<p>In this work, the long-term evolution of globulettes, low-mass globules found in H II regions, is studied through numerical hydrodynamic simulations. It has been proposed by Gahm et al. (2007) that these clouds may form free-floating planetary mass objects due to shock compression, caused by heating from the intense UV radiation of the central OB star cluster. To address this possibility, lifetimes are calculated for three different 3D simulated cases, similar to globulettes found in the Rosette Nebula. A plane-parallel approximation of the radiation field is used, as well as an inhomogeneous initial density distribution. The ionizing radiation will cause the globulettes to photo-evaporate, creating a rocket acceleration effect from the mass ejected on the heated side of the cloud. For a typical globulette with an initial mass of 29.5 Jupiter masses a lifetime of 50 000 yrs is estimated. This estimate is compared to the analytical models of Mellema et al. (1998) and Bertoldi and McKee (1990) which suggest longer lifetimes; the discrepancy is attributed to fragmentation of the clouds in the numerical simulation, which is not adequately described by the models. Synthesized H-alpha images and lightcurves are presented, indicating that the bright rims of small clouds are only likely to be visible in dim parts of the Rosette Nebula. The morphology of simulated clouds generally agrees with observations. While the code does not include self-gravity, the gravitational stability of the clouds is studied indirectly. It is concluded that clouds in the planetary mass range are stable against gravitational collapse, from supporting thermal pressure alone, when in pressure equilibrium with the heated ionization front. However, gravity may play a significant role during the initial shock compression.</p>

In this work, the long-term evolution of globulettes, low-mass globules found in H II regions, is studied through numerical hydrodynamic simulations. It has been proposed by Gahm et al. (2007) that these clouds may form free-floating planetary mass objects due to shock compression, caused by heating from the intense UV radiation of the central OB star cluster. To address this possibility, lifetimes are calculated for three different 3D simulated cases, similar to globulettes found in the Rosette Nebula. A plane-parallel approximation of the radiation field is used, as well as an inhomogeneous initial density distribution. The ionizing radiation will cause the globulettes to photo-evaporate, creating a rocket acceleration effect from the mass ejected on the heated side of the cloud. For a typical globulette with an initial mass of 29.5 Jupiter masses a lifetime of 50 000 yrs is estimated. This estimate is compared to the analytical models of Mellema et al. (1998) and Bertoldi and McKee (1990) which suggest longer lifetimes; the discrepancy is attributed to fragmentation of the clouds in the numerical simulation, which is not adequately described by the models. Synthesized H-alpha images and lightcurves are presented, indicating that the bright rims of small clouds are only likely to be visible in dim parts of the Rosette Nebula. The morphology of simulated clouds generally agrees with observations. While the code does not include self-gravity, the gravitational stability of the clouds is studied indirectly. It is concluded that clouds in the planetary mass range are stable against gravitational collapse, from supporting thermal pressure alone, when in pressure equilibrium with the heated ionization front. However, gravity may play a significant role during the initial shock compression.

We discuss various topics concerning the propagation, generation, and detec-tionof high-frequency (HF) radio waves in the Earth's ionosphere. With re-gardsto propagation, we derive a full wave Hamiltonian and a polarization evo-lutionequation for electromagnetic waves in a cold, stratified magnetoplasma.With regards to generation, we will be concerned with three experiments con-ducted at the ionosphere- radio wave interaction research facilities at Sura, Rus-siaand Tromsø, Norway. These facilities operate high power HF transmittersthat can inject large amplitude electromagnetic waves into the ionosphere andexcite numerous nonlinear processes. In an experiment conducted at the Surafacility, we were able to measure the full state of polarization of stimulatedelectromagnetic emissions for the first time. It is expected that by using thetechnique developed in this experiment it will be possible to study nonlinearpolarization effects on powerful HF pump waves in magnetoplasmas in the fu-ture.In another experiment conducted at the Sura facility, the pump frequencywas swept automatically allowing rapid, high-resolution measurements of SEEdependence on pump frequency with minimal variations in ionospheric condi-tions.At the Tromsø facility we discovered by chance a highly variable, pumpinduced, HF emission that most probably emanated from pump excited spo-radicE. Regarding detection, we have proposed a set of Stokes parametersgeneralized to three dimension space; and we have used these parameters in aninvention to detect the incoming direction of electromagnetic waves of multiplefrequencies from a single point measurement.

No description available.

