Timbre and orchestration are neglected parameters in analytical writing, partly because analysis traditionally privileges pitch organisation as the primary structural parameter in music, but also because timbre appears more resistant than pitch to theoretical abstraction and systematisation. Yet, in the music of early twentieth-century Viennese composers such as Schreker, Zemlinsky and Schoenberg, timbre often assumes a pre-eminent place in musical design and formal architecture. In such works, timbre often moves from what Robert Hopkins (1990) describes as a 'secondary parameter' to the forefront of a listener's consciousness. Conventional analytical approaches - including Schenkerian, Neo-Riemannian or pitch-class set theories - arguably have little to offer at such moments. This thesis begins by examining the 'crisis of response' to timbre in fin-de-siècle Austro-Germanic circles and, in particular, to the increasingly complex timbral constructions of many Viennese composers, such as Franz Schreker and Arnold Schoenberg. The crisis of response appeared to stem from an inherited nineteenth-century view of orchestration as ornamental in function, as well as the lack of an appropriate analytical framework and meta-language with which to critique the growing importance of timbre as a musical parameter. This thesis contributes to the discussion as to the how the area of timbral analysis might develop: firstly, by treating timbre as an 'emergent' property rather than an absolute analytical category (i.e., that timbre often results from a complex interaction of multiple musical parameters); secondly, by considering the effect of timbre's spatial properties within the auditory scene on subject-position through examination of contemporary and more recent theories on the convergence of the visual and auditory arts; and thirdly, through timbre's ability to function as an agent of immanent musical critique through disjunctive juxtapositions, or by historically-contextualized responses to codified orchestral tropes as found in Alexander Zemlinsky's 'Der Zwerg'. Timbre certainly was not always the secondary parameter some fin-de-siècle critics suggested it was, or wanted it to be. The joint purpose of this thesis is to offer historically-engaged analytical readings of neglected works from twentieth-century Vienna (alongside a few better-known works whose timbral construction had been left unanalyzed), and to reflect on the benefits of applying recent research to contemporary theories of timbre. These two aims are set in productive counterpoint rather than a straightforward synthesis, with the adoption of recent cognitive research and theories of subject-position feeding into analyses of historical work in order to try to mediate the gap between theory, text, and musical practice.

This study investigates the conceptualizations of 'Talk-culture" from the late 19th century through to the 1930s. "Folk-culture" was broadly discussed in this period all over Europe (and Russia) and especially in science (Philologies, Folkloristics) and literature. More precisely, the thesis examines the debates held in the context of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire (Vienna and Prague) around the turn of the century. During this period of accelerating industrialization, commodification and separation of cultural spheres, a significant number of intellectuals and writers were interested in alternative forms of cultural production. As the hitherto disregarded 'Talk-cultures" provide different notions of the artwork and the artist, their interest in 'Talk-culture" and 'Talk-art" is part of the broader discussion of the societal status and function of art and literature at the turn of the twentieth century. Representing a vehicle for the analysis and reflection of current cultural developments, the theorization of folklore and other forms of folk-art seeks responses to the aforementioned processes conceived as culturally problematic. Part Istudies the emergence of 'Volkskunde' as a scientific discipline in Austria. Part IIanalyses the relations between German Philology in Prague and the German-speaking Jews in the Prague Circle,namely Oskar Baum, Max Brad, Franz Kafka and Felix Weltsch. Part 11/ deals with the Russian linguists and folklorists Roman Jakobson and Petr Bogatyrev who came to Prague in the 1920s and sought to develop, in cambining Russian and Western European theories, a new model of 'Talk culture".

This thesis investigates the politics of memory in the Austrian province of Carinthia between 1945 and 2002.  The thesis seeks to determine the extent to which a common collective memory was articulated in the political sphere in Carinthia and attempts to identify whether and in what ways this collective memory was distinctively Carinthian as opposed to generically Austrian. Drawing on sources including party newspapers, parliamentary speeches and speeches given at war veterans’ meetings, a series of chapters detail each of the three main Carinthian parties’ discourses on the Nazi era, the 1920 <i>Volksabstimmung</i> and the Austrian Civil War, and consider the extent to which the parties’ discourses differ from one another.  Each chapter looks at the ways in which memory can be thought of as having been instrumentalised by Carinthia’s political parties, focuses on the impact of generational change on memory in Carinthia, analyses the interaction between the parties’ discourses and considers the prominent role the province’s history of border conflict played in each party’s narrative of the past.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the authoritarian regime in Austria in the period between the two world wars. This thesis consists of three chapters. The first is the theoretical basis of this work, as I present the various concepts of authoritarian and totalitarian regime. The second chapter then follows the developments in Austria since the end of World War II until the fall of democracy. The focus of this work is the third and final chapter, which analyzes the authoritarian regime between the years 1933-1938. Based on the information provided I am giving an answer to the question what was the specific character of the Austrian regime for government of Chancellor Dollfuss and Schuschnigg, and why there was a fall of democracy in the conclusion.

