The intervention group showed a median of less hospital stay (p<0.001) than the control group. Full-term newborns diagnosed with PA, which remained for a shortest time in hospital length and were subjected to a serial neurological evaluation protocol, incorporated into standard clinical procedures in the NICU for the management of PA, did not show disturbances in neuromotor development. Conclusion: The use of serial neurological evaluation protocol influenced significantly, the prevalence of delayed neuromotor development. / Introdução: Segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde, cerca de quatro a nove milhões de recém-nascidos (RN) desenvolvem asfixia ao nascer. Estima-se que 1,2 milhão evoluem para óbito e, pelo menos, o mesmo número desenvolve sequelas neurológicas incapacitantes e atraso no desenvolvimento. A avaliação neurológica precoce promove melhora da perspectiva de vida dos anoxiados graves, podendo, esta, ser incorporada à rotina das unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal. A escala de coma de Glasgow adaptada para crianças poderá ser utilizada em RN de alto risco. Objetivo: Comparar a evolução clínica neurológica dos RN a termo com asfixia perinatal (AP) moderada e grave que foram submetidos a um protocolo de avaliação neurológica neonatal seriada durante período de internamento hospitalar, com aqueles não submetidos à avaliação. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, observacional, analítico, com abordagem quantitativa. O estudo considerou dois grupos, intervenção e controle. Para o grupo controle foi feito um levantamento de dados em prontuários e, em seguida, adotada a abordagem longitudinal, prospectiva, observacional, durante o período de atendimento ambulatorial. Para o grupo intervenção, foi utilizada uma abordagem longitudinal, prospectiva, observacional, durante o período intra-hospitalar e em ambulatório de seguimento. Buscou-se investigar a evolução clínica neurológica da criança, o tempo de permanência no serviço hospitalar e presença de atraso no desenvolvimento das habilidades neuromotoras. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 112 RN, sendo 86 RN do grupo controle e 26 RN do grupo intervenção. O grupo intervenção mostrou uma mediana de tempo de internamento hospitalar menor (p<0,001) que o grupo controle. RN a termo, diagnosticados com AP, que permaneceram por menor tempo em internamento hospitalar e foram submetidos a um protocolo de avaliação neurológica seriada, incorporado às condutas clínicas padronizadas na UTIN para a gestão da AP, não apresentaram distúrbios no desenvolvimento neuromotor. Conclusão: A utilização do protocolo de avaliação neurológica seriada influenciou a prevalência de atraso no desenvolvimento neuromotor.