The main goal of this thesis is to analyse market situation of Skoda Auto in the Czech republic during economic crisis, which began in autumn 2008. This thesis focuses on analysing situation in individual segments, where Skoda offers its products. Namely small cars segment, small MPVs, small SUVs, lower middle class and middle class. This thesis also features an analysis of used car market in the Czech republic, a research with experts, a SWOT analysis and a future forecast. The main source of data is a czech association of car importers and association of automotive industry. Conclusions are as follows : considerable fall of small cars and small MPVs segments, increase in sales in lower middle and middle class, loss of market share of Skoda in small cars and small MPVs segments, gain of market share in lower middle and middle class segments. One of the reasons is a higher ratio of private buyers in small cars and small MPVs segments. Private buyers are apparently more sensitive to economic crisis than firms. Situation in the rest of 2010 and in 2011 should be similar.

Afin de répondre à une complexité croissante des systèmes de calcul, de nouveaux paradigmes architecturaux basés sur des structures auto-adaptatives et auto-organisées sont à élaborer. Ces derniers doivent permettre la mise à disposition d’une puissance de calcul suffisante tout en bénéficiant d’une grande flexibilité et d’une grande adaptabilité, cela dans le but de répondre aux évolutions des traitements distribués caractérisant le contexte évolutif du fonctionnement des systèmes. Ces travaux de thèse proposent une nouvelle approche de conception des systèmes communicants, auto-organisés et auto-adaptatifs basés sur des noeuds de calcul reconfigurable. Autrement dit, ces travaux proposent un système matériel autonome et intelligent, capable de déployer et de redéployer ses modules de calcul, en temps réel et en fonction de la demande de traitement et de la puissance de calcul. L’aboutissement de ces travaux se traduit par la réalisation d’un Système Auto-organisé Reconfigurable (SAR) basé sur la technologie FPGA. L’architecture auto-adaptative proposée permet d’étudier l’impact des systèmes reconfigurables dans une structure distribuée et auto-organisée. Le système est réalisé pour étudier, à chaque niveau, les paramètres qui influencent les performances globales d’un réseau de calcul évolutif. L’étude de l’état de l’art a permis la mise en perspective et la formalisation des caractéristiques du concept d’auto-organisation matérielle proposé ainsi qu’une évaluation et une analyse de ces performances. Les résultats de ces travaux montrent la faisabilité d’un système complexe de calcul distribué dont l’intelligence repose sur les interactions des éléments reconfigurables le constituant / Increasing needs of computation power, flexibility and interoperability are making systems more and more difficult to integrate and to control. The high number of possible configurations, alternative design decisions or the integration of additional functionalities in a working system cannot be done only at the design stage any more. In this context, where the evolution of networked systems is extremely fast, different concepts are studied with the objective to provide more autonomy and more computing power. This work proposes a new approach for the utilization of reconfigurable hardware in a self-organised context. A concept and a working system are presented as Reconfigurable Self-Organised Systems (RSS). The proposed hardware architecture aims to study the impact of reconfigurable FPGA based systems in a self-organised networked environment and partial reconfiguration is used to implement hardware accelerators at runtime. The proposed system is designed to observe, at each level, the parameters that impact on the performances of the networked self-adaptive nodes. The results presented here aim to assess how reconfigurable computing can be efficiently used to design a complex networked computing system and the state of the art allowed to enlighten and formalise characteristics of the proposed self-organised hardware concept. Its evaluation and the analysis of its performances were possible using a custom board: the Potsdam Intelligent Camera System (PICSy). It is a complete implementation from the electronic board to the control application. To complete the work, measurements and observations allow analysis of this realisation and contribute to the common knowledge