Studier visar att Sveriges elever tycker att fysik är tråkigt, irrelevant och man förstår inte användningen för den. Samtidigt visar undersökningar att astronomi av elever ses som synnerligen intressant. Syftet med denna studie är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer med verksamma gymnasielärare i fysik undersöka hur de ser på astronomins del i sin undervisning. Studien kommer fram till att det råder skillnad i hur olika lärare ser på astronomin, men samtliga menar att astronomin är mindre viktigt i förhållande till andra områden av fysiken; områden som anses vara mer traditionella. Man motiverar det utifrån det tolkningsutrymme som finns i läroplanen, att det är upp till läraren själv att avgöra var man vill lägga huvudfokus, men också att vissa delar av fysiken är till större nytta för eleverna att ha med sig för fortsatta studier. Konklusionen av detta är att det möjligtvis finns ett behov att dels fortbilda lärare i de föränderliga delarna av fysiken, men också ett behov av att låta läroplanen i större utsträckning ligga till grund för skolornas undervisning. / <p>Ämnesgranskare: Emma Johansson</p>

<p>A theoretical study of the interaction between supernovae and their surroundings is presented.</p><p>Supernovae are the endpoint of the life of massive stars, and are the dominant contributors to the chemical evolution of the Universe. During its life a massive star greatly modifies its environment. During and after the explosion of the star it interacts with its surroundings in a number of ways. A study of this interaction yields invaluable information about the late stages of stellar evolution and the physics of supernova explosions. Recent advances in observational facilities have given a wealth of observational data on interacting supernovae, and it is therefore essential to have good theoretical models for interpreting the data.</p><p>This thesis presents an overview of the physics of supernovae and of their interaction with a circumstellar medium. In particular the reverse shock created by the interaction is investigated. In most Type IIL and Type IIn supernovae this shock is radiative, and due to the high temperature most of the radiation comes out as X-rays. A numerical model is presented which calculates the emission from the cooling region behind the reverse shock in a self-consistent way, by combining a hydrodynamic model with a time-dependent ionization balance and multilevel calculations. This has been applied to some of the best cases of circumstellar interaction.</p><p>As a further application of the model the radio and X-ray emission from Type IIP supernovae is discussed. We estimate the mass loss rate of the progenitors of Type IIP supernovae, and find that a superwind phase is not required.</p><p>VLT observations of the ring of SN 1987A show broad optical emission lines coming from a range of ionization stages, in particular optical coronal lines of Fe X-XIV. Models of the line emission indicate that the lines are formed by cooling shocks with shock velocities in the range 310-390 km/s, confirming the picture of shocks striking the protrusions from the ring obliquely.</p><p>X-ray observations of the Type IIb SN 1993J and Type IIn SN 1998S are analyzed. For SN 1993J we find that the spectrum is best fit with a CNO-enriched composition. For SN 1998S we find that the high metal overabundance that has previously been claimed, is not necessary when a self-consistent model of the cooling region is applied.</p>

<p>Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are sporadic flashes of light observed primarily in the gamma-ray band. Being the brightest explosions in the Universe since its birth, they are at present also the furthest astronomical sources detected. Since their serendipitous discovery in the late 1960s the study of GRBs has grown into one of the most active fields in astrophysics with ramifications in many other scientific areas.</p><p>Despite intense studies many of the basic questions about the nature of GRBs remain unanswered. Long duration bursts are believed to be the result of ultra-relativistic outflows associated with the collapse of very massive stars. The mechanisms responsible for the emission, the geometry of the emitter, and the radiative processes involved are still a matter of research. Common multi-pulse bursts display a spectral evolution as complex as their light curves. However, it is unclear what produces the observed variability. The works presented in this thesis aim to build the necessary base to answer these open questions.</p><p>A characterization of the spectral evolution is presented (based on time-resolved spectral analysis) that provides insight into the underlying emission processes and imposes severe constraints on current physical models (Paper I).</p><p>We report the results of a multi-variate analysis on a broad range of GRB physical parameters covering temporal and spectral properties. Empirical relations were found that indicate a self-similar property in burst light curves and a luminosity correlation with potential use as a distance indicator (Paper II).</p><p>Determining the relevant timescales of any astronomical phenomenon is essential to understand its associated physical processes. Linear methods in time-series analysis are powerful tools for the researcher that can provide insight into the underlying dynamics of the studied systems. For the first time these methods were used on GRB light curves correcting for cosmic time dilation effects which revealed two classes of variability. The possible origin of these classes is discussed (Papers III & IV).</p>

