No description available.

The aim of this study was to determine whether there was an association between a failed test of cough reflex sensitivity and history of chest infection in a general population of rest home residents. One hundred rest home residents from four different levels of care (rest home, hospital, dementia and psycho-geriatric) were recruited and their cough reflex assessed using a solution of 0.6 Mol/L citric acid nebulised and presented via a facemask.Participant’s records were then checked to see if there were any documented episodes of chest infection in the 6 month period prior to cough reflex testing.The results showed that out of 100 participants, 4 failed the cough reflex test. Of the 4 that failed the test, 3 had no documented episodes of chest infections recorded in the 6 month period prior to cough reflex testing. Data was not available for one participant who was deceased by the time of collection of the second data set. As such, there was no direct association demonstrated between a failed cough reflex test and development of chest infection or aspiration pneumonia. The results of the study are unexpected in two ways. Firstly, the relatively low number of participants who failed the cough reflex test is surprising as 72% of the participants for whom a full data set was obtained had neurological conditions that are known predisposing factors for reduced cough reflex sensitivity. Secondly, the finding of no association between a failed cough reflex test and history of recorded chest infection is not consistent with other studies. There is however an established body of research that indicates the causes of aspiration pneumonia are multifactorial and not solely dependent upon aspiration. The characteristics of participants and the implications of the findings are described. The potential use of cough reflex testing as a tool to screen against the risks of silent aspiration in relation to assessment of oro-pharyngeal dysphagia in this frail, elderly population is discussed.

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Dysphagia is commonly known as a swallowing disorder associated with stroke patients. Between 37% - 78% of stroke patients suffer from it initially. Complications of dysphagia include aspiration leading to chest infection and pneumonia, malnutrition, dehydration, and an increased risk of death. Its early diagnosis and management is an important prerequisite for recovery from stroke during the rehabilitation phase. As healthcare professionals, nurses play an important role in the diagnosis and management of dysphagia in stroke patients. Studies have shown that nurses display a lack of knowledge about dysphagia in stroke patients. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge of nurses regarding dysphagia in patients with stroke, at an Intermediate Hospital, in Namibia. The objectives of the study were to determine the knowledge of nurses regarding dysphagia, the association between the knowledge and socio demographic factors and to design an intervention program based on the knowledge of the nurses. The study was carried out in a selected hospital in Namibia. All nurses, who were employed at the Intermediate Hospital at the time of the study, were invited to participate. Of the 500 employed nurses, 188 accepted the invitation to participate in the study. The study used a quantitative method consisting of a survey to determine the knowledge of the nurses. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire with closed-ended questions which was developed by the researcher. The quantitative data were captured and analysed using SPSS (22.0 version). Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the study findings by using means, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages. To determine the association between the knowledge of dysphagia and the socio-demographic factors, therefore inferential statistics were used to in three levels of analysis. The findings of the study shows that nurses have a moderate knowledge regarding to the signs and symptoms and complications of dysphagia. Poor knowledge was identified in management of dysphagia. Further, the results also indicated that further training and experience in caring for stroke patients was more relevant to knowledge than the position and qualification of a nurse. Training and experience in the care of dysphagia patients is a stronger predictor of knowledge than the initial qualification or years of experience of a nurse. An intervention program was designed based on the information obtained from the findings of the questionnaire and supporting literature. Permission to conduct this study was obtained from the Senate Research Grants and Study Leave Committee at the University of the Western Cape. Written permission was obtained from the Ministry of Health and Social Services, Office of the Permanent Secretary, as well from the Acting Medical Superintendent of the Intermediate Hospital Oshakati. The aim of the study, confidentiality and the participants' freedom to withdraw from the study was explained. In order to maintain anonymity, nurses were asked to place informed consent forms and questionnaires in separate boxes. The outcomes of the study could be used to offer appropriate training programs to increase nurses’ knowledge of dysphagia in stroke patients.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第24844号 / 社医博第133号 / 新制||社医||13(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤, 尚己, 教授 川上, 浩司, 教授 平井, 豊博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

Chan, Wing Keung David. / Thesis D.Nurs. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-119). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 26, October, 2016).

