Building upon current research in native-speaker (NS) perception of L2 learner phonology (Zielinski, 2008; Derwing & Munro, 2009), the present investigation analyzed multiple dimensions of NS speech perception in order to achieve a more complete understanding of the specific linguistic elements and attitudinal variables that contribute to perceptions of accent in learner speech. In this mixed-methods study, Spanish monolinguals (n = 18) provided information regarding their views of L1 American English (AE) speakers learning Spanish and also evaluated the extemporaneous production of L2 learners from this same population. The evaluators' preconceived attitudinal notions of L1 AE speakers learning Spanish negatively correlated with numerical accentedness ratings for the speech samples, indicating that evaluators with more positive perceptions of the learners rated their speech as less accented. Following initial numerical ratings, evaluators provided detailed commentary on the individual phonological elements from each utterance that they perceived as "nonnative." Results show that differences in the relative salience of the nonnative segmental productions correspond with certain phonetic and phonemic processes occurring within the sounds, such as aspiration, spirantization and lateralization. / Spanish

<p>The music industry today is undergoing a revolution with digital distribution of music taking over the traditional sales of physical CDs (Mewton, 2008). The peer-to-peer networking and illegal music piracy is a problem that lately has been widely discussed in forums of ethics, legal issues and economical aspects, followed by a music industry trying to solve the situation with new business models enhancing digital sales, e.g. the tip jar model (Hiatt & Serpick, 2007). The tip jar model embodies the problem the industry is facing since it allows the consumer to choose whether to pay or not. Therefore the question of what leads the consumer to pay instead of download or pirate music has been researched in many aspects. However it has been made to a lesser extent in theory of loyalty and liking and their implications on the new business models’ success and the new consumer of music.</p><p>Previous research within music piracy has mainly explored demographics, macro- and micro economical perspectives such as artist and record company loss of welfare and consumer surplus (Coyle et al., 2008). We find it of interest to instead further explore the impacts of theories about consumer liking, loyalty and attitudes (Wells & Prensky, 1996; Shiffman & Kanuk, 1987; Solomon et al., 2002) as an addition to this existing knowledge to enhance the understanding about the new consumer of music. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze artist liking, artist loyalty and attitudinal factors’ impact on consumers’ music piracy intentions. The study is an explanatory study based on quantitative data collected in the region of Jönköping where the collection of data has been conducted by using two questionnaires; one among students at the School of Education and Communication (Jönköping University) and one at the A6 shopping-center. This data has been summarized to create independent variables used in a multiple regression analysis to calculate their impacts on piracy to confirm or reject the from theory deduced hypotheses.</p><p>The results from the multiple regression analysis show that the attitudinal factors do not have a direct impact on piracy intentions; however the other two independent variables, measuring the artist loyalty and artist liking have a larger impact. Surprisingly, a higher level of loyalty increases the intentions to pirate music while, as anticipated from theory (Solomon et al., 2002; Shiffman & Kanuk, 1987), higher liking decreases intentions. The conclusion is that the artist liking variable and artist loyalty variable are resulting in a bridge over piracy where the pillars are built of liking and the bridge itself is built of loyalty, stressing the importance of maintaining high levels of liking to maintain purchasing behavior online.</p>

The music industry today is undergoing a revolution with digital distribution of music taking over the traditional sales of physical CDs (Mewton, 2008). The peer-to-peer networking and illegal music piracy is a problem that lately has been widely discussed in forums of ethics, legal issues and economical aspects, followed by a music industry trying to solve the situation with new business models enhancing digital sales, e.g. the tip jar model (Hiatt &amp; Serpick, 2007). The tip jar model embodies the problem the industry is facing since it allows the consumer to choose whether to pay or not. Therefore the question of what leads the consumer to pay instead of download or pirate music has been researched in many aspects. However it has been made to a lesser extent in theory of loyalty and liking and their implications on the new business models’ success and the new consumer of music. Previous research within music piracy has mainly explored demographics, macro- and micro economical perspectives such as artist and record company loss of welfare and consumer surplus (Coyle et al., 2008). We find it of interest to instead further explore the impacts of theories about consumer liking, loyalty and attitudes (Wells &amp; Prensky, 1996; Shiffman &amp; Kanuk, 1987; Solomon et al., 2002) as an addition to this existing knowledge to enhance the understanding about the new consumer of music. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze artist liking, artist loyalty and attitudinal factors’ impact on consumers’ music piracy intentions. The study is an explanatory study based on quantitative data collected in the region of Jönköping where the collection of data has been conducted by using two questionnaires; one among students at the School of Education and Communication (Jönköping University) and one at the A6 shopping-center. This data has been summarized to create independent variables used in a multiple regression analysis to calculate their impacts on piracy to confirm or reject the from theory deduced hypotheses. The results from the multiple regression analysis show that the attitudinal factors do not have a direct impact on piracy intentions; however the other two independent variables, measuring the artist loyalty and artist liking have a larger impact. Surprisingly, a higher level of loyalty increases the intentions to pirate music while, as anticipated from theory (Solomon et al., 2002; Shiffman &amp; Kanuk, 1987), higher liking decreases intentions. The conclusion is that the artist liking variable and artist loyalty variable are resulting in a bridge over piracy where the pillars are built of liking and the bridge itself is built of loyalty, stressing the importance of maintaining high levels of liking to maintain purchasing behavior online.