<p>The last decade has seen huge advances in studies of astrophysical cosmology, primarily as a result of developments in telescopic facilities. One of the primary observational signatures of actively star forming galaxies in the distant universe is the Lyman-alpha emission line (Lyα). The line is used either to search for objects or as a spectral feature for definite redshift confirmation. In recent years, high-z Lyα surveys have been used to constrain cosmic star formation history, investigate large scale structure, and examine the neutral hydrogen fraction of the universe. This doctoral thesis is directly concerned with studies of the Lyα emission from star-forming galaxies and the validity of Lyα as a cosmological tool.</p><p>The approach is to study a sample of local actively star forming galaxies using data obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Imaging observations have been performed in the Lyα line, Hα, and various continuum bandpasses in the ultraviolet and optical wavelength domains. Sophisticated tools have been developed for the analysis of the images, resulting also in theoretical exploration of Lyα-related observables from galaxies at high-z. Model simulations are presented, along with a methodology by which to interpret high-z survey data. HST imaging results call into question the interpretations of many high-z Lyα surveys. More specifically, the first direct observational evidence is presented for the emission of Lyα photons after resonant scattering in neutral hydrogen and low surface-brightness Lyα halos are found as a result. Imaging reveals Lyα morphologies that systematically differ from morphologies probed by stellar light or non-resonant tracers of the nebular gas. Based upon Hα observations and recombination theory, the fraction of Lyα photons that escape is found never to exceed 20% in any of the observed targets, despite the violent star-formation known to be taking place. Even after internal dust corrections, a deficit from the predicted Lyα/Hα line ratio is always found. The interpretation is that scattering events systematically enhance the probability of absorption of Lyα by dust grains. If these galaxies are representative of those that fall into the data-sets of high-z Lyα surveys, some cosmological estimates may be in error by an order of magnitude.</p>

A theoretical study of the interaction between supernovae and their surroundings is presented. Supernovae are the endpoint of the life of massive stars, and are the dominant contributors to the chemical evolution of the Universe. During its life a massive star greatly modifies its environment. During and after the explosion of the star it interacts with its surroundings in a number of ways. A study of this interaction yields invaluable information about the late stages of stellar evolution and the physics of supernova explosions. Recent advances in observational facilities have given a wealth of observational data on interacting supernovae, and it is therefore essential to have good theoretical models for interpreting the data. This thesis presents an overview of the physics of supernovae and of their interaction with a circumstellar medium. In particular the reverse shock created by the interaction is investigated. In most Type IIL and Type IIn supernovae this shock is radiative, and due to the high temperature most of the radiation comes out as X-rays. A numerical model is presented which calculates the emission from the cooling region behind the reverse shock in a self-consistent way, by combining a hydrodynamic model with a time-dependent ionization balance and multilevel calculations. This has been applied to some of the best cases of circumstellar interaction. As a further application of the model the radio and X-ray emission from Type IIP supernovae is discussed. We estimate the mass loss rate of the progenitors of Type IIP supernovae, and find that a superwind phase is not required. VLT observations of the ring of SN 1987A show broad optical emission lines coming from a range of ionization stages, in particular optical coronal lines of Fe X-XIV. Models of the line emission indicate that the lines are formed by cooling shocks with shock velocities in the range 310-390 km/s, confirming the picture of shocks striking the protrusions from the ring obliquely. X-ray observations of the Type IIb SN 1993J and Type IIn SN 1998S are analyzed. For SN 1993J we find that the spectrum is best fit with a CNO-enriched composition. For SN 1998S we find that the high metal overabundance that has previously been claimed, is not necessary when a self-consistent model of the cooling region is applied.

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are sporadic flashes of light observed primarily in the gamma-ray band. Being the brightest explosions in the Universe since its birth, they are at present also the furthest astronomical sources detected. Since their serendipitous discovery in the late 1960s the study of GRBs has grown into one of the most active fields in astrophysics with ramifications in many other scientific areas. Despite intense studies many of the basic questions about the nature of GRBs remain unanswered. Long duration bursts are believed to be the result of ultra-relativistic outflows associated with the collapse of very massive stars. The mechanisms responsible for the emission, the geometry of the emitter, and the radiative processes involved are still a matter of research. Common multi-pulse bursts display a spectral evolution as complex as their light curves. However, it is unclear what produces the observed variability. The works presented in this thesis aim to build the necessary base to answer these open questions. A characterization of the spectral evolution is presented (based on time-resolved spectral analysis) that provides insight into the underlying emission processes and imposes severe constraints on current physical models (Paper I). We report the results of a multi-variate analysis on a broad range of GRB physical parameters covering temporal and spectral properties. Empirical relations were found that indicate a self-similar property in burst light curves and a luminosity correlation with potential use as a distance indicator (Paper II). Determining the relevant timescales of any astronomical phenomenon is essential to understand its associated physical processes. Linear methods in time-series analysis are powerful tools for the researcher that can provide insight into the underlying dynamics of the studied systems. For the first time these methods were used on GRB light curves correcting for cosmic time dilation effects which revealed two classes of variability. The possible origin of these classes is discussed (Papers III &amp; IV).