Les problèmes croissants posés par la gestion de l'eau en ville ont entraîné ces dernières décennies la structuration d'une expertise en hydrologie urbaine, dont l'objectif est de résoudre les problèmes d'inondations et les dommages environnementaux provoqués par le ruissellement urbain. Cette expertise s'est appuyée sur le développement de coopérations étroites entre des scientifiques et des praticiens des collectivités territoriales, qui ont donné naissance dans les années quatre-vingt-dix, sur les territoires du Grand Lyon, de Nantes Métropole et de la région parisienne, à des formes institutionnelles inédites : les observatoires d'hydrologie urbaine. Ce travail de recherche analyse la constitution de ces dispositifs de production de connaissances en réalisant une socio-histoire de ces collaborations depuis les années soixante-dix. Celle-ci montre comment la structuration des observatoires est déterminée par leur contexte d'origine et le poids de cet héritage sur leurs logiques de fonctionnement actuelles. La trajectoire de chaque observatoire traduit à la fois une histoire singulière et l'existence de « points de passages obligés » empruntés par les trois entités. L'enquête saisit les formes d'organisation particulières des observatoires, la façon dont ils construisent leur double légitimité (dans le champ académique et en s'appuyant sur une demande sociale), l'ambiguïté de leur rapport au politique et les stratégies déployées pour asseoir leur pérennité. Nous questionnons également les modes de production de la science lorsque cette dernière participe à la construction des problèmes et à leur représentation. Cette sociologie de l'expertise est un point de départ à l'analyse des processus d'innovation à l'œuvre dans la gestion des eaux pluviales. Nous mettons en lumière le modèle d'innovation précautionneux induit par cette configuration d'acteurs, qui assigne aux observatoires un rôle d'évaluation et de régulation des pratiques dans un contexte de changement de paradigme de la gestion des eaux urbaines. Une démarche comparative permet de singulariser ce modèle : l'enquête a été élargie à deux terrains témoins « sans observatoire », Rennes Métropole et la communauté d'agglomération du Douaisis, qui présentent un modèle d'innovation plus radical et donnent à voir d'autres conceptions du changement. À travers l'exemple de la communauté scientifique et technique de l'hydrologie urbaine, nous interrogeons ce que produisent ces nouveaux modes d'intervention scientifique et la manière dont ils réorganisent les rapports entre science, technique et politique. L'altérité apportée par les terrains témoins révèle aussi d'autres façons d'envisager « l'agir dans un monde incertain » et de faire face aux risques qui marquent cette politique environnementale en construction / The growing problems regarding urban water management have been accompanied in the past decades with the emergence of an expertise in urban hydrology, which aims at solving flooding problems and environmental damage caused by urban runoff. This expertise, which involves close cooperation between scientists and practitioners from local authorities, originated in the early nineties with the advent of observatories of urban hydrology in the metropolitan areas of Lyon and Nantes, as well as in the Paris region. This research analyzes the constitution of these organizations by conducting a socio- history of the collaborations since the 1970s. It emphasizes how the structuring of these observatories has evolved from their original contexts, and how the impact of these origins has shaped their current operating logistics. While each of these three observatories has a unique history, they share common features and have undergone similar obligatory main steps. The inquiry captures how the respective observatories have sought a double legitimacy (in the academic field as well as in meeting the demands of societal needs). It also shows the ambiguity of their relationship to politics and their strategies to assure their sustainability. We question too the way science is produced because in this instance, it is participating in dealing with problems while also representing them to the public. The sociology of expertise is a starting point for analyzing the innovation process regarding stormwater management. We bring to light a cautious model of innovation by which scientists assign to the observatories the primary roles of evaluation and regulatory practices in the context of paradigm shift of urban water management. A comparative approach permits characterizing this model. The research includes two additional sites that lack observatories: the Rennes metropolitan region and the Le Douaisis agglomerated community, which present a more radical approach to innovation that reveals other concepts of change. Through the example of the scientific and technical community of urban hydrology, we question what these new modes of scientific intervention produce, and the manner by which they re-shape the relationships between science, technology and policy. The alternate perspectives brought by the different cities also reveal other ways for envisioning "acting in an uncertain world" and for dealing with the inherent risks of this emerging environmental policy

