Notre problématique porte sur les liens entre logique et topoï, sémantique et topoï et enfin entre logique et sémantique. Le travail consiste donc à mettre en relief la pérennité de la notion de topos, son évolution et son intégration dans la logique, dans la sémantique et même dans l’informatique. Dès lors, topoï, logique et sémantique sont les trois facettes de cette problématique.L’objet de cette thèse consiste donc à présenter l’histoire des topoï, à cerner leurs propriétés linguistiques. Il consiste aussi à montrer que cette notion est présente dans toutes les approches linguistiques et que la sémantique est l’axe fédérateur de toutes les recherches linguistiques.Nous n’avons pas l’intention de donner une définition nouvelle, mais nous avons essayé de faire la synthèse des caractéristiques principales des topoï et de dresser un tableau des recherches passées et actuelles élaborées sur cette notion.L’approche que nous avons adoptée est constructive et diachronique. Elle a mis en relief l’évolution des topoï, de leurs formes, de leurs sens et de leurs usages. La notion de topoï continue à exister de l’antiquité jusqu’à nos jours, puisqu’elle a des fondements sémantiques, qui sont inhérents à toutes les langues naturelles.Notre travail comporte trois grandes parties. La première expose la conception terminologique de la notion de topoï et son aspect évolutif. Elle met en évidence les différents emplois, les différentes définitions et l’aspect évolutif des topoï. Dans cette première partie, nous avons essayé de dresser à grands traits l’historique de la notion de topoï, l’emploi qui en a été fait par les logiciens, les rhéteurs, les linguistes, les pragmaticiens et les informaticiens.La deuxième est consacrée à la présentation des fondements sémantiques de la logique et des topoï et à la relation de complémentarité de ces trois notions, à savoir logique, sémantique et topoï. Nous avons précisé que la théorie des topoï est une théorie du sens. Et la troisième partie traite les fondements lexicaux des topoï et les exploitations modernes de cette notion, à savoir le traitement automatique, la théorie des cadres et l’ontologie, tout en présentant les différentes théories sémantiques argumentatives. Nous avons présenté/évoqué tout d’abord, « les lieux d’enthymèmes d’Aristote » qui relèvent des quatre lieux principaux déjà évoqués dans la première partie (à savoir la définition, le genre, le propre et l’accident). Ensuite nous avons mis en relief la présence des topoï dès le niveau lexical dans les théories sémantiques argumentatives (théorie des topoï, théories des blocs sémantiques et sémantique des possibles argumentatifs et théorie des prototypes). Nous avons présenté un petit exemple, un échantillon d’extraction de l’information à l’aide de la plateforme NooJ. / Our problematic concerns the links between logic and topoï, semantics and topoï and finally between logic and semantics. The work therefore consists in highlighting the durability of the notion of topos, its evolution and its integration in logic, in semantics and even in computer science. From then on, topoi, logic and semantics are the three facets of this problematic.           The purpose of this thesis is to present the history of topoi, to identify their linguistic properties. It also shows that this notion is present in all linguistic approaches and that semantics is the unifying axis of all linguistic research.It is not our intention to give a new definition, but we have tried to summarize the main characteristics of the topoi and to draw up a table of past and current research developed on this notion.The approach we have adopted is constructive and diachronic. She highlighted the evolution of topoi, their forms, their senses and their uses. The notion of topoi continues to exist from antiquity to the present day, since it has semantic foundations, which are inherent in all natural languages.          Our work has three main parts. The first presents the terminological conception of the concept of topoi and its evolutionary aspect. It highlights the different jobs, the different definitions and the evolutionary aspect of the topoï. In this first part, we tried to sketch out the history of the notion of topoi, the use that has been made by logicians, rhetoricians, linguists, pragmatists and computer scientists.The second is devoted to the presentation of the semantic foundations of logic and topoi and to the complementary relationship of these three notions, namely logic, semantics and topoi. We have specified that the theory of topoi is a theory of meaning. And the third part deals with the lexical foundations of the topoi and the modern exploitation of this notion, namely the automatic processing, the theory of the frames and the ontology, while presenting the different semantic argumentative theories. We have presented / evoked first of all, "the places of Aristotle's enthymemes" which belong to the four principal places already mentioned in the first part (namely the definition, the kind, the clean and the accident). Then we have highlighted the presence of topoi from the lexical level in argumentative semantic theories (theory of topoï, theories of semantic blocks and semantics of argumentative possibilities and theory of prototypes). We presented a small example, a sample extraction of information using the NooJ platform.

