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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Uticaj mikrostrukture na prelaznu temperaturu ADI materijala / Microstructure influence on ductile to brittle transition temperature of ADI materials

Rajnović Dragan 10 July 2015 (has links)
<p>U disertaciji je izvršena karakterizacija mikrostrukture i mehaničkih osobina<br />nelegiranog austemperovanogi nodularnog liva (ADI materijala), kao i uticaja<br />mikrostrukture na prelaznu temperaturu u intervalu od -196 do +100&deg;C.<br />Utvrđeno je da mehaničke osobine ADI-ja zavise od morfologije ausferitne<br />mikrostrukture i količine zadržanog austenita, tj. parametara austemperovanja.<br />Na osnovu mehaničkih osobina utvrđen je i opseg procesiranja u skladu sa<br />standardima ASTM, ISO i EN. Zaključeno je da prelazna temperatura ADI<br />materijala zavisi od količine i stabilnosti zadržanog austenita. U višem<br />temperaturnom opsegu (iznad cca. -25&deg;C) dominantna je količina zadržanog<br />austenita, dok na nižim temperaturama, stabilnost. Visoka obogaćenost<br />ugljenikom, stabilnog zadržanog austenita sprečava stvaranje martenzita na<br />niskim temperaturama, a time i pojavu krtosti kod ADI-ja.</p> / <p>The object of this thesis was to characterize microstructure and mechanical properties<br />of the unalloyed ADI material (Austempered Ductile Iron). In addition, the influence of<br />microstructure on the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) by Charpy impact<br />test in temperature interval from 196 to +100&deg;C has been studied. The all properties<br />obtained depend on the morphology of microstructure and the amount of retained<br />austenite, i.e. on the austempering parameters. According to the mechanical properties<br />and standard requirements (ASTM, ISO and EN) the processing window has been<br />proposed, also. It was found that DBTT is influenced by amount and stability of retained<br />austenite. In upper temperature range (above cca. 25&deg;C) the most influence factor on<br />DBTT is amount of retained austenite, while at the lower temperatures the stability is<br />more prominent. Stability of high carbon retained austenite at lower temperatures<br />prevents transformation to martensite and thus the embrittlement of ADI.</p>
2

Influência dos elementos de liga Cu-Ni-Mo nas propriedades mecânicas e na austemperabilidade do ADI / Influence of alloys elements Cu-Ni-Mo on mechanical properties and austemperability of ADI.