Este trabalho tem como finalidade o desenvolvimento de um sistema objetivo e automático de medidas de vícios de refração ocular. Para tanto, a forte interação entre a Física e a Oftalmologia foi de fundamental importância para que o objetivo fosse atingido. Foram desenvolvidos quatro sistemas, dentre os quais, três são completamente distintos entre si no que se refere aos princípios utilizados para a determinação das ametropias oculares, bem como no que se refere ao modo de detecção da luz retro-espalhada pela retina. O quarto sistema é apenas um refinamento do terceiro que se apresentou eficaz para o uso clínico. O terceiro e quarto sistemas, denominados Sistemas DVL-1 e DVL-2, têm como base a projeção com um laser de diodo de um alvo luminoso no fundo do olho do paciente. Os feixes emergentes do olho testado são divididos em seis partes (três meridianos) e são analisados dois a dois por um CCD (linear no caso do sistema DVL-1 e matricial no caso do sistema DVL-2). A distância entre as duas imagens formadas em cada meridiano fornece o poder de refração naquele meridiano. Com os poderes de refração dos três meridianos (0&#176, 120&#176 e 240&#176) é possível determinar o erro refrativo ocular. Testes em réplicas oculares apresentaram uma precisão média de 0,06di (a precisão aceitável para este tipo de exame oftalmológico é de 0,125di) e em olhos in vivo 0,125di para as coordenadas esférica e cilíndrica e 5&#176 para o eixo de astigmatismo, o que está dentro das precisões clínicas necessárias. / The purpose of the present work is the development of an objective and automatic system for ocular refractive errors measurements. Hence, a strong interaction between Physics and Ophthalmology was fundamentally important in order to provide the success of the work four systems have been developed, where three of them are completely different from each other in the sense of the basic principles used for determining the ocular ametropies, as well as for the detection of the scattered light from the retina. System four is just an improvement of system three, which has presented a good efficiency for clinical use purposes. The third and fourth systems, called DVL-1 and DVL-2 systems, consist on projecting a target in the fundus of the tested eye with a diod laser light. The beams which emerge from the tested eye are divided into six portions (three meridians) and are analyzed in pairs by a CCD (linear CCD for DVL-1 and matrix CCD for DVL-2). The distances between the two images in each meridian provide the refractive power in that particular meridian. As the refractive power is obtained for the three meridians (0&#176, 120&#176 e 240&#176), it is possible to determine the ocular refractive error . Tests in artificial eyes have been done and an average error of 0,06di was obtained (0,125di is the allowed precision for this kind of examination). For measurements in vivo eyes a precision of 0,125di for spherical and cylindrical coordinates were obtained, as well as a 5&#176 precision for the axis of astigmatism. These precision values are the ones required by the clinical evaluation.

nÃo hà / Analisa os aspectos residuais constantes no Auto da Compadecida, de Ariano Suassuna. O enfoque teÃrico utilizado à o da residualidade, mÃtodo investigativo de Roberto Pontes. Nesse mÃtodo, buscam-se resquÃcios literÃrios e culturais, principalmente do medievo, nas manifestaÃÃes literÃrias e culturais da contemporaneidade. O Auto da Compadecida se constitui em texto riquÃssimo para esse tipo de pesquisa, pois apresenta traÃos remanescentes de diversas Ãpocas. Como as narrativas populares do Nordeste brasileiro alimentam a produÃÃo literÃria de Suassuna, à imprescindÃvel que estudemos os mitos e lendas dessa regiÃo, assim como a literatura de folhetos. ConvÃm ressaltar que essas fontes temÃticas do Romanceiro popular do Nordeste, atualizadas no Auto da Compadecida, estÃo associadas tanto aos milagres marianos em autos ibÃricos medievais e renascentistas quanto aos personagens da commedia dellâarte italiana e, por isso, fazem parte do presente trabalho. / Resumen: Analiza los aspectos residuales que hay en el Auto de la Compadecida, de Ariano Suassuna. El enfoque teÃrico es el de la residualidad, mÃtodo de investigaciÃn de Roberto Pontes. En el citado mÃtodo se buscan resquicios literarios y culturales, principalmente del Medievo, en las manifestaciones literarias y culturales de la contemporaneidad. El Auto de la Compadecida se constituye como un texto riquÃsimo para este tipo de investigaciÃn, pues presenta marcas remanecientes de diversas Ãpocas. Como las narrativas populares del Nordeste de Brasil alimentan la producciÃn literaria de Suassuna, es imprescindible que estudiemos los mitos y leyendas de esta regiÃn, bien como la literatura de cordel, las hojas o pliegos sueltos. Conviene resaltar que estas fuentes temÃticas del Romancero popular del Nordeste brasileÃo presentes en el Auto de la Compadecida se asocian tanto a los milagros marianos y autos ibÃricos medievales y renacentistas, como a los personajes de la commedia dellâarte italiana y, por ello, forman parte del presente trabajo.

