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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23156号 / 工博第4800号 / 新制||工||1750(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 奥田 浩司, 教授 安田 秀幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

To reduce the greenhouse effect, the use of renewable fuel has to be increased. As renewable fuel has different characteristics compared to fossil fuel regarding content of trace metals, alkali, chlorine and sulphur, the corrosion characteristics in high temperature energy processes have to be evaluated. This thesis concerns high temperature corrosion in the superheater region of a boiler and the syngas cooler area of a gasifier. For the superheater region, laboratory exposures were performed. The methods included a salt dip exposure, where samples were dipped in an equimolar solution of ZnCl2 and KCl, and two salt bed exposures with different chlorine concentrations, 10 and 20 wt%. Ranking of the materials showed that a Ni content above 10 wt% and Cr above 20 wt% reduced corrosion rates in the salt dip and in the 10% Cl salt bed exposure. For exposure in the 20% Cl bed, even higher alloying was needed. An alumina forming austenitic steel showed future potential in sulphidising-chlorinating environments. For the gasifier region, the effect of HCl in a simulated gasifier atmosphere was studied and also samples exposed in the syngas section of a biomass gasifier were investigated. Metal loss was low for all exposures and it was observed that chlorine had minor influence. For the plant exposed samples, a difference compared to that reported for coal gasifiers was the absence of FeS for the lowest alloyed steel. Instead, a deposit with pronounced content of Zn, Ca, S and O was present on the surface. Zinc was suggested to mitigate corrosion. Thermodynamic modelling was used to explain phases present and to predict the nitridation behaviour of an alumina forming austenitic steel. Equilibrium and kinetic modelling of the nitridation showed good coherence with the observed microstructures. However, the kinetic modelling resulted in larger nitridation depths than observed experimentally which was attributed to the presence of a thin oxide layer on the surface of the samples. / <p>QC 20160510</p>

The work contained herein is in pursuance of the Development of the SMART aircraft bolt. Failure of the bolt in the aircraft wing is taken for granted in the project, and the consequent repairs are presently very costly. The SMART material investigated in this work is the TRIP steel, and any reference to SMART material, in this work, shall at all time mean TRIP steel. Investigation of the stresses pertaining to bolts in general is carried out, based on the bolt theories and using the finite element analysis. An optimal bolt based on impact resistance only has also been suggested. Metallurgical behaviour of materials similar to TRIP materials is also investigated, including a section dedicated only to TRIP steels. Therefore, the work contained herein acts as a good base for further research. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

The thesis deals with the influence of solidification conditions on structure and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels. The first part involves the distribution of stainless steels and a basic understanding of the issue of achieving the desired structure and mechanical properties. The second part is focused on austenitic steels and their basic characteristics. This section also describes the experiment and the results achieved. Finally, these results were evaluated and further research steps were recommended.

High manganese TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) steels are particularly attractive for automotive applications because of their exceptional properties of strength combined with an excellent ductility. However, as austenitic steels, they appear to be sensitive to liquid zinc embrittlement during welding, the liquid zinc arising from the melted coating due to the high temperatures reached during the welding process. In this framework, the cracking behaviour of a high manganese austenitic steel has been investigated in relation to the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) phenomenon by hot tensile tests carried out on electro-galvanized specimens using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator. The influence of different parameters such as temperature and strain rate on cracking behaviour has been studied. Embrittlement appears within a limited range of temperature depending on experimental conditions. Conditions for which cracking occurs could be experienced during welding processes. The existence of a critical stress above which cracking appears has been evidenced and this critical stress can be used as a cracking criterion. Finally, the study of the influence of different parameters such as time of contact between steel and liquid zinc before stress application, coating and steel on LME occurrence provides understanding elements of LME mechanism and permits to suggest solutions for preventing cracking during spot welding of such steels.