A stroke is a life-changing event for a patient and his or her family. The acute stroke patient is at risk for developing aspiration pneumonia, whether silent or overt. Prevention of pneumonia in this population requires timely completion and documentation of the bedside swallow screen to identify those patients at risk for aspiration pneumonia; however, anecdotal data from the emergency department at the site of this project suggested that completion and documentation of the screening were inconsistent. Guided by the quality caring model adopted by the project site as well as the logic model, the aim of this project was to evaluate emergency room nurses' compliance with documentation after completing a modified bedside swallow screening. To facilitate documentation compliance, the current bedside screening tool was modified to make it user friendly. Electronic records of stroke patients (n = 104) admitted to the emergency room were monitored for a period of 6 months after implementing the modified bedside swallow screening tool. The findings indicate that implementing the modified bedside swallow screening tool achieved 93% documentation compliance in the electronic records and 100% documentation in patient charts over this 6-month period and clearly identified patients at risk for developing aspiration pneumonia. Further study is recommended to determine the relationship between the results of the modified bedside swallow screening and the development of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Implementation of this modified bedside swallow screening tool can initiate therapeutic measures to reduce the incidence of aspiration pneumonia in the acute stroke patient, resulting in shorter length of hospitalization and reduced health care costs.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13220号 / 論医博第2167号 / 新制||医||1033(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 高橋 淳, 教授 宮本 享, 教授 伊佐 正 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Récemment, les microbiotes pulmonaires bactériens d’un nombre très limité de patients atteints de mucoviscidose et de pneumopathies acquises sous ventilation mécanique (PAVM) ont été étudiés en utilisant l'amplification du gène 16S rDNA bactérien suivie par la construction de librairies de clones et différentes approches de séquençage. Ces études ont montré que la population microbienne de patients atteints de maladies respiratoires était plus diversifiée que prévue. Dans l'étude actuelle, nous utilisons une approche comparable pour identifier exhaustivement les agents pathogènes (bactéries, virus, et champignons) composant le microbiote pulmonaire associé aux pneumopathies développées en unités de réanimation. L'étude a inclus des patients admis en réanimation et présentant des formes de pneumopathies acquises sous ventilation mécanique (n = 106), de pneumopathies communautaires (n = 32), de pneumopathies nosocomiales sans ventilation mécanique (n = 22) et de pneumopathies d’aspiration (n = 25). Une cohorte de 25 patients admis en réanimation et ne présentant pas de symptômes de pneumopathie a été étudiée comme contrôle. Cette première partie du travail amènera ainsi à réaliser un catalogue exhaustif des agents de pneumopathies nosocomiales ; à connaître la prévalence des agents identifiés et d’identifier les co-infections fréquemment observées, et surtout à vérifier si ces agents peuvent être identifiés ou pas dans les prélèvements respiratoires profonds de patients non symptomatiques. Pour réaliser cette partie du travail, des séries de prélèvements, incluant des prélèvements de lavage broncho-alvéolaire (LBA), des prélèvements de sang et d'urine ont été étudiés. Ces prélèvements ont été testés par des moyens d’identification moléculaire moderne basés sur l’amplification de gènes conservés (gènes16S rDNA des bactéries et gène 18S rDNA des champignons) suivie par clonage et séquençage à grande échelle. D’autres pathogènes atypiques sont ciblés par des tests de PCR avec utilisation d’amorces spécifiques. Nous avons également inclus la culture, la co-culture d’amibes, la détection sérologique d'anticorps dirigés contre des agents sélectionnés et des tests d'antigène urinaire, afin de comparer ces tests de routine aux approches moléculaires. Comme résultats, les tests moléculaires nous ont permis d’identifier un vaste répertoire de 160 espèces bactériennes dont 73 n'ont jamais été précédemment rapportées à l’étiologie des pneumopathies. En outre, nous avons trouvé 37 phylotypes bactériens potentiellement nouveaux. Nous avons également identifié 24 espèces de champignons dont 6 n'ont pas été précédemment rapportées à l’étiologie des pneumopathies, 7 virus et étonnamment 6 espèces de plantes. De plus, certains agents pathogènes considérés comme typiques aux pneumopathies nosocomiales tels que