汽車保養連鎖店 / Auto Care Plus is an automotive service and repair center that is catering specifically for the female clienteles. We are unlike other stereotypical auto centers that female customers are generally hesitant to go. Auto Care Plus will be a place that are female friendly. We will provide simple and honest explanation about the work is required to the car. In addition, we will have a clean separate his/her bathroom, luxurious waiting lounge with coffee shop and free reading materials, free WIFI access across the facility, and even a nail salon. Auto Care Plus plans to launch a marketing campaign as the “go-to” center when it comes to a women’s mind for such related auto work. We will market ourselves not only through the traditional marketing channel such as newspaper ads, targeted mailing, and word of mouth references, but also take full advantage of the internet and social networks with targeted website marketing. Auto Care Plus will find an existing service center to purchase, and then lease the property in order to lower the capital expenditure. We need a total of $1 million dollars for an initial investment and we believe we will break even at the last quarter of year 6. Auto Care Plus will plan for expansion if the sales trajectory is on par with our projection by end of year two. We will look for smaller facility located around the first service center within 10 mile radius.

Este trabalho tem como finalidade o desenvolvimento de um sistema objetivo e automático de medidas de vícios de refração ocular. Para tanto, a forte interação entre a Física e a Oftalmologia foi de fundamental importância para que o objetivo fosse atingido. Foram desenvolvidos quatro sistemas, dentre os quais, três são completamente distintos entre si no que se refere aos princípios utilizados para a determinação das ametropias oculares, bem como no que se refere ao modo de detecção da luz retro-espalhada pela retina. O quarto sistema é apenas um refinamento do terceiro que se apresentou eficaz para o uso clínico. O terceiro e quarto sistemas, denominados Sistemas DVL-1 e DVL-2, têm como base a projeção com um laser de diodo de um alvo luminoso no fundo do olho do paciente. Os feixes emergentes do olho testado são divididos em seis partes (três meridianos) e são analisados dois a dois por um CCD (linear no caso do sistema DVL-1 e matricial no caso do sistema DVL-2). A distância entre as duas imagens formadas em cada meridiano fornece o poder de refração naquele meridiano. Com os poderes de refração dos três meridianos (0&#176, 120&#176 e 240&#176) é possível determinar o erro refrativo ocular. Testes em réplicas oculares apresentaram uma precisão média de 0,06di (a precisão aceitável para este tipo de exame oftalmológico é de 0,125di) e em olhos in vivo 0,125di para as coordenadas esférica e cilíndrica e 5&#176 para o eixo de astigmatismo, o que está dentro das precisões clínicas necessárias. / The purpose of the present work is the development of an objective and automatic system for ocular refractive errors measurements. Hence, a strong interaction between Physics and Ophthalmology was fundamentally important in order to provide the success of the work four systems have been developed, where three of them are completely different from each other in the sense of the basic principles used for determining the ocular ametropies, as well as for the detection of the scattered light from the retina. System four is just an improvement of system three, which has presented a good efficiency for clinical use purposes. The third and fourth systems, called DVL-1 and DVL-2 systems, consist on projecting a target in the fundus of the tested eye with a diod laser light. The beams which emerge from the tested eye are divided into six portions (three meridians) and are analyzed in pairs by a CCD (linear CCD for DVL-1 and matrix CCD for DVL-2). The distances between the two images in each meridian provide the refractive power in that particular meridian. As the refractive power is obtained for the three meridians (0&#176, 120&#176 e 240&#176), it is possible to determine the ocular refractive error . Tests in artificial eyes have been done and an average error of 0,06di was obtained (0,125di is the allowed precision for this kind of examination). For measurements in vivo eyes a precision of 0,125di for spherical and cylindrical coordinates were obtained, as well as a 5&#176 precision for the axis of astigmatism. These precision values are the ones required by the clinical evaluation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:55:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2267_1.pdf: 3921351 bytes, checksum: e41bb7565ab8ea4825759082c478c58b (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Scaffoldings são apoios a aprendizes