By-laws are considered to be one of the primary tools of local government to enable them to manage and regulate the affairs of their constituent jurisdictions. It is therefore of critical importance that bylaws are current, not in conflict with provincial and national legislation, efficient and in line with practical requirements, and empowers the local authority sufficiently to manage its own affairs. There are three major causes that require local authorities to change and update by-laws. The first major cause is the reorganisation of the pre-1994 municipal boundaries. The second is the change to a constitutional dispensation that created three distinct spheres of government with their defined areas of legislative and executive powers. The third is the new order environmental legislation and philosophy that is in line with internationally accepted principles of sustainable development and human rights, and differs from the pre- 1994 legislation. The principle of cooperative governance requires local authorities not to be in conflict with other organs of state or national and provincial legislation. The result is that many local authorities require new by-laws, including waste management by-laws. Many such projects were undertaken by local authorities, one by the City of Johannesburg as part of the iGoli 2000 project. The by-laws also have to adequately capacitate the local authority to regulate all aspects of waste management in a practical and functional manner. These practical and functional requirements must be considered and included in the waste management by-laws where relevant. A guideline should as a minimum cover the following elements: -ensuring cooperative governance, -ensuring compliance with specific requirements set by the Constitution and other legislation such as the Municipal Systems Act, -alignment of by-laws with the legal mechanisms available for service delivery, and -ensuring it provides guidance on what elements should be considered to meet the practical and functional requirements of local authorities. This dissertation provides a guideline that meets criteria set out in legislation, policies and strategies. The discussion encompasses a vast field of the law and waste management practice, and attempts to provide local authorities with an introduction and references to the most salient aspects that has to be considered when drafting and implementing waste management by-laws. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti ir įvertinti savivaldos institucijų teikiamų socialinių paslaugų šeimai efektyvumą ir kokybę, išryškinti socialinių paslaugų teikimo problemas praktiniu aspektu ir pateikti siūlymus šioms problemoms spręsti. Darbe keliama hipotezė, jog savivaldos institucijos neužtikrina aukšto teikiamų socialinių paslaugų šeimai kokybės ir efektyvumo lygio dėl nepakankamo socialinių paslaugų prieinamumo ir individualizavimo bei orientacijos į finansinę paramą, per mažai dėmesio skiriant alternatyvių paslaugų teikimui. Atlikus Lietuvos teisės aktų socialinių paslaugų srityje analizę ir išsiaiškinus bei įvertinus socialinės paramos šeimai sistemą Vilniaus ir Kauno miestų savivaldybėse, iškelta hipotezė pasitvirtino tik nevienodu mastu. Vertinant socialinių paslaugų sistemą nustatyta, kad Lietuvoje sukurtas nemažas socialinių paslaugų tinklas, tačiau kol kas šio tinklo aprėptumas, paslaugų įvairovė bei kokybė nėra pakankami. Socialinės apsaugos išlaidų struktūroje didelė dalis tenka piniginėms išmokos ir per maža socialinėms paslaugoms, konsultacijoms, užimtumo skatinimo priemonėms. Nėra pakankamas socialinių paslaugų individualizavimas, pastebimas socialinių darbuotojų trūkumas. Šiose srityse labiausiai pasigendama atitikimo teisės aktų keliamiems reikalavimams lygio augimo. / The aim of the work is to analyze and assess the effectiveness and quality of social services provided for families by local authorities, to demonstrate the practical aspect of problems of the provision of social services and to give suggestions concerning solutions to these problems. The work formulates a hypothesis that local authorities do not ensure high quality and effectiveness of social services provided for families due to limited availability and individualization of social services as well as orientation towards financial support, and due to insufficient attention to the provision of alternative services. The analysis of Lithuania’s legislation in the field of social services and the examination as well as evaluation of the system of social assistance for families in Vilnius and Kaunas City Municipalities have proved the hypothesis made, just to a differing extent. The assessment of the system of social services has shown that Lithuania has quite a large network of social services, however, the coverage of the network, and a variety and quality of services are not yet sufficient. Cash benefits make up a considerable portion of social security costs, whereas social services, consultations and measures promoting employment take up a too small portion. Individualization of social services is not adequate and a shortage of social workers can be observed. These fields mostly lack growth in the level of fulfilment of requirements set by legislation.

Shurayh&dotbelow; b. al-H&dotbelow;arith al-Kindi, the Successor and qad&dotbelow;i is, without a doubt, the most famous Kufan jurist prior to Ibrahim al-Nakha`i (d. 95/713). But neither Shurayh&dotbelow; nor his Kufan contemporaries left any books or written records. All information about the qad&dotbelow;i comes in the form of traditions provided by the later generations of Muslim chroniclers. These traditions do not satisfy any standard of historical verifiability; they tell us primarily and reliably only about what those later generations thought important to say about, or in the name of, Shurayh&dotbelow;. This is, nonetheless, vital information, and its importance is defined in the thesis question: what can we, by examining the traditions about Shurayh&dotbelow;, learn about the development of Islamic law? / The traditions are categorized into the following typologies, each of which is analyzed in a separate chapter: (a) biographical traditions, (b) legal theory, (c) legal ethics and procedure, (d) substantive law, (e) Shi`a juridical traditions. The analysis of the biographical traditions reveals that quite early after Shurayh&dotbelow;'s death---estimated at sometime between 76/695 and 99/718, he had evolved into a hazy figure. / In addition to providing a response to the thesis question, the conclusion seeks to answer some other questions, among them: why did Shurayh&dotbelow;, who was not the legal reasoner par excellence of his time, metamorphose into an aretological figure? Why did the Kufans seek to back-project his appointment to the time of `Umar? Based on the evidence, it is concluded that in Kufan imagery, Shurayh&dotbelow;'s legal opinions were deemed as valid as those of a Companion, and he personified the Kufan authority of "pastness."

