La France prévoit de construire des réacteurs nucléaires de 4e génération. Ils utiliseraient du sodium liquide comme fluide caloporteur et seraient construits en acier austénitique 316L(N). Afin de garantir un fonctionnement optimal, la tenue de cet acier doit être vérifiée. Pour cela, la corrosion de l’acier 316L(N) par le sodium liquide doit être bien connue.La littérature montre que plusieurs phénomènes de corrosion sont possibles. Pour chacun de ces phénomènes, l’influence de la présence d’oxygène dans le sodium est grande. Nous avons donc étudié la corrosion des aciers austénitiques par le sodium liquide en présence d’oxygène.Les données thermodynamiques permettent de montrer que la formation de chromite de sodium est possible sur les aciers austénitiques immergés dans le sodium contenant de l’ordre de 10 μg.g-1 d’oxygène pour des températures inférieures à 650 °C (conditions réacteurs).L’étude expérimentale montre que la chromite de sodium se forme à 650 °C dans le sodium contenant 200 μg.g-1 d’oxygène. À cette même concentration et à 550 °C, la chromite de sodium est observée avec certitude uniquement pour les longues durées d’immersion (> 5000 h). Les résultats à 450 °C sont moins évidents. Par ailleurs, l’acier est appauvri en chrome dans toutes les conditions étudiées.Ces résultats suggèrent que la chromite de sodium se dissout dans le sodium au fur et à mesure de sa formation. Des modèles de formation de la chromite de sodium, approchéelimitée par la diffusion du chrome dans l’acier (en volume et aux joints de grains) et de dissolution, supposée limitée par le transport dans le métal liquide ont permis de montrer que la formation et la dissolution simultanée de la chromite de sodium est un mécanisme possible pour expliquer nos résultats. / France is planning to construct the 4th generation of nuclear reactors. They will use liquid sodium as heat transfer fluid and will be made of 316L(N) austenitic steel as structural materials. To guarantee optimal operation on the long term, the behavior of this steel must be verified. This is why corrosion phenomena of 316L(N) steel by liquid sodium have to be well-understood.Literature points out that several corrosion phenomena are possible. Dissolved oxygen in sodium definitely influences each of the corrosion phenomenon. Therefore, the austenitic steel corrosion in oxygen-containing sodium is proposed in this study.Thermodynamics data point out that sodium chromite formation on 316L(N) steel is possible in sodium containing roughly 10 μg.g-1 of oxygen for temperature lower than 650 °C (reactor operating conditions).The experimental study shows that sodium chromite is formed at 650 °C in the sodium containing 200 μg.g-1 of oxygen. At the same concentration and at 550 °C, sodium chromite is clearly observed only for long immersion time (> 5000 h). Results at 450 °C are more difficult to interpret. Furthermore, the steel is depleted in chromium in all cases.The results suggest the sodium chromite is dissolved in the sodium at the same time it is formed. Modelling of sodium chromite formation - approached by chromium diffusion in steel (in grain and grain boundaries -, and dissolution - assessed by transport in liquid metal - show that simultaneous formation and dissolution of sodium chromite is a possible mechanism able to explain our results.