Magister Legum - LLM / Governing an ethnically diverse country constitutes a major challenge for state power and government in Cameroon. The call for national unity, championed by the regime in power has had to survive strong demands for greater autonomy and threats of secession by groups from within an English-speaking minority. In response to these demands and threats, and in conjunction with reforms to improve democratic governance and service delivery, Cameroon state administration has in the last decade resorted to decentralization as a technique for promoting national unity. The question this paper seeks to answer is whether decentralization is helpful or harmful to Cameroon national unity. This study traces the historical, constitutional and political development of the concepts of national unity and decentralization and critically examines their application in the Cameroonian context. It further tests the consolidation of national unity in Cameroon against a theoretical and empirical framework of decentralization. A one-dimensional view of the findings of this study is not very encouraging to regimes seeking to enhance national unity through the implementation of decentralization. However, the major conclusion of this study holds the position that the political outcome of decentralization on Cameroon national unity is largely a product of the constitutional regulation of both concepts and the manner in which the theoretical dimensions of decentralization are transplanted onto Cameroon political landscape. The paper recommends certain reforms to assist and guide Cameroon as it simultaneously implements decentralization and consolidates national unity. / South Africa

Les particularités supposées des instruments juridiques de la régulation économique pourraient induire la spécificité de son contentieux. Cependant, il n’en est rien : le juge de la régulation recourt aux règles et méthodes classiques du contentieux. Pour autant, les singularités du contentieux de la régulation, en particulier dans sa propension à susciter l’évolution progressive des méthodes juridictionnelles, apparaissent au sein de ce classicisme. Ce contentieux se caractérise en premier lieu par la perturbation qui résulte de la confrontation de la régulation économique et de son contentieux. Dans un premier temps, les particularités notables de certaines autorités de régulation ou de leurs actes révèlent l’inadaptation des classifications contentieuses classiques. Ce n’est que dans un second temps, une fois intégrées à un cadre contentieux classique - ou devenu tel - que les particularités de cette matière autorisent l’adaptation du contrôle juridictionnel aux exigences de la régulation économique. La singularité de ce contentieux apparaît ensuite au regard sa fonction, tant à l’égard de la régulation économique que du contentieux général. Davantage que juger la régulation, le juge y participe pleinement comme partie prenante des processus de régulation économique. Le contentieux de la régulation économique apparaît enfin comme un laboratoire des évolutions du contentieux général. Sans être en lui-même innovant, le contentieux de la régulation économique participe à la rénovation du contentieux général. De surcroît, son caractère transversal offre certaines perspectives quant à la mise en cohérence de contentieux issus d’ordres juridictionnels distincts qui ne peuvent se satisfaire du simple dialogue des juges et entre juges. / Assumed particularities of the economic regulation may involve a special feature of its litigiation. But, it is far from that, insofar as the regulation’s judge use classical rules and methods of the general litigation. However, the economic regulation litigiation’s singularities, leading to a gradual evolution of litigation methods, appear whithin the frame of this classicism. The first singularity is characterized by the disturbance arising from the confrontation between economic régulation and its litigation. Initialy, particularities of régulatory authorities and acts of régulation reveal classicle litigiation categories’ inappropriateness. Then, once integrated into classicle judicial framework, the particulaties enable jurisdictional control adjustement to economic régulation requirements. Furthermore, the economic regulation litigiation’s singularity appear in view of its fonction. More than ruling economic regulation disputes, the judge fully participate in economic regulation processes. Finally, the economic regulation litigiation appears to be a laboratoy of general litigation’s progress. Without groudbreaking, economic regulation litigiation is involve in general litigiation renewal. In addition, the transversal nature of this litigation allows the consistency of the litigation ruled by distinct jurisdictional orders witch cannot be satisfied with the "judges' dialogue".