<p>The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon&rsquo / s national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon&rsquo / s national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon&rsquo / s political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity.</p>

<p>Governing an ethnically diverse country constitutes a major challenge for state power and government in Cameroon. The call for national unity, championed by the regime in power has had to survive strong demands for greater autonomy and threats of secession by groups from within an English-speaking minority. In response to these demands and threats, and in conjunction with reforms to improve democratic governance and service delivery, Cameroon&rsquo / s state administration has in the last decade resorted to decentralization as a technique for promoting national unity. The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon&rsquo / s national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon&rsquo / s national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon&rsquo / s political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it&nbsp / simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity.</p>

The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon's national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon's national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon's political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity. / Magister Legum - LLM

Governing an ethnically diverse country constitutes a major challenge for state power and government in Cameroon. The call for national unity, championed by the regime in power has had to survive strong demands for greater autonomy and threats of secession by groups from within an English-speaking minority. In response to these demands and threats, and in conjunction with reforms to improve democratic governance and service delivery,Cameroon’s state administration has in the last decade resorted to decentralization as a technique for promoting national unity. The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon’s national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon’s national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon’s political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity. / Magister Legum - LLM

By-laws are considered to be one of the primary tools of local government to enable them to manage and regulate the affairs of their constituent jurisdictions. It is therefore of critical importance that bylaws are current, not in conflict with provincial and national legislation, efficient and in line with practical requirements, and empowers the local authority sufficiently to manage its own affairs. There are three major causes that require local authorities to change and update by-laws. The first major cause is the reorganisation of the pre-1994 municipal boundaries. The second is the change to a constitutional dispensation that created three distinct spheres of government with their defined areas of legislative and executive powers. The third is the new order environmental legislation and philosophy that is in line with internationally accepted principles of sustainable development and human rights, and differs from the pre- 1994 legislation. The principle of cooperative governance requires local authorities not to be in conflict with other organs of state or national and provincial legislation. The result is that many local authorities require new by-laws, including waste management by-laws. Many such projects were undertaken by local authorities, one by the City of Johannesburg as part of the iGoli 2000 project. The by-laws also have to adequately capacitate the local authority to regulate all aspects of waste management in a practical and functional manner. These practical and functional requirements must be considered and included in the waste management by-laws where relevant. A guideline should as a minimum cover the following elements: -ensuring cooperative governance, -ensuring compliance with specific requirements set by the Constitution and other legislation such as the Municipal Systems Act, -alignment of by-laws with the legal mechanisms available for service delivery, and -ensuring it provides guidance on what elements should be considered to meet the practical and functional requirements of local authorities. This dissertation provides a guideline that meets criteria set out in legislation, policies and strategies. The discussion encompasses a vast field of the law and waste management practice, and attempts to provide local authorities with an introduction and references to the most salient aspects that has to be considered when drafting and implementing waste management by-laws. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Many works present solid biographical data on h&dotbelow;adith transmitters, offering tajrih&dotbelow; and ta`dil with respect to both personal and social background. These works have different ways of organizing their entries. Some show various classes (t&dotbelow;abaqat) of h&dotbelow;adith transmitters, e.g., T&dotbelow;abaqat of Ibn Sa'd. Others use alphabetical order. The outcome is a difference not only in structure but in contents. Some works are based on transmitters, such as those of the six canonical books of Sunni h&dotbelow;adith ; others are based specifically on the disputable qualities of the transmitters. The purpose of this thesis is to present Ibn H&dotbelow;ajar al-`Asqalani's Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, which comes as a summation of its kind and is to a large degree comprehensive. By focusing on some biographies of h&dotbelow;adith transmitters included in Tahdhib al-Tahdhib which are based on the transmission chains of four selected h&dotbelow;adiths , we hope to show Tahdhib al-Tahdhib as a independent source for assessing the validity of h&dotbelow;adith transmission chains. Moreover, by comparing the assessment of a h&dotbelow;adith transmitter found in Tahdhib al-Tahdhib to that of other works---such as Kitab al-Jarh&dotbelow; wa al-Ta`dil by Ibn Abi H&dotbelow;atim al-Razi and Mizan al-I'tidal by al-Dhahabi---we hope to appraise the position of Ibn H&dotbelow;ajar al-`Asqalani within h&dotbelow;adith criticism.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-84). Also available via the Internet.