novatos através de uma simplificação do contexto de aprendizagem. Estes apoios são gradualmente removidos à medida que os alunos desenvolvem estratégias autônomas de aprendizagem (processo conhecido como fading ). Em ambientes de aprendizagem online, os scaffoldings podem ser implementados através de um conjunto de funcionalidades que promovam o planejamento de objetivos, auto-monitoramento, auto-avaliação, estratégias de aprendizado, procura de ajuda, e planejamento e gerenciamento do tempo. Enquanto scaffoldings do Aprendizado Auto- Regulado (AAR) têm sido discutidos em ambientes tradicionais de aprendizagem, as redes sociais online têm pouca ou nenhuma atenção neste domínio. O presente estudo é focado em scaffoldings do AAR em redes sociais, pois acreditamos que as redes sociais têm estilos de interação que influenciam mais notadamente as habilidades individuais e coletivas do AAR. Nós coletamos itens do AAR no estado-da-arte sobre metacognição e aprendizagem, definimos suas metas e sugerimos scaffoldings para o AAR em redes sociais. Cada item foi extraído a partir de vários estudos na literatura sobre Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) e o AAR; dados quantitativos e qualitativos a partir de relatórios; estudos de caso; questionários AAR e outros recursos mencionados ao longo deste trabalho. Nós implementamos os mecanismos de scaffoldings na rede social Rede Social Educacional (Redu). Redu oferece um espaço de trabalho compartilhado, onde os alunos são incentivados a publicar os seus documentos e notas de aula, enquanto o professor fornece documentos e faz comentários para a classe. Os mecanismos de scaffoldings sugeridos incluem: 1) Blogs, comentários e fórum; 2) Instruções sobre tarefas, 3) Ajuda contextual e políticas de uso; 4) Perguntas para reflexão; 5) Fluxo de atividades; 6) Criação e compartilhamento de recursos; 7) Perfil de aprendizagem, 8) Notas de aula; 9) Discussões e assitência par-a-par; 10) Exames formativos; 11) Feedback de desempenho e orientação; 12) Mecanismos de recompensa e; 13) Visualização de informação. Em resumo, este trabalho sugere que uma rede social de aprendizagem pode ser concebida para melhorar o aprendizado auto-regulado através de mecanismos de scaffoldings apropriados

[pt] Buscando oferecer aos laboratórios de bioquímica sanguínea um meio rápido e seguro na execução de exames, desenvolveu-se o projeto de sistemas mecânicos de um equipamento que realiza rotinas automáticas de exames de bioquímica sanguínea. Com esse objetivo selecionou-se, entre várias alternativas, uma configuração de montagem dos sistemas mecânicos. Esse sistema mecânico é parte do equipamento, juntamente com o sistema eletrônico de acionamento, além de um sistema ótico para análise espectrofotométrica. / [en] In the sake of offering to blood biochemical labs, a fast and safe way to do the exams, a mechanical system of an equipment that carries out automatically the routines of testing was designed and developed. With this objective, among many other alternatives, a configuration of the mechanical system was chosen. This mechanical system is a part of the equipment together with the electronical system of command and work, and also an optical system for the spectrophotometric analysis.

Introduction : Il est recommandé que les patients âgés subissent un dépistage gériatrique systématique au Département d’urgence (DU). Cependant, il est difficile pour les cliniciens de respecter cette recommandation dans la pratique. L’autoévaluation pourrait être une solution intéressante à ce problème, mais l'évaluation de l’acceptabilité de cette pratique, étape fondamentale de l’évaluation d’une intervention, n’a pas encore été effectuée. Hypothèse et objectifs : Notre hypothèse est que l’autoévaluation est aussi acceptable que l’évaluation par un professionnel. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de comparer l’acceptabilité de l’autoévaluation par les patients âgés au DU à celle de l’évaluation par un professionnel, selon les personnes âgées et leurs proches. Méthode : Devis : Étude croisée randomisée qui a eu lieu entre mai et juillet 2018. Participants : Patients âgés de ≥65 ans au DU et leur proche. Mesures : Un professionnel a évalué la fragilité, le statut cognitif et fonctionnel des participants, qui ont également fait leur autoévaluation avec une tablette électronique. L’ordre des évaluations était randomisé. L’acceptabilité était évaluée avec le Treatment Acceptability and Preferences (TAP). Analyses : Des analyses descriptives ont été effectuées pour les variables sociodémographiques. Les scores TAP ont été ajustés avec une régression linéaire multivariée. Une analyse de contenu thématique des données qualitatives a été réalisée. Résultats : 67 patients ont été inclus. L’âge