During the Cold War, the inherent mistrust between the United States and the Soviet Union kept the two superpowers from cooperating even on many projects that might have proven mutually beneficial. Nevertheless, they were willing to work together at least occasionally; two such examples are the neutralizations of Austria (in 1955) and of Laos (in 1962). Despite very different world orders in those two countries at those times, the weaker superpowers in each contest, the Soviets in Austria and the Americans in Laos, took very similar actions. They followed the same three-stage process from the outbreak of the dispute to its negotiated conclusion. This process failed, however, in Vietnam. In trying to explain why neutralization failed so soon after its success, this thesis postulates a number of possible explanations. Ultimately, it was several factors coming to result in the failure of neutralization in Vietnam.

The anticipated risk of job loss and material insecurity are related to fertility postponement in the same way as unemployment is. Given the sequential nature of fertility and occupational decisions, unfavorable working conditions should be resolved before having children, and result in an increase in people's assignment of importance to paid work when developing their childbearing plans. We aim to demonstrate this link, focusing on perceived employment and material insecurity, the importance assigned to paid work in forming fertility intentions, the construction of fertility intentions, and their realization. Using two waves of the Austrian Generations and Gender Survey, we apply probit regressions to analyze gender variations in the associations between uncertainty conditions, the importance of paid work, fertility intentions and behavior. Results reveal that work and related benefi ts become salient when they are insecure, and that material insecurity among men discourages childbearing. For women, we find support for the hypothesis that the anticipated risk of job loss inhibits the realization of fertility intentions - intentions which are less likely to be constructed under such conditions from the onset of family planning processes.

While various forms of teachers' habitus have been described in education studies, little consideration has so far been given to their interaction with fields in schools. This article draws on Bourdieu's theory and related concepts of field, habitus, capital and doxa to explore types of teacher professionalism, especially in Austrian secondary schools where innovative measures and reforms have been introduced. By combining a model of teaching profession with a Bourdieu-based analysis in the interpretation of 70 interviews with secondary school teachers, we show that a double field structure has emerged in some schools, where a field of traditional teaching competes with one of new professional field teaching. We argue that further initiatives will be needed from the field of education policy and other forces in society to stabilise the field of new professional teaching. This article illustrates the dynamic interrelationship between professional habitus and conflicting fields in one particular school.