Mattar Junior, Aristides Rodrigues 30 April 2009 (has links)
O ADI constitui-se no desenvolvimento mais recente na família dos ferros fundidos nodulares. Com o tratamento de austêmpera, consegue-se produzir uma microestrutura única, constituída de ferrita acicular e austenita estável rica em carbono, a ausferrita, proporcionando alta resistência mecânica aliada à ductilidade e tenacidade, além de boa resistência à fadiga e ao desgaste. Neste trabalho estudou-se o efeito dos elementos de liga Cu, Ni e Mo nas propriedades mecânicas e austemperabilidade do ADI. Foram produzidas barras cilíndricas de ferros fundidos nodulares nos diâmetros de Ø2, Ø3 e Ø4 ligadas com Cu, Cu-Ni, Cu-Ni- Mo respectivamente. Os corpos de prova utilizados nos ensaios de tração, impacto e microdesgaste foram retirados a meio-raio das barras. Posteriormente, cada conjunto de corpo de prova foi austenitizado a 890°C durante 2 horas, sendo em seguida submetido a uma condição de tratamento de austêmpera específica, combinando temperaturas de austêmpera de 300 e 360°C e tempos de 1, 2, 3 e 4 horas. Realizou-se análises microestruturais ópticas e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura para correlacionar propriedades mecânicas com a microestrutura. Na análise de austemperabilidade, as barras cilíndricas foram austemperadas para verificar a variação de microestrutura em função do raio da barra. Verificou-se que a temperatura de austêmpera exerce forte influência na microestrutura do ADI e consequentemente nas propriedades de tração, ductilidade, tenacidade e resistência ao desgaste. Nos tratamentos a 300°C obteve-se uma microestrutura mais refinada, com maior quantidade de ferrita acicular, responsável pela maior resistência mecânica e resistência ao desgaste; enquanto que no tratamento realizado a 360°C obteve-se uma microestrutura mais grosseira, com maior quantidade de austenita estável, responsável pela melhor ductilidade e tenacidade. Nos tempos de austêmpera analisados, não ocorreram variações significativas nas microestruturas e propriedades mecânicas. A resistência mecânica e a tenacidade decresceram com a adição de Mo, provavelmente devido à segregação deste elemento, mas a resistência ao desgaste a seco e a austemperabilidade foram mais efetivas em comparação com ligas contendo Cu e Cu-Ni. No ensaio de desgaste usando-se lubrificante, o ADI ligado com Cu-Ni austemperado a 360°C apresentou uma resistência ao desgaste um pouco inferior a de um aço 17CrNiMo6 cementado. / The ADI is the most recent development in the nodular iron family. With the austempering treatment, a unique microstructure, consisting of acicular bainite ferrite and stable austenite rich in carbon, named ausferrite is produced. This microstructure provides high mechanical strength combined with ductility, toughness and good fatigue and wear resistances. In this work, the effect of alloying elements Cu, Ni and Mo on the mechanical properties and austemperability of the ADI were studied. To conduct these studies, cylindrical bars with diameters of Ø2\", Ø3\" and Ø4\" were cast with Cu, Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-Mo alloying, respectively. The samples were then manufactured by removing specimens from the bar midradius position. Subsequently, each set of the samples was austenitized at 890°C for 2 hours, and then subjected different conditions of austempering treatment. These treatments were developed by combining austempering temperatures of 300 and 360°C with austempering times of 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. Microstructural analysis was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy to correlate mechanical properties with the microstructure. In the austemperability analysis, cylindrical bars were austempered (at 360°C for 3 hours) to correlate microstructure and radius. The experimental results showed that the austempering temperature exerts strong influence on the ADI´s microstructure and consequently on the mechanical properties. The austempering temperature of 300°C produced the best results, a refined microstructure, with a greater amount of acicular ferrite, responsible for greater strength and wear resistance. The austempering temperature of 360°C produced a coarse microstructure, with larger amount of austenite and responsible for better ductility and toughness. The austempering times used in this work did not produce significant variations in the properties and microstructures. Regarding alloying elements, the mechanical strength and toughness decreased with the addition of Mo, probably due to the segregation of this element, but the wear resistance and austemperability were more effective when compared with the alloys containing Cu and Cu-Ni. In the lubricated wear test, the ADI alloyed with Cu-Ni and austempered at 360°C presented a wear resistance only a fraction lower than a cemented 17CrNiMo6 steel.
3

Mecanismos de fratura de ferro fundido nodular austemperado a partir da zona crítica / Mechanisms of fracture of austempered ductile iron from the critical zone