moyen était de 75.5±8.0 et 55.2% étaient des femmes. Les scores TAP ajustés étaient de 2.20 pour l’autoévaluation et 2.36 pour l’évaluation par un professionnel (p=0.08). Une différence entre les scores est observée (p=0.01) chez les patients ≥85ans (n=11), ce qui pourrait être attribué à l’utilisation de la technologie selon notre analyse de contenu thématique. La taille d'échantillon relativement petite des proches (n=9) nous a empêchés d'effectuer des tests statistiques. Conclusion : Nos résultats démontrent que les patients âgés perçoivent l’autoévaluation à l’aide d’une tablette électronique au DU tout aussi acceptable qu’une évaluation par un professionnel. / Introduction: It is recommended that seniors consulting to the Emergency Department (ED) undergoa comprehensive geriatric screening, which is difficult for most EDs. Patient self-assessment using electronic tablet could be an interesting solution to this issue. However, the acceptability of self assessment by older ED patients remains unknown. Assessing acceptability is a fundamental step in evaluating new interventions. The main objective of this project was to compare the acceptability of older patient self-assessment in the ED to a standard assessment made by a professional, according to seniors and their caregivers. Methods: Design: This randomized crossover design cohort study took place between May and July 2018. Participants: 1) Patients aged ≥65 years consulting to the ED, 2) their caregiver, when present. Measurements: A professional assessed frailty, cognitive and functional status of patients, who also performed self-assessment using an electronic tablet. A randomization list determined the order of test administration. Acceptability was measured using the Treatment Acceptability and Preferences (TAP) questionnaires – a high score indicates a higher level of acceptability. Analyses: Descriptive analyses were performed for sociodemographic variables. Scores were adjusted for confounding variables using multivariate linear regression. Thematic content analysis was performed for qualitative data. Results: 67 patients were included. Mean age was 75.5±8.0 and 55.2% were women. Adjusted TAP scores for RA evaluation and patient self-assessment were 2.4 and 2.2, respectively. We found no difference between the two types of evaluations (p= 0.08). Patients aged ≥85 (n=11) showed a difference between the TAPs scores (p=0.01). However our qualitative data indicates that this mightbe attributed to the use of technology. Data from 9 caregivers showed a 2.4 mean TAP score for RA evaluation and 2.4 for self-assessment. Conclusions: Our results show that older patients find self-assessment in the ED using an electronic tablet just as acceptable as a standard evaluation by a professional.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la formation et le contrôle de structures spatiales apparaissant dans un cristal photoréfractif soumis à une simple boucle de rétro-action optique (simple feedback). Suite au mécanisme d'instabilité de modulation, un faisceau laser entrant dans un milieu non linéaire peut subir une structuration spatiale transverse, connue sous le nom de filamentation. Dans la configuration dite simple feedback, l'interaction de deux faisceaux laser contra-propageants peut donner naissance à des structures transverses auto-organisées (dites patterns) plus régulières que les filaments : par exemple une structure de type hexagonal. Dans ce document, nous étudions, à la fois théoriquement et expérimentalement le phénomène de formation de patterns photoréfractifs. Notre but est d'aller au-delà de la simple observation de patterns. En effet, nous focalisons notre étude sur l'adressage et la sélection de patterns, en utilisant les propriétés de contrôle de la lumière que fournissent les structures périodiques telles que les cristaux photoniques. L'insertion de telles structures au sein même du milieu non linéaire photoréfractif permet la création, la sélection et l'orientation de différents patterns. La géométrie, la vélocité et la dynamique de ces structures spatiales sont également fortement influencées lorsqu'un décalage transverse, induit par un désalignement du miroir de rétro-action, est imposé au système. Ainsi, pour la première fois dans un système photoréfractif, il devient possible d'observer des dynamiques dites convectives, c'est-à-dire entretenues par le bruit. Pour finir, une partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l'obtention de structures dites localisées. Trouvant leur originalité dans des applications comme les mémoires optiques adressables, ces structures ont été intensément étudiées ces dernière années. Nous proposons de les observer dans notre système photoréfractif, peu voire pas étudié dans cette configuration.