This study was designed as an attempt to extend Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977) automatic versus controlled processing distinction into the area of visual perception. Hasher and Zacks (1979) proposed a continuum of automatic processes, with processes which encode the fundamental aspects of the flow of information as the anchor of the continuum. They presented evidence that depressed people perform more poorly than nondepressed on effortful (controlled) memory tasks, but not on automatic tasks. Tachistoscopic and free inspection presentation of Piaget's (1961/1969) primary geometric illusions meet two of Hasher and Zack's criteria for automatic and effortful tasks, respectively. Consequently, multiple regression techniques were used to determine the relationship between depression (operationally defined as score on the Beck Depression Inventory) and method of presentation of a Piagetian primary illusion, the Müller-Lyer. Furthermore, correlations were determined between tachistoscopic versus free inspection of the Müller-Lyer illusion and forward versus backward digit span (operationally defined as score on the WAIS Digit Span subtest), since forward and backward digit span have been linked theoretically to automatic and effortful processing, respectively.

No description available.

<p>Based on the interlanguage hypothesis and with reference to skill learning and central concepts of connectionist language-acquisition theory, this study develops an explanatory model, with the help of which untutored acquisition of grammatical gender in German is shown to be a sequence of meta-individual developmental phases. The empirical evidence consists of linguistic data compiled from interviews with Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish foreign workers carried out within the framework of the ZISA- Cross-Sectional Study. </p><p>The acquisition process is promoted by a combination of two cognitive procedures, one analytic (restructuring) and the other reproductive (automation). Both contribute to the construction of a network of associative <i>form-function mappings</i> which, in the course of the process, assume the character of prefabricated linguistic elements or chunks, thus enabling automatic processing. Accordingly, the gender of a noun is not acquired separately as such, but rather as an integral component of an automatic form-function mapping. </p><p><i>Formula</i> and <i>routine</i> are central concepts. They denote the norm-language (formula) and interlanguage (routine) chunks used by the learner and thereby the subsumed forms of the respective determiners, that is, gender markers. Their creation and substitution, as well as the sequence of their acquisition, are described and elucidated by means of cognitive mechanisms and psycholinguistic principles. </p><p>For the interlanguage routine in particular, but to some extent for the norm-language formula as well, it was possible to confirm the fundamental concept of the interlanguage hypotheses, according to which the learner sets up provisional hypotheses about the perceived elements and gradually approaches the form of the target language, albeit with the assistance of a concept of language acquisition that does not primarily center on any rule-defined morphology of the target language but rather on the phonetic surface-level form of concrete linguistic communication. </p><p>Against this background some key concepts of previous language-acquisition research, such as <i>explicit/implicit, rules, chunks, simplification, omission, </i>and<i> over-generalization</i>, are discussed and partially reassessed.</p>

Based on the interlanguage hypothesis and with reference to skill learning and central concepts of connectionist language-acquisition theory, this study develops an explanatory model, with the help of which untutored acquisition of grammatical gender in German is shown to be a sequence of meta-individual developmental phases. The empirical evidence consists of linguistic data compiled from interviews with Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish foreign workers carried out within the framework of the ZISA- Cross-Sectional Study. The acquisition process is promoted by a combination of two cognitive procedures, one analytic (restructuring) and the other reproductive (automation). Both contribute to the construction of a network of associative form-function mappings which, in the course of the process, assume the character of prefabricated linguistic elements or chunks, thus enabling automatic processing. Accordingly, the gender of a noun is not acquired separately as such, but rather as an integral component of an automatic form-function mapping. Formula and routine are central concepts. They denote the norm-language (formula) and interlanguage (routine) chunks used by the learner and thereby the subsumed forms of the respective determiners, that is, gender markers. Their creation and substitution, as well as the sequence of their acquisition, are described and elucidated by means of cognitive mechanisms and psycholinguistic principles. For the interlanguage routine in particular, but to some extent for the norm-language formula as well, it was possible to confirm the fundamental concept of the interlanguage hypotheses, according to which the learner sets up provisional hypotheses about the perceived elements and gradually approaches the form of the target language, albeit with the assistance of a concept of language acquisition that does not primarily center on any rule-defined morphology of the target language but rather on the phonetic surface-level form of concrete linguistic communication. Against this background some key concepts of previous language-acquisition research, such as explicit/implicit, rules, chunks, simplification, omission, and over-generalization, are discussed and partially reassessed.