It is, no doubt, a truism that in the relations of states treaties are matters of importance and frequent occurrence. The law of treaties, therefore, rightly occupies a central position in international law. Within this branch of the law, three large categories of rules may easily be distinguished relating, respectively, to the conclusion, to the interpretation, and to the termination of treaties. It is with some aspects of the first of these categories that the present study is exclusively concerned. In order that a treaty may be validly concluded on behalf of a state, two requirements are of fundamental importance: the first is that expressions of consent must have occurred; the second, that these expressions shall emanate from persons who are competent to give them. The original plan of the present study envisaged a full treatment of the rules of international law governing the two requirements referred to above. As the work proceeded, however, it became clear that no more than one of the topics could be treated within the framework of a thesis. Accordingly, the writer decided not to discuss the rules of international law relating to what constitutes an expression of consent to a treaty. The result of the writer's inquiry into the question whether, in cases of doubt, the signature of a treaty constitutes an irrevocable expression of consent, or ratification is required, is found in a published article, appended to the present study as Annex I. An inquiry into a cognate problem, namely, the need for unanimity in the revision of multilateral treaties, is also attached to this thesis as Annex II. Consequently, the present study is restricted to a systematic examination of those rules of international law which relate to the identification of those authorities in the state who are competent to express the final consent of the state to a treaty. The questions of the representation in contractual and treaty matters of subjects other than states, however, is not discussed. The present work deals with two distinct but interrelated problems. The first is that of the conditions under which the expressions of consent to a treaty of an authority or person are imputed to the state on whose behalf the authority or person purports to act. This is the question of identifying the competent treaty-making organ. The other problem is that of the conditions under which the expression of consent given to a treaty by an individual may be imputed to the treaty-making organ whose agent the individual purports to be. Both problems are of considerable difficulty. In the case of the second problem, the competence of agents, the difficulties are caused, chiefly, by the scant attention which the question has attracted. Material relevant to it has not been easily accessible, and the doctrinal discussion of the matter has hitherto been so limited that the present study may probably claim to be the first full treatment of the topic. By contrast, many of the difficulties relating to the problem of the competence of treaty-making organs, have been caused by the prolific treatment which it has been accorded at the hands of publicists. In order, therefore, to make some fresh contribution to this subject, the emphasis of this study has been placed on the investigation and discussion of the practice of states and the decisions of tribunals, both municipal and international. One consequence of this approach is to expose to criticism many of the views hitherto expressed on this subject; and it has, therefore, become necessary to attempt the formulation of a theory that is less contradicted by the practice of states than most existing theories seem to be. The study falls into three parts. Part I contains an examination of the problem of the competence of agents of treaty-making organs. Part II takes up the question of the competence of treaty-making organs generally. In Part III the same question is examined with special reference to states possessing constitutional regulations governing their treaty-making activities.

The International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners has been actively engaged in the development of a new, legally binding international framework for privacy and data protection. Given the existence of three international privacy and data protection regimes (i.e. the OECD Privacy Guidelines, the EU data protection framework and the APEC Privacy Framework) and the availability of other bilateral venues to resolve transnational data flows issues (e.g. the EU-US Safe Harbor agreement, the Umbrella Agreement and the latest, the Privacy Shield arrangement), the thesis asks whether the development of such a new regime is feasible. The main finding of the thesis is that in an era of a globalized society driven by the internet and information-communications technology, where all three of the leading international privacy and data protection regimes are consistently updating and modifying their respective frameworks, and where there is persistent divergence between the European Union and the United States approaches towards transborder data flow, the emergence of a new, legally binding international framework is unlikely, at least under the prevailing circumstances. Therefore, the thesis calls for a shift towards an institutionalized arrangement that is founded on existing international co-operation and convergence and that further expands ongoing inter-regime collaboration. The approach recommended in the thesis is an effective alternative to the development of a new, legally binding international framework, and even offers strong prospects for the evolution of a legalized arrangement for international privacy and personal data governance in due course.

The thesis deals with individual  measures of administrative cooperation of tax authorities to combat tax evasion on VAT, which is at present used in European Union. The most common administrative measures may include exchange of information on request or without prior request, electronic database VIES, multilateral controls and decentralized network Eurofisc. The main objective is  summary of individual measures with an emphasis on administrative cooperation and effectiveness evaluation in combating tax evasion. Part of the work is devoted to types of tax evasion and policy instruments which are put into practice  against them in the Czech Republic.