El objetivo principal de esta tesis es analizar la interacción entre la sociedad austriaca y el régimen nacionalsocialista, a partir del estudio del aparato de dominio, la represión y la resistencia que se produjo entre 1938 y 1942. Fenómenos como oposición, disentimiento, consenso y la relación de la población con un elemento como la Policía Política (Gestapo) nos permiten comprender mejor la aplicación del aparato represor nazi. En la primera parte de la tesis, a partir del análisis de las organizaciones de control y dominio nazis, el aparato represivo del Tercer Reich, podremos comprender mejor el control del régimen sobre la población. También podremos apreciar la evolución de la organización policial, señalando el proceso de rupturas y continuidades que se produjo entre la República de Weimar y el Nacionalsocialismo. Veremos cómo se estructuró el sistema de dominio y cómo fue necesaria la colaboración de otros órganos e instituciones del Estado, especialmente policiales, y la población. También nos permite establecer una estructura de los diversos tipos de comportamiento de oposición y resistencia que se dieron. Posteriormente pasamos al análisis de la implantación de la Policía Política nazi en Austria, después de la anexión de marzo de 1938, viendo las condiciones históricas previas y las bases legales y organizativas que permitieron la aparición y desarrollo de la Gestapo en Austria. Se investiga su organización y desarrollo, la composición de personal, el ámbito de competencias, las relaciones de mando, su estructura organizativa, etc. El apartado sobre el aparato represivo finaliza con un análisis del trabajo cotidiano de la Gestapo vienesa, a partir de los informes de la propia organización, examinando las diferentes variables que hacen referencia a los distintos grupos de detenidos (variable nacional, sexual, de edad, socio-profesional, etc.), para llegar a establecer un perfil de los grupos sociales que fueron más propensos a las diversas formas de oposición y a la represión.En la segunda parte de la tesis se analizan los diferentes aspectos del fenómeno de la oposición, resistencia y disentimiento, a partir de la reconstrucción de algunos ejemplos.Como ejemplo de "oposición política" se analiza el papel del movimiento obrero austriaco y el papel del Partido Comunista en la resistencia, buscando la evolución desde el final de la Primera República, hasta la llegada del Nacionalsocialismo a Austria. Para ejemplificar todo el proceso, se muestran las características de la resistencia comunista en una empresa, los ferrocarriles del Reich.El ejemplo de "oposición social" se centra en los delitos contra la "Comunidad Nacional", lo que algunos autores han llamado "resistencia individual", como las expresiones enemigas del Estado, los insultos al Führer o al Partido, los delitos radiofónicos, y la represión de los Testigos de Jehová. Los "delitos raciales" hacen referencia a aquellos comportamientos contra la Comunidad Nacional que, por sus características, tenían un componente racial muy acusado: homosexualidad, delincuencia habitual, relaciones prohibidas (tanto sociales como sexuales), delitos raciales, la persecución de los judíos, etc. Finalmente, la "oposición económica" busca, a partir del papel de los trabajadores extranjeros en la economía y la sociedad austriaca y de los delitos laborales en el contexto del trabajo diario de la Gestapo (el control y represión de la mano de obra extranjera), analizar la evolución del perfil de detenidos y de las tareas básicas de esa organización a lo largo del período. / The principal aim of this thesis is to analyze the interaction between the Austrian society and the Nationalsocialist regime, from the study of the control system, the repression and the resistance that took place between 1938 and 1942. Phenomena as opposition, dissension, consensus and the relation of the population with an element as the Political Police (Gestapo) allow us understands better the Nazis dominion system.In the first part of the thesis, from the analysis of the organizations of control, the repressive apparatus of the Third Reich, we will be able to understand better the control of the regime over the population. Also we will be able to estimate the evolution of the police organization, indicating the process of breaks and continuities that produced between the Weimar Republic and the Nationalsocialism. We will see how the authority system was constructed and the necessary collaboration with other organs and institutions of the State, especially police, and the population. Also allows establishing a structure of the diverse types of behaviour of opposition and resistance.Later we analyzed the introduction of the Nazi Political Police in Austria, after the annexation of March 1938, seeing the historical previous conditions and the legal and organizational basis that allowed the appearance and development of the Gestapo in Austria. Is investigated its organization and development, the personnel composition, the area of competences, the relations of control, organizational structure, etc.The part on the repressive apparatus finishes with an analysis of the daily work of the Viennese Gestapo, from the reports of the own organization, examining the different variables that refer to the groups of arrested (national, sexual, age, social, professional, etc.), to establish a profile of the social groups that were more inclined to the diverse forms of opposition and repression.In the second part of the thesis are analyzed the different aspects of the phenomenon of the opposition, resistance and dissension, from the reconstruction of some examples. As example of "political opposition" is analyzed the role of the working movement and the role of the Communist Party in the resistance, looking for the evolution from the end of the First Republic, up to the arrival of the National Socialism to Austria. To exemplify the whole process, the characteristics of the communist resistance in a company, the railroads of the Reich, is analyzed.The example of "social opposition" centres on the crimes against the " National Community ", what some authors have called " individual resistance ", as the enemy expressions of the State, the insults to the Führer or the Nazi Party, the radio crimes, and the repression of the Witnesses of Jehovah. The "racial crimes" refer to those behaviours against the National Community that, for its characteristics, had a racial component very important: homosexuality, habitual delinquency, prohibited relations (so much social as sexual), racial crimes, the persecution of the Jews, etc.Finally, the "economic opposition" seeks, from the role of the foreign workers in the economy and the Austrian society and of the labour crimes in the context of the daily work of the Gestapo (the control and repression of the foreign manpower), to analyze the evolution of the profile of arrested and of the basic tasks of this organization throughout the period.

Texte remanié de: Diss. Ph. D.--History--Tel-Aviv--Tel-Aviv university, 1985. / Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Poale-Zion in the Austrian Empire, 1904-1914 / Shabtai Unger. Table des matières trad. en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 417-430. Index.

Habilitationsschrift--Munich, 1975. / Includes indexes. Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, p. [1116]-1156).