Santos, Hugo dos 19 July 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 0 Capa - 1 Introducao.pdf: 288577 bytes, checksum: 440b6dcfb8697dcbdfbfecd21ba397c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is part of a research project at UDESC, which aims to understand and compare the process of fracture of ADI with dual matrix structure, such as sites of plastic deformation concentration and crack nucleation, and paths of crack propagation. The fracture mechanisms of two types of duals ADI with different ausferrite volume fraction were compared to those of conventional ADI. Intercritical austenitising temperatures chosen were 790°C and 820°C, and resulted in dual ADI with 17% and 85% of ausferrite respectively. The full ADI, which was austenitised at 900°C, was used to serve as reference material. The three materials were austempered at 360°C for 2h. Results showed that in dual ADI with predominantly ferrite, the nucleation of cracks occurred along the interface graphite/matrix. Increasing the ausferrite volume fraction, the nucleation of cracks tended to occur along the inclusions and intercellular boundaries. Moreover, in dual ADI, the crack propagation and concentration of plastic deformation occurred preferentially in the ferrite. With respect to the fracture´s analysis, all materials showed that the quantities of fracture ductile/fragile were equivalent. The fractures had an aspect predominantly ductile, being formed mostly by dimples with some regions of quasi-cleavage. / Este trabalho faz parte de uma linha de pesquisa executada na UDESC, que visa entender e comparar o processo de fratura dos ADI duais, tais como, locais de concentração de deformação plástica e de nucleação de trincas, e caminhos de propagação de trinca. Os mecanismos de fratura de dois tipos de ADI duais com diferente fração volumétrica de ausferrita foram comparados com o ADI pleno. As temperaturas de austenitização intercrítica escolhidas foram 790°C e 820°C, e resultaram em ADI duais com 17 e 85% de ausferrita respectivamente. O ADI pleno, no qual foi austenitizado a 900°C, foi utilizado para servir de material de referência. Os três materiais foram austemperados a 360°C por 2h. Verificou-se que para o ADI dual com predominância de ferrita, a nucleação da trinca ocorreu junto à interface grafita/matriz. Conforme aumentou a fração volumétrica de ausferrita na matriz, a nucleação da trinca tendeu a ocorrer junto à inclusão intercelular e em contornos de célula. Além disso, nos ADI duais, a propagação da trinca e a concentração de deformação plástica ocorreu preferencialmente na ferrita. Vale ressaltar que os três materiais apresentaram quantidades de fratura dúctil/frágil equivalentes. As fraturas tinham uma característica predominantemente dúctil, sendo formadas na maioria por alvéolos com algumas regiões de quase-clivagem.
4

Influência dos elementos de liga Cu-Ni-Mo nas propriedades mecânicas e na austemperabilidade do ADI / Influence of alloys elements Cu-Ni-Mo on mechanical properties and austemperability of ADI.

Aristides Rodrigues Mattar Junior 30 April 2009 (has links)
O ADI constitui-se no desenvolvimento mais recente na família dos ferros fundidos nodulares. Com o tratamento de austêmpera, consegue-se produzir uma microestrutura única, constituída de ferrita acicular e austenita estável rica em carbono, a ausferrita, proporcionando alta resistência mecânica aliada à ductilidade e tenacidade, além de boa resistência à fadiga e ao desgaste. Neste trabalho estudou-se o efeito dos elementos de liga Cu, Ni e Mo nas propriedades mecânicas e austemperabilidade do ADI. Foram produzidas barras cilíndricas de ferros fundidos nodulares nos diâmetros de Ø2, Ø3 e Ø4 ligadas com Cu, Cu-Ni, Cu-Ni- Mo respectivamente. Os corpos de prova utilizados nos ensaios de tração, impacto e microdesgaste foram retirados a meio-raio das barras. Posteriormente, cada conjunto de corpo de prova foi austenitizado a 890°C durante 2 horas, sendo em seguida submetido a uma condição de tratamento de austêmpera específica, combinando temperaturas de austêmpera de 300 e 360°C e tempos de 1, 2, 3 e 4 horas. Realizou-se análises microestruturais ópticas e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura para correlacionar propriedades mecânicas com a microestrutura. Na análise de austemperabilidade, as barras cilíndricas foram austemperadas para verificar a variação de microestrutura em função do raio da barra. Verificou-se que a temperatura de austêmpera exerce forte influência na microestrutura do ADI e consequentemente nas propriedades de tração, ductilidade, tenacidade e resistência ao desgaste. Nos tratamentos a 300°C obteve-se uma microestrutura mais refinada, com maior quantidade de ferrita acicular, responsável pela maior resistência mecânica e resistência ao desgaste; enquanto que no tratamento realizado a 360°C obteve-se uma microestrutura mais grosseira, com maior quantidade de austenita estável, responsável pela melhor ductilidade e tenacidade. Nos tempos de austêmpera analisados, não ocorreram variações significativas nas microestruturas e propriedades mecânicas. A resistência mecânica e a tenacidade decresceram com a adição de Mo, provavelmente devido à segregação deste elemento, mas a resistência ao desgaste a seco e a austemperabilidade foram mais efetivas em comparação com ligas contendo Cu e Cu-Ni. No ensaio de desgaste usando-se lubrificante, o ADI ligado com Cu-Ni austemperado a 360°C apresentou uma resistência ao desgaste um pouco inferior a de um aço 17CrNiMo6 cementado. / The ADI is the most recent development in the nodular iron family. With the austempering treatment, a unique microstructure, consisting of acicular bainite ferrite and stable austenite rich in carbon, named ausferrite is produced. This microstructure provides high mechanical strength combined with ductility, toughness and good fatigue and wear resistances. In this work, the effect of alloying elements Cu, Ni and Mo on the mechanical properties and austemperability of the ADI were studied. To conduct these studies, cylindrical bars with diameters of Ø2\", Ø3\" and Ø4\" were cast with Cu, Cu-Ni and Cu-Ni-Mo alloying, respectively. The samples were then manufactured by removing specimens from the bar midradius position. Subsequently, each set of the samples was austenitized at 890°C for 2 hours, and then subjected different conditions of austempering treatment. These treatments were developed by combining austempering temperatures of 300 and 360°C with austempering times of 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours. Microstructural analysis was carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopy to correlate mechanical properties with the microstructure. In the austemperability analysis, cylindrical bars were austempered (at 360°C for 3 hours) to correlate microstructure and radius. The experimental results showed that the austempering temperature exerts strong influence on the ADI´s microstructure and consequently on the mechanical properties. The austempering temperature of 300°C produced the best results, a refined microstructure, with a greater amount of acicular ferrite, responsible for greater strength and wear resistance. The austempering temperature of 360°C produced a coarse microstructure, with larger amount of austenite and responsible for better ductility and toughness. The austempering times used in this work did not produce significant variations in the properties and microstructures. Regarding alloying elements, the mechanical strength and toughness decreased with the addition of Mo, probably due to the segregation of this element, but the wear resistance and austemperability were more effective when compared with the alloys containing Cu and Cu-Ni. In the lubricated wear test, the ADI alloyed with Cu-Ni and austempered at 360°C presented a wear resistance only a fraction lower than a cemented 17CrNiMo6 steel.
5