RERBOUÇAS, Marina Cabral. Bebida prebiótica à base de amêndoa da castanha de caju: estudos com consumidores em diferentes abordagens para avaliação de fatores sensoriais e externos ao produto. 2016. 117 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2016 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-08T13:07:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_mcreboucas.pdf: 2626341 bytes, checksum: e0b191879ed659a68c541e05ea4d4613 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-08T13:08:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_mcreboucas.pdf: 2626341 bytes, checksum: e0b191879ed659a68c541e05ea4d4613 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-08T13:08:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_mcreboucas.pdf: 2626341 bytes, checksum: e0b191879ed659a68c541e05ea4d4613 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Prebiotic beverages made from cashew nut kernels and fruit juice are a viable alternative in the area of new functional products’ development. Thus, this research aimed to develop three prebiotic beverages made from cashew nut kernels added with fruit juice (grape, mango and pineapple), evaluating how non-sensory attributes (external to the product) and consumers’ characteristics as to behavior and personality affect their acceptance. A factorial 2² central composite rotatable design was used for the development of the formulations. Focus groups were applied to define the most important label attributes on consumer’s purchasing decision. The illustration, nutritional information and the term prebiotic associated with its functional claim, within their respective levels, were selected for the labels’ development via the 3x2x3 full factorial design and the employment of conjoint analysis and cluster analysis multi-varying techniques for results evaluation. The mango beverage was evaluated displaying three different label versions in order to check if the expectation generated by different nutritional information affected consumers’ perception as to characteristics of quality, overall impression and purchasing attitude. The beverage added with pineapple juice was compared to its soy-based commercially similar in order to evaluate if information on composition, nutritional characteristics and functional claims associated with these products affect the acceptance and perception of consumers with different behavioral characteristics and personality. The formulations optimized as to acceptance should be added with the following concentrations of sugar and juice, respectively; grape beverage (37% and 7%), pineapple (35% and 7%) and mango (40% and 8%). Among the most important label attributes in the purchasing process, the illustration was the one that mostly influenced, followed by nutritional information and the term prebiotic and its functional claim. The nutritional claims displayed on the label revealed to have a positive impact over the perception of the beverage as to the characteristics of quality, overall impression and purchasing attitude, with information such as “0% lactose, 0% cholesterol and fiber-rich” and “0% lactose, 0% cholesterol and antioxidants” found to influence more positively consumers. Information related to the beverages made from soy and cashew nut did not influence the acceptance of flavor nor on the overall impression, nonetheless, it had a positive impact over consumers’ perception as to healthiness and the nutritious value of both, being the cashew nut kernel-based beverage perceived as more nutritious and healthier than the soy-based one. Consumers’ different characteristics as to the interest in healthy eating and food neophobia did not influence the acceptance of the beverages, their perception as healthy food and nutritious value. / Bebida prebióticas à base de amêndoas de castanha de caju e suco de frutas é uma alternativa viável na área de desenvolvimento de novos produtos funcionais. Assim, este trabalho objetivou desenvolver três bebidas prebióticas à base de amêndoa da castanha de caju adicionadas de suco de frutas (uva, manga e abacaxi), avaliando de que forma atributos não sensoriais (externos ao produto) e características comportamentais e de personalidade dos consumidores