The need to develop light-weight and high strength materials for car frames which improve fuel efficiency and provide increased passenger safety during dynamic events such as automobile crashes has been the focus of the steel and automobile industries for the past 30 years. In recent years, the development of high strength steels such as multi-phase TRIP (Transformation-Induced Plasticity)-aided steels have shown great promise due to their excellent combination of high strength and ductility. The savings in automobile weight is provided by the inherent strength of TRIP steels which allows for the use of thinner sections. The TRIP effect is characterized by the phenomenon known as strain-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) which enhances the work hardenability of such steels as the austenite phase transforms to the much harder martensite phase during plastic straining. This results in a resistance to local necking which subsequently enhances the strength, ductility, and formability of such steels. However, various factors exist which affect the mechanical behaviour of TRIP steels. This study will aim, through the use of finite element models, to investigate the role and influence of each of these factors on the TRIP effect in type 304 austenitic and multi-phase TRIP steels. These factors include the rate at which the martensitic transformation proceeds, the state of stress to which the material is subjected to, the interaction between the surrounding matrix and embedded retained austenite islands in multi-phase TRIP steels, and the volume fraction and morphology of the retained austenite islands. Investigation of these factors will provide further insight on each of their contributions to the TRIP effect in order to exploit the potential benefits offered by these steels.

Afin de faire face aux besoins croissants en énergie, les réacteurs de 4ème génération sont envisagés mondialement. Un premier prototype de réacteur à neutrons rapides à caloporteur sodium (appelé ASTRID) est à l'étude au CEA. Le matériau de référence retenu pour le gainage combustible du premier coeur est l'acier austénitique 15-15Ti - AIM1 (Austenitic Improved Material). <br/>L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier des voies d’optimisation de la gamme de mise en forme à froid du gainage permettant d’améliorer la résistance au gonflement. Les investigations portent principalement sur les conditions de transformation à froid et les traitements thermiques appliqués au cours de la mise en forme (notamment lors du dernier traitement d’hypertrempe). Les effets de ces paramètres sont étudiés en lien avec la microstructure (notamment l’affinement structural, l’état de précipitation, la remise en solution des éléments d’addition et l’arrangement des dislocations).<br/>La démarche adoptée se divise en trois étapes principales :<br/>- une analyse des gammes de fabrication mises en oeuvre par le passé ainsi qu’une étude des conditions d’étirage à froid et des traitements thermiques appliqués ;<br/>- une évaluation de nouveaux procédés de mise en forme tels que le laminage à pas de pèlerin et le martelage visant à valider la fabrication des tubes finis selon les spécifications requises ;<br/>- une optimisation des gammes de fabrication à froid et de la microstructure du matériau final. Les résultats de caractérisation de la microstructure et du comportement mécanique permettent d’envisager favorablement l’utilisation d’un procédé alternatif tel que le laminage à pas de pèlerin pour fabriquer les tubes de gaine. / In order to face the next century energy demand growth, the worldwide development of the 4th generation of nuclear reactors is considered. The construction of a sodium-cooled fast reactor prototype (ASTRID) is currently envisaged at the CEA. The reference material selected for the fuel cladding of its first core is the 15-15Ti-AIM1 austenitic steel (Austenitic Improved Material).<br/>The goal of this PhD thesis work is to investigate the different ways of optimization for the coldworking steps undergone by the claddings during their manufacture in order to improve their swelling resistance. The main investigations are focused on the conditions of the cold-working steps and the thermal treatments applied throughout the shaping of the claddings, especially of the last solution annealing treatment. The effects of these parameters on the microstructure are investigated (structural refinement, precipitation and the additive elements dissolution and arrangement of the dislocations).<br/>This study is divided into three main steps:<br/>- an analysis of the fabrication routes applied in the past along with the study of the “coldwork” and the thermal treatments conditions;<br/>- an assessment of new shaping processes, such as the “cold-pilgering” and the hammering, in order to verify the conformity of the manufactured tubes with respect to the required specifications.<br/>- an attempt of optimization of the cold-work routes and the microstructure of the final material. The results of microstructure characterization and the mechanical behavior allow envisaging favorably the use of an alternative process such as the cold pilgering to manufacture claddings.

The thesis focuses on repair preparation of Ion Filters at nuclear power plants cleaning units. The thesis shortly describes cleaning units of primary and secondary circuit where Ion Filters and Ion Catchers are implemented. The thesis introduces summary of convenient method for welding of thin filtration plates from austenitic materials to collecting pipe including convenient technology for fabrication of narrow loop holes in filtration plates. The aim of thesis is to propose convenient execution of repair and manufacturing of spare parts after different kind of damage of filter internals. Part of the thesis is welded joints quality verification on the testing sample including result of provided test, its evaluation and Ion Filters repair economical evaluation as well.