Pseudomonas aeruginosa et des Streptococci ont été détectés chez les contrôles comme chez les patients. Cet étonnant résultat souligne l'existence d'un noyau de microbiote pulmonaire.Dans un deuxième travail, faisant suite aux travaux effectués dans notre laboratoire et qui ont pu mettre en évidence que 19% des pneumopathies nosocomiales étaient déterminées par des microorganismes associés aux amibes (MAAs) de l’eau préalablement ignorés ou négligés, nous avons utilisé un test d'immunofluorescence multiplexe pour tester la prévalence des anticorps contre les MAAs dans le sang de patients admis en réanimation et atteints de pneumopathies et la comparer à la prévalence au moment de l'admission. Comme résultat, nous démontrons que certains MAAs peuvent être plus fréquemment détectés après des épisodes de pneumopathies nosocomiales que lors de l’admission. En outre, la réponse immunitaire aux MAAs semble augmenter lorsque le séjour en réanimation est prolongé. Enfin, nous avons mis au point une stratégie de metagénomique pour tester les prélévements pour lesquels aucune étiologie n’a été retrouvée. [...] / Recently, bacterial microbiota from a limited number of patients with cystic fibrosis and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was studied using 16S rDNA gene amplification followed by clone libraries construction and sequencing. These studies have showed that the microbial population of patients with respiratory infections was more diverse than expected. In the current study, we use a similar approach to identify exhaustively the pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) comprising the microbiota associated with episodes of pneumonia developed in the intensive care units (ICU). Our study included patients admitted to ICUswith with episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia (n = 106), community-acquired pneumonia (n = 32), nosocomial pneumonia without mechanical ventilation (n = 22) and aspiration pneumonia (n = 25). A cohort of 25 patients admitted to ICUs without symptoms of pneumonia were studied as controls. This first part of the work enables to prepare an exhaustive repertoire of nosocomial pneumonia pathogenes; to know the prevalence of the pathogens identified and to identify co-infections frequently observed, and especially to ascertain whether these agents can be identified or not in the respiratory samples of patients without symptoms of pneumonia. To perform this part of work, series of samples, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples, blood samples and urine samples were collected. These samples were tested by means of modern molecular tools based on the amplification of conserved genes (bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal 18S rDNA genes), followed by highthroutput cloning and sequencing. The atypical pathogens are targeted by PCR tests using specific primers and probes. We also included culture, amoeba co-culture, serological detection of antibodies against selected agents and urinary antigen testing, to compare these routine tests to molecular approaches. Based on molecular testing, we identified a wide repertoire of 160 bacterial species of which 73 were never previously reported in pneumonia samples. Moreover, we found 37 putative new bacterial phylotypes. We also identified 24 fungal species of which 6 have not been previously reported in pneumonia, 7 viruses and surprisingly 6 plant species. Some pathogens considered being typical for ICU pneumonia such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus species may be detected as commonly in controls as in pneumonia patients which strikingly highlight the existence of a core of pulmonary microbiota.In a second work, following previous works performed in our laboratory which were able to show that 19% of nosocomial pneumonia were determined by micro-organisms associated to amoebae (AAMs) previously ignored or neglected, we used a recent test based on multiplex serology to test for the prevalence of antibodies against the AAMs in the blood of patients admitted to ICU and developed episodes of pneumonia and compare it to the prevalence at the time of admission (controls). As a result, we demonstrate that some AAMs may be more frequently detected after episodes of nosocomial pneumonia than at the admission. In addition, the immune response to AAMS appears to increase when the ICU stay is prolonged.Finally, in order to explore samples for which no microbial aetiology was found, we have developed a subtractive hybridization metagenomic strategy and tested it on different clinical samples. The sensitivity of this strategy was also evaluated. We have demonstrated that our method, based on the detection of DNA and RNA of microorganisms in a single test, allows sensitive detection of different types of microorganisms.