afetam a sua aceitação. Utilizou-se um delineamento fatorial 22 do tipo composto central rotacionado para desenvolvimento das formulações. Grupos de foco foram empregados para definição dos atributos do rótulo mais importantes na decisão de compra do consumidor. A ilustração, as informações nutricionais e o termo prebiótico associado a sua alegação funcional, com seus respectivos níveis, foram selecionados para o desenvolvimento dos rótulos por meio de delineamento fatorial completo do tipo 3 x 2 x 3, aplicando-se as técnicas multivariadas conjoint analysis e cluster analysis para avaliação dos resultados. A bebida de manga foi avaliada associada a três versões do rótulo para verificar se a expectativa gerada por diferentes informações nutricionais afetavam a percepção dos consumidores quanto às características de qualidade, impressão global e atitude de compra. A bebida adicionada de suco de abacaxi foi comparada frente ao seu similar comercial à base de soja para avaliar se informações sobre composição, características nutricionais e alegações funcionais associadas a estes produtos afetam a aceitação e percepção dos consumidores com diferentes características comportamentais e de personalidade. As formulações otimizadas quanto à aceitação devem ser adicionadas das seguintes concentrações de suco e açúcar, respectivamente, para a bebida de uva (37% e 7%), abacaxi (35% e 7%) e manga (40% e 8%). Dentre os atributos do rótulo mais importantes no processo de compra, a ilustração foi o que mais influenciou, seguido pelas informações nutricionais e pelo termo prebiótico e sua alegação funcional. As alegações nutricionais no rótulo mostraram ter um impacto positivo na percepção da bebida quanto às características de qualidade, impressão global e atitude de compra, com os as informações “0% lactose, 0% colesterol e fonte de fibras” e “0% lactose, 0% colesterol e antioxidantes” influenciando mais positivamente os consumidores As informações relacionadas às bebidas de soja e castanha de caju não influenciaram a aceitação do sabor e impressão global, no entanto tiveram um impacto positivo na percepção dos consumidores quanto à saudabilidade e o valor nutritivo de ambas, sendo a bebida à base de amêndoa da castanha de caju percebida como mais nutritiva e mais saudável do que a bebida de soja. As diferentes características dos consumidores quanto ao interesse em alimentação saudável e a neofobia alimentar não tiveram influência sobre a aceitação das bebidas, a percepção de alimento saudável e valor nutritivo.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Prebiotic beverages made from cashew nut kernels and fruit juice are a viable alternative in the area of new functional productsâ development. Thus, this research aimed to develop three prebiotic beverages made from cashew nut kernels added with fruit juice (grape, mango and pineapple), evaluating how non-sensory attributes (external to the product) and consumersâ characteristics as to behavior and personality affect their acceptance. A factorial 2 central composite rotatable design was used for the development of the formulations. Focus groups were applied to define the most important label attributes on consumerâs purchasing decision. The illustration, nutritional information and the term prebiotic associated with its functional claim, within their respective levels, were selected for the labelsâ development via the 3x2x3 full factorial design and the employment of conjoint analysis and cluster analysis multi-varying techniques for results evaluation. The mango beverage was evaluated displaying three different label versions in order to check if the expectation generated by different nutritional information affected consumersâ perception as to characteristics of quality, overall impression and purchasing attitude. The beverage added with pineapple juice was compared to its soy-based commercially similar in order to evaluate if information on composition, nutritional characteristics and functional claims associated with these products affect the acceptance and perception of consumers with different behavioral characteristics and personality. The formulations optimized as to acceptance should be added with the following concentrations