The diploma work is divided in two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part describes the municipal authorities, the budget of the town and the verification of the management of municipalities, followed by the charakteristic of the town. The practical part analyses the observance of the budget and the economic actual of the town Blovice in years 2006-2008.

Les réseaux de surveillance en santé humaine reposent souvent sur des professionnels de santé (fournisseurs) volontaires organisés en réseau, qui rapportent les cas de maladie observés dans leur patientèle. Les caractéristiques de ces fournisseurs, leur répartition spatiale et leur participation ne peut pas être contrôlée: ils ne constituent pas un échantillon aléatoire. La représentativité est un point important lorsque l'information collectée n'est pas exhaustive, elle assure que le réseau fournit une représentation précise de la population touchée. Dans cette thèse, on s'intéresse aux méthodes de réduction du biais des estimations produites par un réseau de surveillance reposant sur des données fournies par un échantillon de professionnels de santé volontaires. Les travaux reposent sur l'expérience en France du réseau de médecin généralistes Sentinelles. L'estimateur de Horvitz-Thompson a été utilisé pour réduire le biais des estimations grâce à la définition des probabilités d'inclusion reposant sur la différence d'activité des médecins participants et non-participants. Nous avons également étudié l'impact de l'échantillonnage spatial des médecins grâce à des données simulées. Nous montrons l'utilisation de poids de sondage incluant la densité médicale locale permet de s'affranchir des variations temporelle et spatiale des fournisseurs. Enfin, les différentes méthodes de redressement proposées ont été appliquées pour l'estimation annuelle de l'efficacité du vaccin anti-grippal. Les différents travaux montrent l'apport de méthodes statistiques appropriées à l'utilisation de données collectées en médecine générale pour informer précisément les acteurs de santé publique. / Disease surveillance networks are usually based on a group of health professionals or institutions which monitor one or more diseases. These data providers report cases seen among their patients. The characteristics of these providers, their spatial distribution and their participation to the network cannot be controlled: they are not a random sample of health professionals. Representativeness must be considered in networks where collected information are not exhaustive. It ensures that the network could provide an accurate representation of the population affected by the disease. In this thesis, we are interested in estimation methods for data produced by a surveillance network based on voluntary participation. The different works are based on the experience of the French practice-based Sentinelles network.The Horvitz-Thompson estimator was used to reduce the bias of incidence estimates. Inclusion probabilities were based on the difference in activity of participating and non-participating general practitioners in surveillance. We also study the impact of the spatial sampling of professionals participating to a surveillance network. By a simulation study, we show that sample weights based on local medical density eliminates the temporal and spatial variations of the providers. We ultimately applied these adjustments to estimate influenza vaccine effectiveness using data provided by GPs participating to the French Sentinelles network.These works show the contribution of appropriate statistical methods for epidemiological data collected in primary care to accurately inform public health authorities.