Strukturní a mechanické charakteristiky niklových litin s kuličkovým grafitem / Structural and Mechanical Characteristics of Nickel-Alloyed Ductile Cast Iron

Tesařová, Hana January 2010 (has links)
The aim of this dissertation work is the evaluation of the influence of nickel alloying on the structure and mechanical properties, both monotonic and dynamic, of nodular cast iron with ferritic and bainitic matrix. Two chock melts with 0.5 and 2.7 % Ni were used to study the nickel influence. The quantitative evaluation of structure of these melts using image analysis was done and basic tensile mechanical properties were determined. Subsequently, the time optimization of two-stage ferritic annealing and isothermal austempered heat treatment at 375 °C was performed with the aim to obtain optimal ferritic and bainitic structures with best static and dynamic mechanical properties. After ferritic annealing the nickel alloying contributes to substitution hardening of ferritic matrix which positively affects its strength and other mechanical properties. The higher nickel content in the bainitic structure causes the shift of phase transformation times to longer times which results in restricted production of small carbides and in bigger volume of retained austenite. These features were confirmed by observation in transmission electron microscope. Precise tensile and low cycle fatigue tests at temperatures 23 and – 45 °C were performed on the optimized structures of both nodular cast irons. As a result of the notch effect of graphite nodules, microplastic deformation of both nodular cast irons was observed at stresses which were lower than the yield stress. The Hollomon's equation very well describes the individual parts of tensile curves for both nodular cast irons including their mutual comparison. From the low cycle fatigue tests, the cyclic hardening/softening curves, the evolution of elastic modulus and hysteresis loop shape parameters, cyclic stress-strain curves and fatigue life curves were obtained for both temperatures and materials. Moreover, the decrease of retained austenite volume was measured by neutron diffraction and the evolution of surface relief was characterized during cyclic straining for both austempered nodular cast irons at both temperatures. On the basis of these results both cyclic plasticity and fatigue degradation mechanisms in relation to the cyclic strain localization were described for both nodular cast irons.

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