The human central auditory system can automatically extract abstract regularities from a variant auditory input. To this end, temporarily separated events need to be related. This study tested whether the timing between events, falling either within or outside the temporal window of integration (~350 ms), impacts the extraction of abstract feature relations. We utilized tone pairs for which tones within but not across pairs revealed a constant pitch relation (e.g., pitch of second tone of a pair higher than pitch of first tone, while absolute pitch values varied across pairs). We measured the mismatch negativity (MMN; the brain’s error signal to auditory regularity violations) to second tones that rarely violated the pitch relation (e.g., pitch of second tone lower). A Short condition in which tone duration (90 ms) and stimulus onset asynchrony between the tones of a pair were short (110 ms) was compared to two conditions, where this onset asynchrony was long (510 ms). In the Long Gap condition, the tone durations were identical to Short (90 ms), but the silent interval was prolonged by 400 ms. In Long Tone, the duration of the first tone was prolonged by 400 ms, while the silent interval was comparable to Short (20 ms). Results show a frontocentral MMN of comparable amplitude in all conditions. Thus, abstract pitch relations can be extracted even when the within-pair timing exceeds the integration period. Source analyses indicate MMN generators in the supratemporal cortex. Interestingly, they were located more anterior in Long Gap than in Short and Long Tone. Moreover, frontal generator activity was found for Long Gap and Long Tone. Thus, the way in which the system automatically registers irregular abstract pitch relations depends on the timing of the events to be linked. Pending that the current MMN data mirror established abstract rule representations coding the regular pitch relation, neural processes building these templates vary with timing.

This master thesis focuses on creating and processing a dataset, which contains semi-automatically processed images of vehicles licence plates. The main goal is to create videos and a set of tools, which are able to transform  input videos into a dataset used for traffic monitoring neural networks. Used programming language is Python, graphical library OpenCV and framework PyTorch for implementation of neural network.

The human central auditory system can automatically extract abstract regularities from a variant auditory input. To this end, temporarily separated events need to be related. This study tested whether the timing between events, falling either within or outside the temporal window of integration (~350 ms), impacts the extraction of abstract feature relations. We utilized tone pairs for which tones within but not across pairs revealed a constant pitch relation (e.g., pitch of second tone of a pair higher than pitch of first tone, while absolute pitch values varied across pairs). We measured the mismatch negativity (MMN; the brain’s error signal to auditory regularity violations) to second tones that rarely violated the pitch relation (e.g., pitch of second tone lower). A Short condition in which tone duration (90 ms) and stimulus onset asynchrony between the tones of a pair were short (110 ms) was compared to two conditions, where this onset asynchrony was long (510 ms). In the Long Gap condition, the tone durations were identical to Short (90 ms), but the silent interval was prolonged by 400 ms. In Long Tone, the duration of the first tone was prolonged by 400 ms, while the silent interval was comparable to Short (20 ms). Results show a frontocentral MMN of comparable amplitude in all conditions. Thus, abstract pitch relations can be extracted even when the within-pair timing exceeds the integration period. Source analyses indicate MMN generators in the supratemporal cortex. Interestingly, they were located more anterior in Long Gap than in Short and Long Tone. Moreover, frontal generator activity was found for Long Gap and Long Tone. Thus, the way in which the system automatically registers irregular abstract pitch relations depends on the timing of the events to be linked. Pending that the current MMN data mirror established abstract rule representations coding the regular pitch relation, neural processes building these templates vary with timing.:Introduction; Materials and methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion

Microseismic monitoring is an integral part of scientific experiments or industrial operations associated with the hydraulic fracturing of bedrock, which is an effort to increase the permeability of rocks in the area and improve the exploitation, whether of heat, oil or natural gas. Monitoring of such newly formed or growing original fractures, usually followed by seismic events, is very important for observation and describing the hydraulic fracturing itself and its progress over time. Since the number of such events recorded is usually very high, classical methods of earthquake processing, where the arrival times of seismic waves are determined manually, seem to be very inappropriate. For this reason, automatic methods are used to process such datasets, which do not require manual determination of the arrival times of the seismic waves. In our case, the data were recorded by a dense network of surface receivers arranged in the shape of a ten-arm star. It was a total of more than nine hundred groups of vertical geophones, of which more than a quarter were also supplemented by a three-component seismic sensor. We then created an automatic procedure for the described network, the result of which is the determination of the location and the source mechanism for each seismic event. The recorded...

Depuis la loi du 11-02-2005 pour l’égalité des droits et des chances, les lieux ouverts au public doivent accueillir les Sourds en Langue des Signes Française (LSF). C’est dans le cadre du développement d’outils technologiques de diffusion de LSF que nous avons travaillé, plus particulièrement au niveau de la traduction automatique du français écrit vers la LSF. Notre thèse commence par un état de l’art relatif aux connaissances sur la LSF (ressources disponibles et supports d’expression de la LSF) avant d’approfondir des notions de grammaire descriptive. Notre hypothèse de travail est la suivant : la LSF est une langue et, à ce titre, la traduction automatique lui est applicable.Nous décrivons ensuite les spécifications linguistiques pour le traitement automatique, en fonction des observations mises en avant dans l’état de l’art et des propositions de nos informateurs. Nous détaillons notre méthodologie et présentons l’avancée de nos travaux autour de la formalisation des données linguistiques à partir des spécificités de la LSF dont certaines (model verbal, modification adjectivale et adverbiale, organisation des substantifs, problématiques de l’accord) ont nécessité un traitement plus approfondi. Nous présentons le cadre applicatif dans lequel nous avons travaillé : les systèmes de traduction automatique et d’animation de personnage virtuel de France Telecom R&D. Puis, après un rapide état de l’art sur les technologies avatar nous décrivons nos modalités de contrôle du moteur de synthèse de geste grâce au format d’échange mis au point. Enfin, nous terminons par nos évaluations et perspectives de recherche et de développements qui pourront suivre cette Thèse.Notre approche a donné ses premiers résultats puisque nous avons atteint notre objectif de faire fonctionner la chaîne complète de traduction : de la saisie d'un énoncé en français jusqu'à la réalisation de l'énoncé correspondant en LSF par un personnage de synthèse. / Since the law was voted the 11-02-2005 for equal rights and opportunities: places open to anyone (public places, shops, internet, etc.) should welcome the Deaf in French Sign Language (FSL). We have worked on the development of technological tools to promote LSF, especially in machine translation from written French to FSL.Our thesis begins with a presentation of knowledge on FSL (theoretical resources and ways to edit FSL) and follows by further concepts of descriptive grammar. Our working hypothesis is: FSL is a language and, therefore, machine translation is relevant.We describe the language specifications for automatic processing, based on scientific knowledge and proposals of our native FSL speaker informants. We also expose our methodology, and do present the advancement of our work in the formalization of linguistic data based on the specificities of FSL which certain (verbs scheme, adjective and adverb modification, organization of nouns, agreement patterns) require further analysis.We do present the application framework in which we worked on: the machine translation system and virtual characters animation system of France Telecom R&D.After a short avatar technology presentation, we explain our control modalities of the gesture synthesis engine through the exchange format that we developed.Finally, we conclude with an evaluation, researches and developments perspectives that could follow this thesis.Our approach has produced its first results since we have achieved our goal of running the full translation chain: from the input of a sentence in French to the realization of the corresponding sentence in FSL with a synthetic character.