A infecção pelo Vírus da Língua Azul (VLA) ocorre em ruminantes domésticos e selvagens, preferencialmente, ovinos, bovinos e caprinos em regiões tropicais e temperadas onde há o vetor, mosquito do gênero Culicoides. O objetivo do trabalho é descrever os aspectos clínicos e anatomopatológicos de sete surtos de infecção pelo VLA em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul, confirmados pelo isolamento viral e teste da RT-PCR. De janeiro a outubro de 2014 foram diagnosticados sete surtos de infecção pelo VLA em ovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul com histórico de mortalidade de ovinos nos municípios de Taquara (Propriedade A), Fazenda Vilanova (Propriedade B), Viamão (Propriedades C e F), Cachoeira do Sul (Propriedade D e E) e Venâncio Aires (Propriedade G). Os achados clínicos relacionavam-se com o sistema respiratório e locomotor. A taxa de mortalidade variou de 1,7 (4/230 ovinos) a 56% (28/50 ovinos). Realizou-se a necropsia de 10 ovinos e de um feto abortado por um dos ovinos submetidos à necropsia. As principais alterações observadas nos ovinos foram: hiperemia e conteúdo alimentar na cavidade nasal (7/10), pulmões aumentados de tamanho com intenso edema (6/10), consolidação pulmonar antero-ventral (5/10), hemorragias no coração (5/10), hemorragia da artéria pulmonar (4/10) e discreta dilatação e flacidez do esôfago (4/10). Os achados histológicos caracterizaram pneumonia aspirativa (3/10), rinite purulenta (1/10), necrose muscular do esôfago (8/10), hemorragias no coração (3/10), necrose de cardiomiócitos (2/10) e necrose do músculo serrátil cervical ventral (8/10). O feto não apresentou alterações macroscópicas e histológicas. Para confirmar a suspeita foram coletadas 20 amostras de sangue de ovinos doentes e recuperados, e de um bovino. A partir do teste da RT-PCR e isolamento viral confirmou-se o diagnóstico de infecção pelo vírus da língua azul nos sete surtos ocorridos em 2014 no Rio Grande do Sul. E, pela análise filogenética comprovou-se a participação do sorotipo 4 nas Propriedades D e B. / The infection by Bluetongue Virus (BTV) occurs in domestic and wild ruminants, including sheep, cattle and goats in the tropical and temperate regions where the vector is present Culicoides. The objective is describe the clinical and pathological aspects of seven outbreaks of infection by BTV in Rio Grande do Sul, confirmed by viral isolation and RT-PCR test. From January to October 2014 were diagnosed seven outbreaks of infection by BTV in sheep in the state of Rio Grande do Sul with a history of sheep mortality in the cities of Taquara (Propriedade A), FazendaVilanova (Propriedade B), Viamão (Propriedade C and F), Cachoeira do Sul (Propriedade D and E) and Venâncio Aires (Propriedade G). Clinical findings were related to the respiratory and locomotor system. The sheep mortality ranged from 1.7 to 56%. At necropsy the main changes observed in sheep were hyperemia and food content in the nasal cavity (7/10), increased lung size with marked edema (6/10), anterior-ventral pulmonary consolidation (5/10), bleeding heart (5 / 10), bleeding from the pulmonary artery (4/10) and mild swelling and sagging of the esophagus (4/10). Histological findings included aspiration pneumonia (3/10), purulent rhinitis (1/10), muscle necrosis of the esophagus (8/10), bleeding heart (3/10), cardiomyocyte necrosis (2/10) and cervical ventral serratus muscle necrosis (8/10). The fetus showed no macroscopic and histological changes. To confirm the suspicion were collected 20 blood samples from sick and recovered and sheep, and one cow. The RT-PCR test and virus isolation confirmed infection with bluetongue. For phylogenetic analysis of the virus serotype 4 was identified in the Propriedade B and D.