of sugar and juice, respectively; grape beverage (37% and 7%), pineapple (35% and 7%) and mango (40% and 8%). Among the most important label attributes in the purchasing process, the illustration was the one that mostly influenced, followed by nutritional information and the term prebiotic and its functional claim. The nutritional claims displayed on the label revealed to have a positive impact over the perception of the beverage as to the characteristics of quality, overall impression and purchasing attitude, with information such as â0% lactose, 0% cholesterol and fiber-richâ and â0% lactose, 0% cholesterol and antioxidantsâ found to influence more positively consumers. Information related to the beverages made from soy and cashew nut did not influence the acceptance of flavor nor on the overall impression, nonetheless, it had a positive impact over consumersâ perception as to healthiness and the nutritious value of both, being the cashew nut kernel-based beverage perceived as more nutritious and healthier than the soy-based one. Consumersâ different characteristics as to the interest in healthy eating and food neophobia did not influence the acceptance of the beverages, their perception as healthy food and nutritious value. / Bebida prebiÃticas à base de amÃndoas de castanha de caju e suco de frutas à uma alternativa viÃvel na Ãrea de desenvolvimento de novos produtos funcionais. Assim, este trabalho objetivou desenvolver trÃs bebidas prebiÃticas à base de amÃndoa da castanha de caju adicionadas de suco de frutas (uva, manga e abacaxi), avaliando de que forma atributos nÃo sensoriais (externos ao produto) e caracterÃsticas comportamentais e de personalidade dos consumidores afetam a sua aceitaÃÃo. Utilizou-se um delineamento fatorial 22 do tipo composto central rotacionado para desenvolvimento das formulaÃÃes. Grupos de foco foram empregados para definiÃÃo dos atributos do rÃtulo mais importantes na decisÃo de compra do consumidor. A ilustraÃÃo, as informaÃÃes nutricionais e o termo prebiÃtico associado a sua alegaÃÃo funcional, com seus respectivos nÃveis, foram selecionados para o desenvolvimento dos rÃtulos por meio de delineamento fatorial completo do tipo 3 x 2 x 3, aplicando-se as tÃcnicas multivariadas conjoint analysis e cluster analysis para avaliaÃÃo dos resultados. A bebida de manga foi avaliada associada a trÃs versÃes do rÃtulo para verificar se a expectativa gerada por diferentes informaÃÃes nutricionais afetavam a percepÃÃo dos consumidores quanto Ãs caracterÃsticas de qualidade, impressÃo global e atitude de compra. A bebida adicionada de suco de abacaxi foi comparada frente ao seu similar comercial à base de soja para avaliar se informaÃÃes sobre composiÃÃo, caracterÃsticas nutricionais e alegaÃÃes funcionais associadas a estes produtos afetam a aceitaÃÃo e percepÃÃo dos consumidores com diferentes caracterÃsticas comportamentais e de personalidade. As formulaÃÃes otimizadas quanto à aceitaÃÃo devem ser adicionadas das seguintes concentraÃÃes de suco e aÃÃcar, respectivamente, para a bebida de uva (37% e 7%), abacaxi (35% e 7%) e manga (40% e 8%). Dentre os atributos do rÃtulo mais importantes no processo de compra, a ilustraÃÃo foi o que mais influenciou, seguido pelas informaÃÃes nutricionais e pelo termo prebiÃtico e sua alegaÃÃo funcional. As alegaÃÃes nutricionais no rÃtulo mostraram ter um impacto positivo na percepÃÃo da bebida quanto Ãs caracterÃsticas de qualidade, impressÃo global e atitude de compra, com os as informaÃÃes â0% lactose, 0% colesterol e fonte de fibrasâ e â0% lactose, 0% colesterol e antioxidantesâ influenciando mais positivamente os consumidores As informaÃÃes relacionadas Ãs bebidas de soja e castanha de caju nÃo influenciaram a aceitaÃÃo do sabor e impressÃo global, no entanto tiveram um impacto positivo na percepÃÃo dos consumidores quanto à saudabilidade e o valor nutritivo de ambas, sendo a bebida à base de amÃndoa da castanha de caju percebida como mais nutritiva e mais saudÃvel do que a bebida de soja. As diferentes caracterÃsticas dos consumidores quanto ao interesse em alimentaÃÃo saudÃvel e a neofobia alimentar nÃo tiveram influÃncia sobre a aceitaÃÃo das bebidas, a percepÃÃo de alimento saudÃvel e valor nutritivo.