The requirement for lighter, safer and fuel efficient cars has created a major stir in the steel research society to develop advanced automotive steels. Since there is a trade off between strength and ductility, most of the conventional high strength steels do not address the strength-formability combination. With the realization of the TRIP phenomenon first in austenitic stainless steels, a new generation of advanced steels called TRIP steels were realised with an inexpensive and easier to process C-Mn-Si chemistry. TRIP or TRransformation Induced Plasticity is a phenomenon where the timely strain induced transformation of Retained Austenite (RA) to Martensite locally strengthens the steel at the point of plastic instability, causing failure by necking to be postponed and shifted elsewhere along the steel. This phenomenon repeated over and over again allows increased levels of strength and ductility, prior to fracture. / In current TRIP grades, the retained austenite particles present have to posses certain characteristics such as, optimum carbon concentration, optimum grain size and morphology etc. in order to account toward mechanical properties. Such limiting characteristics in turn minimize the processing window and make TRIP processing expensive and difficult to control. In this work, it is suggested that Tempered Martensite Assisted Steels (TMAS) obtained from TRIP steels via subcritical annealing of cold rolled TRIP steels may potentially replace TRIP steels. Relationship between the retained austenite volume fractions and mechanical properties was developed for TRIP steels. The effect of variation of retained austenite on tempered martensite volume fraction in TMAS, which in turn affect the mechanical properties was also investigated in depth. Results indicate that tempered martensite particles in TMAS do not have any limiting factors as in the case of RA in TRIP steels, in order to contribute toward enhancement of mechanical properties. Results also indicate that TMAS offers better strength levels compared to TRIP steels for same the level of formability. / Retained austenite volume fractions in TRIP steels were measured through XRD. Cold rolling of the samples was done in a laboratory scale rolling machine. The microstructures were analysed using conventional and color etching techniques. A new color etching technique for viewing all the four major phases in TRIP steel was developed in this work. The mechanical properties of both TRIP and TMAS were assessed by shear punch testing. And finally, the relationship between tempered martensite volume fraction and TMAS properties was developed and was compared to TRIP properties.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Mei, Antonio José Ramírez Londoño / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:54:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Theodoro_MariaClaudia_M.pdf: 33501237 bytes, checksum: 62a29876bfd5fdbffed02fa45d21d938 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A Soldagem por Atrito com Pino Não-Consumível (SAPNC) ou Friction Stir Welding (FSW) é uma técnica que proporciona a união de materiais no estado sólido. Traz como vantagens em relação à soldagem onde ocorre a fusão dos materiais, a redução de macro e micro defeitos, ausência trincas e porosidades causadas pela fusão e solidificação do material, redução da segregação de solidificação, excelentes propriedades mecânicas da junta soldada e boa reprodutibilidade. A técnica também não necessita de metal de adição nem gás de proteção e não produz gases nocivos ao homem ou meio ambiente. Diversos tipos de soldagem dissimilar por SAPNC já foram obtidos com bons resultados em alumínio-alumínio, cobre-alumínio, magnésio alumínio, alumínio-aço e aço-aço. Os principais interessados nas juntas dissimilares são a indústria petroquímica, automobilística, naval e aeronáutica. Apesar de terem sido registrados soldagens dissimilares de diversos tipos de materiais, não há dados na literatura sobre soldagem dissimilar de aços inoxidáveis austeníticos UNS S31603 e duplex UNS S32750 pela técnica de SAPNC. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho se torna inédito por ser o primeiro registro de soldagem por atrito com pino não consumível desses dois aços. Placas de aços inoxidável austenítico (UNS S31603) e superduplex (UNS 32750) com 6 mm de espessura soldadas por atrito com pino não consumível utilizando um passe de ferramenta de PCBN-WRe com penetração entre 90 e 92 % da espessura da chapas, apresentaram bons resultados em duas condições: 1) velocidade de rotação de 150 rpm, avanço de 100 mm/min e com controle de força axial de 57 kN; 2) velocidade de rotação de 200 rpm, avanço de 100 mm/min e com controle de posição. A análise metalográfica das juntas soldadas não indicou a presença de defeitos internos ou superficiais. Não foram detectadas por microscopia óptica e difração de raios-X outras fases além de ferrita e austenita na região de solda. O ensaio de dobramento indicou que não houve penetração total em ambas as juntas, sugerindo um segundo passe de xvii soldagem ou a utilização de uma ferramenta com comprimento de