Detaljplaner används av kommuner som ett sätt att reglera användningen av mark- och vattenområden. Plankartan som hör till detaljplanen är det juridiska dokumentet där kommunen använder sig av planbestämmelser vid utformningen av planområdet. Till plankartan följer det en planbeskrivning som anger syftet och redovisar hur planen ska genomföras och vilka konsekvenser den har på sakägare, miljön och andra som kan komma att beröras av detaljplanen. Vid bristfälliga planbestämmelser och planbeskrivningar kan konsekvenserna för de drabbade medföra kostsamma och utdragna processer. Enligt tidigare studier innehöll 17 % av antagna detaljplaner olämpliga planbestämmelser. Enligt tidigare bestämmelser så var kommunen inte tvungen att samråda med lantmäterimyndigheten vid alla planförfaranden. Lantmäterimyndighetens roll var under samrådet att verka för att planbestämmelser som kunde påverka det fastighetsrättsliga genomförandet var utformade på ett ändamålsenligt sätt. Lantmäterimyndighetens roll ändrades dock i samband med den lagändring som trädde i kraft 1 januari 2015. Regeringen ville effektivisera plangenomförande och detta ledde till att lantmäterimyndigheten fick en tydligare och utökad roll i planprocessen. Denna studie har som syfte att undersöka hur kommunernas ställningstagande till yttranden från lantmäterimyndigheten i samband med samråd och granskningstiden ser ut. Resultatet efter samråd visar att 12 % av detaljplanerna innehöll brister som påtalats av lantmäterimyndigheten men som kommunerna inte åtgärdat. Efter granskningstiden så gick procentandelen ner till 7 % av detaljplanerna. Vid granskning om det var någon skillnad i ställningstaganden mellan kommuner med kommunal lantmäterimyndighet och kommuner med statlig lantmäterimyndighet visade undersökningen att det inte förekom några större skillnader. Studien tyder på att kommunerna lyssnar på de synpunkter och råd lantmäterimyndigheten framför och följaktligen åtgärdar påtalade brister. Detta i sin tur leder förhoppningsvis till ett effektivare plangenomförande. / Detail development plans are a way for the municipalities to regulate the use of land and water territories. The map that follows with the detail development plan is a legal document used by the municipalities to shape the area of the plan by using plan regulations. With the map follows a plan description which describes the purpose of plan, presents the implementation of the plan and the consequences it has on interested parties, the environment and other parties that could be affected by the detail development plan. In the case of deficient plan regulations och plan description the consequences for the afflicted parties can lead to costly and drawn out processes. Earlier studies showed that 17 % of all approved detail development plans contained deficient plan regulations. According to earlier regulations, the municipalities did not have to consult with the cadastrial authorities for every planning proposal. During this time, the role of the cadastral authority was to make sure the plan regulations refering to property law were correct in their configuration not to cause negative consequenses to the implementation of the detail development plan. The role of the cadastral authories changed in conjunction with a constitutional amendment to the law which took effect 1 januari 2015. The government wanted to make the planning implementation more effective and one way to achieve this was to give the cadastral authority a more distinct and extended role during the planning process. The purpose of this study is to examine how the municipalities respond to comments made by the cadastral authority during the review time. The result shows that after the first review time 12 % of the detail development plans that the cadastral authority made remarks on had not been corrected by the municipalities. After the second review time, the procentage had decreased to 7 % of all detail development plans. When comparing the actions taken by municipalities with communal cadastral authority and municipalities with state cadastral authority the analysis showed that there where no significant differences between them. The studie indicates that the municipalities listen to the opinions and advice given by the cadastral authority, thereby deficient plan regulations and plan descriptions are amended accordingly. This will hopefully lead to a more effective implementation of the detail development plans.

Through a national collection, the Swedish Police identify and classify vulnerable neighborhoods. Areas are assessed through police perceptions regarding high concentrations of certain problems and criminal activity, such as public acts of violence with risk of harming third parties, open drug markets and organised crime structures. The purpose of this study has been to see whether it is possible to statistically discover these neighborhoods based on socioeconomic and demographic data. Initially, in a national comparison, areas that are defined as vulnerable neighborhoods by the national collection, was compared with other areas in the country. This was done based on a statistical grid consisting of squares with the dimension of 250 x 250 meters, with each square holding information about socio-demographic data. The main aim has been to identify a statistical model that more objectively can identify squares that are vulnerable or not, compared to the police's more subjective assessment. Result from logistic regression analyses implies that vulnerable neighborhoods from the national collection show greater odds at having high concentrations of residents with foreign background, higher unemployment rates and more households with single parents. Lastly, the best fitted regression model for explaining these areas by the means of pseudo R2-value, were used to calculate a prediction value for each square. This value was then analysed using a GIS-software, to discover any areas that in the national collection was classified as vulnerable, but according to the model no longer met the criteria, and then vice versa. The overall result indicate that it is possible to discover areas with higher concentrations of certain characteristics seen in vulnerable neighborhoods, using spatial analyses and logistic regressions of micro-places, to more objectively classify these areas. By aggregating crime data, the result of this study can in the future mean a more effective implementation for police authorities.