pino maior, que permita penetração superior a 92% da espessura da chapa / Abstract: The Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining process that has, as advantages, reduction or absence of superficial and internal flaws, absence of cracks and porosities caused by material fusion and solidification and good repeatability. The joints also present excellent mechanical properties. Many aluminum-aluminum, cooper-aluminum, magnesium-aluminum, aluminum-steel and steel-steel FSW dissimilar welds presented good results. Petrochemical, automotive, naval and aeronautics industries are the most interested in dissimilar joints. In spite of many diferent dissimilar joints registred, no dissimilar joints of UNS S31603 and UNS S32750 have been performed by FSW. This project seems to be inedited for being the first dissimilar friction stir welded joint of this both materials. Austenitic (UNS S31603) and superduplex (UNS 32750) stainless steel 6 mm thick plates one pass friction stir welded with a PCBN-WRe tool and thick plate penetration between 90 and 92% presented good results in two conditions: 1) tool rotation speed of 150 rpm, traverse speed of 100 mm/min and axial force control of 57 kN; 2) tool rotation speed of 200 rpm, traverse speed of 100 mm/min and tool position control. These welded joints showed adequate bead width, absence of galling and good appearance. Metallographic analysis presented no internal defects. Optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed no other phase on the joint except ferrite and austenite. The bendind tests indicate lack of penetration in both joints, suggesting two weld passes or tool penetration greater than 92% of the material thickness to perform total penetration joints / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica

The behaviour of mould fluxes used in continuous casting of two Ti-stabilised stainless steels was investigated in terms of the level of titanium pick-up by the flux and the effect of this absorption of titanium on the viscosity of the fluxes. The two fluxes considered are respectively used for the casting of a ferritic steel (type 409) and an austenitic steel (type 321). Concerning the titanium pick-up (expressed as Ti02), the Ti02 content of the flux stabilised at about 3-4% for the mould flux of the ferritic steel and at about 6% for the mould flux of the austenitic steel after 20 minutes of casting. At the same time due to the reduction of Si02 in the molten flux by TiN and Ti in the steel the basicity of the mould flux of the ferritic steel increased from 0.8 to 0.9 while it increased from 0.95 to 1.2 for the mould flux of the austenitic steel. The SEM/EDS analysis of the sampled flux during casting showed only some spherical metallic droplets in the case of the mould flux of the ferritic steel but for the mould flux of the austenitic steel apart from the metallic droplets, some precipitates rich in Ca, Ti and O were identified in the glassy phases. Rotational viscometry carried out on the two fluxes showed that there is a decrease in the viscosity of the fluxes with the absorption of Ti02, Ti2O3 and Ti3O5 in the range of 2 to 10 wt%, for temperatures from 1400°C to 1200°C. The effect of Ti02 and Ti2O3 has been tested with the mould flux of the austenitic steel at a basicity of 1.2 to match the basicity which arises during casting. For temperatures of 12500C and below, the apparent viscosity of the flux increased markedly with the absorption of 10 % of Ti02 or Ti2O3. In both cases precipitation of perovskite (Ca2 Ti2O6 or Ca2 Ti2O5) was found to be responsible for the increase of the apparent viscosity of the flux of the austenitic steel. / Dissertation (M Eng (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of surface treatment by pickling. In the research part the pickling technology is described in detail. The next chapters are focused on the TIG welding method and the weldability of austenitic stainless steels. In the experimental part an experiment is carried out focusing on the comparison of weight loss and surface quality depending on the pickling time. Part of the conclusion is the implementation of pWPS documentation for the specified component and a brief manual for customers of pickling plant.

This master´s thesis deals with theoretical study of decarburization of austenitic steels. Mathematical model, which analyse numerical calculations, was compared with experiments. Obtained results were discussed considering validity of model and performed aproximations.

The thesis is dedicated to welding combination of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and austenitic steels 1.4301 by electron beam. Based on literature studies of bonding titanium and its alloys with steels, it was proposed to select for welding interlayer of copper, which could limit the impact of intermetallic phases on the mechanical properties of the weld seam and enable the creation of weld. For welding the pipe samples were used three methods of welding with various welding parameters. Samples which remain after thermal cycling vacuum-tight, were then further analyzed (micro-hardness, tensile test, etc.).

Le mode de rupture des alliages CFC est généralement de type ductile par des mécanismes de germination, croissance et coalescence de cavités internes micrométriques et peut être modifié par l’irradiation. L’irradiation neutronique de ces alliages conduit à la création de défauts cristallins qui induisent un durcissement, une perte de la capacité d’écrouissage, une chute très importante de la ténacité et un mode de déformation localisé à l’échelle intragranulaire. La compréhension des mécanismes physiques élémentaires de la rupture ductile est indispensable au développement de modèles quantitatifs pour prédire la ténacité des matériaux CFC irradiés. Pour cela, trois différents points ont été étudiés dans cette thèse : (1) L’influence de la localisation de la déformation induite par l’irradiation sur la croissance et la coalescence de cavités : des expériences modèles in-situ MEB de croissance et coalescence de cavités micrométriques dans des matériaux irradiés aux protons ont été réalisées. Les résultats montrent un effet limité de la localisation pour des cavités de la taille des grains et une diminution de l’influence de la localisation avec l’augmentation du niveau de déformation pour des cavités intragranulaires. Par conséquent, les modèles homogénéisés de matériaux poreux développés pour les matériaux non irradiés pourraientt être utilisés en première approximation pour modéliser la rupture ductile des matériaux irradiés. (2) Le comportement sous chargement mécanique de nano-porosités d’irradiation et leur contribution éventuelle à la rupture : l’étude expérimentale et numérique de la déformation de cavités dans un matériau nanoporeux a permis de mettre en évidence la très forte hétérogénéité de la déformation à cette échelle et l’absence d’effet de taille significatif sur la déformation des cavités de diamètre supérieur à 10 nm en traction simple. (3) Le développement de modèles homogénéisés de matériaux poreux valides aux fortes porosités : deux nouveaux critères de coalescence obtenus par analyse limite sont proposés et validés par comparaison à des simulations d’analyses limites numériques, dans le cas de cavités de type fissures et de cavités ellipsoïdales. / The failure mode of FCC alloys is generally ductile through nucleation, growth and coalescence of micrometric voids, and can be modified by irradiation. Neutron irradiation of these alloys leads to the creation of crystalline defects that induce hardening, loss of work hardening capability, a very large drop in fracture toughness and a heterogeneous deformation mode at the grain scale. Understanding the elementary physical mechanisms of ductile fracture is essential for the development of quantitative models to predict fracture toughness of irradiated FCC materials. Thus, in this thesis, three different subjects have been studied. (1) Influence of the localization of deformation induced by irradiation on void growth and coalescence: Model experiments of growth and coalescence of micrometric voids in proton-irradiated materials have been performed based on SEM in-situ tests. Results show a limited effect of localization for grain-size voids and a decreasing influence of localization with increasing level of deformation for intragranular voids, so that homogenized models of porous materials developed for unirradiated materials may be used as a first approximation to model the ductile fracture of irradiated materials. (2) The behavior under mechanical loading of nanovoids generated under irradiation and their possible contribution to fracture: The experimental and numerical study of void deformation in a nanoporous material highlights the very strong heterogeneity of the deformation at this scale and the absence of significant size effect for voids of diameter greater than 10 nm under tensile loading. (3) Development of homogenized models for porous materials valid at high porosities: Two new coalescence criteria obtained by limit analysis are proposed and validated by comparison with numerical limit analysis simulations, in the case of penny-shaped cracks and ellipsoidal voids.

Heterogeneous welded joints – type ferrite/austenite is inseparable part of structure for energy industry. Welding conditions and post weld heat treatment have a significant impact on the structural stability of welded joint. The structure determines resulting mechanical properties that determine lifetime of these joints. At the same time in microstructure changes in heat affected zone of the base material is diffusion of carbon through the weld interface. This work is focused on the analysis of structural stability of heterogeneous weld carbon/austenitic steel, which was formed carbon steel 22K (base material) and austenitic buttering layer EA 395/9 with a higher content of nickel. Evaluation of the structure was focused on the structure of weld metal (Böhler FOX SAS 2) and structure of the heat affected zone of base material. Metallographic evaluation was performed on the light microscope and scanning electron microscope equipped with the energy and wave dispersive analysis, which identified the contents of substitutional elements and carbon on the interface of carbon/austenitic steel. The results of metallographic analysis were compared with measurements of Vickers hardness and microhardness and calculations using Thermo-Calc software and software SVARY. The description and evaluation of the stability of the weld joints was determined by carbon content of the course interface using wave dispersive spectroscopy. The results of energy dispersive analysis were used to determine the type of carbides present at the interface of carbon/austenitic steel.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19308号 / 工博第4105号 / 新制||工||1633(附属図書館) / 32310 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 辻 伸泰, 教授 白井 泰治, 教授 乾 晴行 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM